{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T17:59:51Z","timestamp":1772042391502,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1990,9,1]],"date-time":"1990-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":652147200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Primary Prevent"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/bf01324859","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,26]],"date-time":"2005-03-26T16:56:34Z","timestamp":1111856194000},"page":"19-35","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Test correlates of stress resilience among urban school children"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Gayle R.","family":"Parker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Emory L.","family":"Cowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"William C.","family":"Work","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Peter A.","family":"Wyman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"CR1","volume-title":"The invulnerable child","year":"1987","unstructured":"Anthony, E. J. & Cohler, B. J. (eds.), (1987).The invulnerable child. New York: Guilford."},{"key":"CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-9814-1_7","volume-title":"Advances in clinical child psychology, Vol. 6","author":"K. L. Bierman","year":"1983","unstructured":"Bierman, K. L. (1983). Cognitive development and clinical interviews with children. In B. B. Lahey & A. E. Kazdin (eds.),Advances in clinical child psychology, Vol. 6 (pp. 217?250). New York: Plenum."},{"key":"CR3","first-page":"39","volume-title":"Development of cognition, affect, and social relations. The Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology, Vol. 13","author":"J. H. Block","year":"1980","unstructured":"Block, J. H., & Block J. (1980). The role of ego-control and ego-resiliency in the organization of behavior. In W. A. Collins (ed.),Development of cognition, affect, and social relations. The Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology, Vol. 13 (pp. 39?101). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum."},{"key":"CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp1803_3","volume":"18","author":"L. P. Brown","year":"1989","unstructured":"Brown, L. P. & Cowen, E. L. (1989). Stressful life events, support, and children's school adjustment.Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 18 214?220.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child Psychology"},{"key":"CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.2307\/1128984","volume":"53","author":"B. K. Bryant","year":"1982","unstructured":"Bryant, B. K. (1982). An index of empathy for children and adolescents.Child Development, 53 413?426.","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400000201","volume":"1","author":"D. Cicchetti","year":"1989","unstructured":"Cicchetti, D. (1989). Developmental psychopathology: Some thoughts on its evolution.Development and Psychopathology, 1 1?4.","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"key":"CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.101.3.393","volume":"101","author":"B. E. Compas","year":"1987","unstructured":"Compas, B. E. (1987). Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence.Psychological Bulletin, 101 393?403.","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"CR8","unstructured":"Cowen, E. L. (1990). Community psychology and routes to psychological wellness. In J. Rappaport & E. Seidman (eds.),Handbook of community psychology (in press)."},{"key":"CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00922773","volume":"16","author":"E. L. Cowen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cowen, E. L., & Work, W. C. (1988). Resilient children, psychological wellness and primary prevention.American Journal of Community Psychology, 16 591?607.","journal-title":"American Journal of Community Psychology"},{"key":"CR10","unstructured":"Feshbach, N. D. (1978).Empathy training: A field study in affective education. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Toronto."},{"key":"CR11","first-page":"13","volume":"9","author":"M. Gad","year":"1980","unstructured":"Gad, M., & Johnson, J. (1980). Correlates of adolescent life stress as related to race, SES, and levels of perceived social support.Journal of Clinical Psychology, 9 13?16.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"CR12","volume-title":"Vulnerable but invincible: A study of resilient children (xiii-xix)","author":"N. Garmezy","year":"1982","unstructured":"Garmezy, N. (1982). Foreword. In E. E. Werner & R. S. Smith,Vulnerable but invincible: A study of resilient children (xiii-xix). New York: McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"CR13","first-page":"43","volume-title":"Stress, coping, and development in children","author":"N. Garmezy","year":"1983","unstructured":"Garmezy, N. (1983). Stressors of childhood. In N. Garmezy & M. Rutter (eds.),Stress, coping, and development in children (pp. 43?84). New York: McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"CR14","first-page":"328","volume":"42","author":"N. Garmezy","year":"1972","unstructured":"Garmezy, N., & Neuchterlein, K. (1972). Invulnerable children: The fact and fiction of competence and disadvantage.