{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T07:36:53Z","timestamp":1789544213219,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1991,1,1]],"date-time":"1991-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":662688000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Oecologia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/bf00317612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,9]],"date-time":"2004-12-09T23:21:40Z","timestamp":1102634500000},"page":"424-432","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Heuweltjies (earth mounds) in the Clanwilliam district, Cape Province, South Africa: 4000-year-old termite nests"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"J. M.","family":"Moore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. D.","family":"Picker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1126\/science.213.4514.1375","volume":"213","author":"LE Aten","year":"1981","unstructured":"Aten LE, Bollich CN (1981) Archaeological evidence for pimple (prairie) mound genesis. Science 213:1375?1376","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(1990)018<0281:FOMMAS>2.3.CO;2","volume":"18","author":"AW Berg","year":"1990","unstructured":"Berg AW (1990) Formation of Mima mounds: a seismic hypothesis. Geology 18:281?284","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"CR3","unstructured":"Burgers CJ (1975) ?Heuweltjies? (kraaltjies) in die Westelike Provinsie. Unpubl Report Cape Dept Nature Conservation"},{"key":"CR4","first-page":"1","volume":"50","author":"BM Campbell","year":"1985","unstructured":"Campbell BM (1985) A classification of the mountain vegetation of the fynbos biome. Mem Bot Surv S Afr 50:1?119","journal-title":"Mem Bot Surv S Afr"},{"key":"CR5","unstructured":"Coaton WGH (1958) The Hodotermitid harvester termites of South Africa. Dept Agric Union S Afr Sci Bull 375"},{"key":"CR6","first-page":"318","volume":"25","author":"WGH Coaton","year":"1962","unstructured":"Coaton WGH (1962) Control of hodotermitid harvester termites in the Karoo. J Ent Soc S Afr 25:318?328","journal-title":"J Ent Soc S Afr"},{"key":"CR7","first-page":"79","volume":"44","author":"WGH Coaton","year":"1981","unstructured":"Coaton WGH (1981) Fossilised nests of Hodotermitidae (Isoptera) from the Clanwilliam district, Cape Province. J Ent Soc S Afr 44:79?81","journal-title":"J Ent Soc S Afr"},{"key":"CR8","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"WGH Coaton","year":"1972","unstructured":"Coaton WGH, Sheasby JL (1972) Preliminary report on a survey of the termites (Isoptera) of South West Africa. Cimbebasia Mem 2:1?129","journal-title":"Cimbebasia Mem"},{"key":"CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00140253","volume":"10","author":"MJ Cockcroft","year":"1987","unstructured":"Cockcroft MJ, Wilkinson MJ, Tyson PD (1987) The application of a present-day climatic model to the late Quaternary in southern Africa. Climatic Change 10:161?181","journal-title":"Climatic Change"},{"key":"CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.2307\/1939120","volume":"65","author":"GW Cox","year":"1984","unstructured":"Cox GW (1984) The distribution and origin of Mima mound grasslands in San Diego County, California. Ecology 65:1397?1405","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00379577","volume":"57","author":"GW Cox","year":"1983","unstructured":"Cox GW, Gakahu CG (1983) Mima mounds in the Kenya highlands: significance for the Dalquest-Scheffer hypothesis. Oecologia 57:170?174","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.2307\/1381218","volume":"65","author":"GW Cox","year":"1984","unstructured":"Cox GW, Gakahu CG (1984) Mima mounds in the Kenya Highlands: a test of the Dalquest-Scheffer hypothesis. J Mamm 65:149?152","journal-title":"J Mamm"},{"key":"CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266467400000055","volume":"1","author":"GW Cox","year":"1985","unstructured":"Cox GW, Gakahu CG (1985) Mima mound microtopography and vegetation patterns in Kenyan savannahs. J Trop Ecol 1:23?36","journal-title":"J Trop Ecol"},{"key":"CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0341-8162(87)80015-2","volume":"14","author":"GW Cox","year":"1987","unstructured":"Cox GW, Lovegrove BG, Siegfried WR (1987) The small stone content of Mima-like mounds in the South African Cape region: implications for mound origin. Catena 14:165?176","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00378562","volume":"66","author":"JPEC Darlington","year":"1985","unstructured":"Darlington JPEC (1985) Lenticular soil mounds in the Kenya highlands. Oecologia 66:116?121","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1986.tb03570.x","volume":"209","author":"KC Davies","year":"1986","unstructured":"Davies KC, Jarvis JUM (1986) The burrow systems and burrowing dynamics of the mole-rats Bathyergus suillus and Cryptomus hottentotus in the fynbos of the south-western Cape, South Africa. J Zool Lond (A) 209:125?147","journal-title":"J Zool Lond (A)"},{"key":"CR17","volume-title":"The Geology of South Africa","author":"AL Toit Du","year":"1954","unstructured":"Du Toit AL (1954) The Geology of South Africa. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh"},{"key":"CR18","volume-title":"Periglacial Geomorphology","author":"C Embelton","year":"1975","unstructured":"Embelton C, King CAM (1975) Periglacial Geomorphology. Edward Arnold, London"},{"key":"CR19","unstructured":"Fernandez LM, Guzman JA (1979) Earthquake hazard in southern Africa. Geol Surv S Afr Seismol Series 10"},{"key":"CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2028.1984.tb00671.x","volume":"22","author":"CG Gakahu","year":"1984","unstructured":"Gakahu CG, Cox GW (1984) The occurrence and origin of Mima mound terrain in Kenya. Afr J Ecol 22:31?42","journal-title":"Afr J Ecol"},{"key":"CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.2307\/2257006","volume":"43","author":"PR Hesse","year":"1955","unstructured":"Hesse PR (1955) Chemical and physical study of the soils of termite mounds in East Africa. J Ecol 43:449?461","journal-title":"J Ecol"},{"key":"CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/S0254-6299(16)31143-7","volume":"55","author":"RS Knight","year":"1989","unstructured":"Knight RS, Rebelo AG, Siegfried WR (1989) Plant assemblages on Mima-like earth mounds in the Clanwilliam district, South Africa. S Afr J Bot 55:465?472","journal-title":"S Afr J Bot"},{"key":"CR23","volume-title":"Termites and Soils","author":"KE Lee","year":"1971","unstructured":"Lee KE, Wood TG (1971) Termites and Soils. Academic Press, London"},{"key":"CR24","first-page":"432","volume":"82","author":"BG Lovegrove","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lovegrove BG, Siegfried WR (1986) Distribution and formation of Mima-like earth mounds in the western Cape Province of South Africa. S Afr J Sci 82:432?436","journal-title":"S Afr J Sci"},{"key":"CR25","first-page":"108","volume":"85","author":"BG Lovegrove","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lovegrove BG, Siegfried WR (1989) Spacing and origin(s) of Mima-like earth mounds in the Cape Province of South Africa. S Afr J Sci 85:108?112","journal-title":"S Afr J Sci"},{"key":"CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2028.1988.tb00963.x","volume":"26","author":"GHG Martin","year":"1988","unstructured":"Martin GHG (1988) Mima mounds in Kenya ? a case of mistaken identity. Afr J Ecol 26:127?133","journal-title":"Afr J Ecol"},{"key":"CR27","unstructured":"Merryweather FR (1965) The soils of the Wellington-Malmesbury area. Unpubl MSc (Agric) thesis, Univ Stellenbosch"},{"key":"CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/S0254-6299(16)31083-3","volume":"56","author":"GF Midgley","year":"1990","unstructured":"Midgley GF, Musil CF (1990) Substrate effects of zoogenic soil mounds on vegetation composition in the Worcester-Robertson valley, Cape Province. S Afr J Bot 56:158?166","journal-title":"S Afr J Bot"},{"key":"CR29","first-page":"207","volume":"86","author":"SJ Milton","year":"1990","unstructured":"Milton SJ, Dean WRJ (1990) Mima-like mounds in the southern and western Cape: are the origins so mysterious? S Afr J Sci 86:207?208","journal-title":"S Afr J Sci"},{"key":"CR30","first-page":"291","volume":"22","author":"T Okello-Oloya","year":"1985","unstructured":"Okello-Oloya T, Spain AV, John RD (1985) Selected chemical characteristics of the mounds of two species of Amitermes (Isoptera, Termitinae) and their adjacent surface soils from northeastern Australia. Rev Ecol Biol Sol 22:291?311","journal-title":"Rev Ecol Biol Sol"},{"key":"CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2028.1987.tb01101.x","volume":"25","author":"MJN Okwakol","year":"1987","unstructured":"Okwakol MJN (1987) Effects of Cubitermes testaceus (Williams) on some physical and chemical properties of soil in a grassland area of Uganda. Afr J Ecol 25:147?153","journal-title":"Afr J Ecol"},{"key":"CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2389.1983.tb01055.x","volume":"34","author":"DE Pomeroy","year":"1983","unstructured":"Pomeroy DE (1983) Some effects of mound-building termites on the soils of a semi-arid area of Kenya. J Soil Sci 34:555?570","journal-title":"J Soil Sci"},{"key":"CR33","first-page":"47","volume":"51","author":"V Semeniuk","year":"1981","unstructured":"Semeniuk V, Meagher TD (1981) Calcrete in Quaternary coastal dunes in southwestern Australia: a capillary-rise phenomenon associated with plants. J Sedim Petrol 51:47?68","journal-title":"J Sedim Petrol"},{"key":"CR34","unstructured":"Slabber MH (1945) 'n Grondopname in die Malmesbury-Piketberg streek. Unpubl DSc (Agric) thesis, Univ Stellenbosch"},{"key":"CR35","unstructured":"Ten Cate H (1966) Die gronde van die Overhex-Nuy gebied naby Worcester. Unpubl MSc (Agric) thesis, Univ Stellenbosch"},{"key":"CR36","volume-title":"Climatic change and variability in southern Africa","author":"PD Tyson","year":"1986","unstructured":"Tyson PD (1986) Climatic change and variability in southern Africa. Oxford University Press, Cape Town"},{"key":"CR37","unstructured":"Van der Merwe CR (1940) Soil groups and subgroups of South Africa. Dept Agric Union S Afr Sci Bull 231"},{"key":"CR38","unstructured":"Visser HN, Toerien DK (1971) Die geologie van die gebied tussen Vredendal an Elandsbaai. Geol Surv S Afr Expl Sheets 3118C and 3218A"},{"key":"CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033822200008183","volume":"12","author":"JC Vogel","year":"1970","unstructured":"Vogel JC (1970) Groningen radiocarbon dates IX. Radiocarbon 12:444?471","journal-title":"Radiocarbon"},{"key":"CR40","first-page":"201","volume":"15","author":"JC Vogel","year":"1982","unstructured":"Vogel JC (1982) The age of the Kuiseb River silt terrace at Homeb. Palaeoecol Afr 15:201?209","journal-title":"Palaeoecol Afr"},{"key":"CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.2307\/2258416","volume":"55","author":"JP Watson","year":"1967","unstructured":"Watson JP (1967) A termite mound in an Iron Age burial ground in Rhodesia. J Ecol 55:663?669","journal-title":"J Ecol"},{"key":"CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/247074a0","volume":"247","author":"JP Watson","year":"1974","unstructured":"Watson JP (1974) Calcium carbonate in termite mounds. Nature 247:74","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Oecologia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00317612.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF00317612\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00317612","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,3]],"date-time":"2019-04-03T15:37:13Z","timestamp":1554305833000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/BF00317612"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1991]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991]]}},"alternative-id":["BF00317612"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00317612","relation":{},"ISSN":["0029-8549","1432-1939"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0029-8549","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1939","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1991]]}}}