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 42 328?329.","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"CR15","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Advances in applied developmental psychology (Vol. 1)","author":"N. Garmezy","year":"1984","unstructured":"Garmezy, N., & Tellegen, A. (1984). Studies of stress-resistant children: Methods, variables and preliminary findings. In F. Morrison, C. Ford, & D. Deating (eds.),Advances in applied developmental psychology (Vol. 1) (pp.1?52).New York:Academic Press."},{"key":"CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.2307\/1129640","volume":"53","author":"S. Harter","year":"1982","unstructured":"Harter, S. (1982). The Perceived Competence Scale for Children.Child Development, 53 87?97.","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"CR17","unstructured":"Harter, S. (1985).Manual for the Self-Perception Profile for Children. University of Denver."},{"key":"CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/02796015.1987.12085288","volume":"16","author":"A. D. Hightower","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hightower, A. D., Cowen, E. L., Spinell, A. P., Lotyczewski, B. S., Guare, J. C., Rohrbeck, C. A., & Brown, L. P. (1987). The Child Rating Scale: The development and psychometric refinement of a sociomotional self-rating scale for young school children.School Psychology Review, 16 239?255.","journal-title":"School Psychology Review"},{"key":"CR19","unstructured":"Honig, A. S. (1986). Stress and coping in children (Part 1).Young Children, (May), 50?63."},{"key":"CR20","volume-title":"Life events as stressors in childhood and adolescence","author":"J. H. Johnson","year":"1986","unstructured":"Johnson, J. H. (1986).Life events as stressors in childhood and adolescence. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications."},{"key":"CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01114839","volume":"1","author":"M. S. Kornberg","year":"1980","unstructured":"Kornberg, M. S., & Caplan, G. (1980). Risk factors and preventive intervention in child psychotherapy: A review.Journal of Prevention, 1 71?133.","journal-title":"Journal of Prevention"},{"key":"CR22","volume-title":"Children's Depression Inventory","author":"M. Kovacs","year":"1979","unstructured":"Kovacs, M. (1979).Children's Depression Inventory. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh."},{"key":"CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.103.3.324","volume":"103","author":"P. A. Miller","year":"1988","unstructured":"Miller, P. A., & Eisenberg, N. (1988). The relation of empathy to aggressive and externalizing\/antisocial behavior.Psychological Bulletin, 103 324?347.","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"CR24","volume-title":"Vulnerability, coping and growth: From infancy to adolescence","author":"L. B. Murphy","year":"1976","unstructured":"Murphy, L. B., & Moriarty, A. E. (1976).Vulnerability, coping and growth: From infancy to adolescence. New Haven: Yale University Press."},{"key":"CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1037\/h0033978","volume":"40","author":"S. Nowicki","year":"1973","unstructured":"Nowicki, S., & Strickland, B. R. (1973). A locus of control scale for children.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 40 148?154.","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/12.1.3","volume":"12","author":"D. O'Grady","year":"1987","unstructured":"O'Grady, D., & Metz, J. R. (1987). Resilience in children at high risk for psychological disorder.Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 12 3?23.","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Psychology"},{"key":"CR27","unstructured":"Parker, G. R. (1988).Correlates of resilience in children who have experienced multiple life stressors. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Rochester."},{"key":"CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.53.5.603","volume":"53","author":"J. L. Pedro-Carroll","year":"1985","unstructured":"Pedro-Carroll, J. L., & Cowen, E. L. (1985). The Children of Divorce Intervention Project: An investigation of the efficacy of a school-based prevention program.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53 603?611.","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00919275","volume":"15","author":"J. Rappaport","year":"1987","unstructured":"Rappaport, J. (1987). Terms of empowerment\/exemplars of prevention: Toward a theory of community psychology.American Journal of Community Psychology, 15 121?148.","journal-title":"American Journal of Community Psychology"},{"key":"CR30","volume-title":"Child Depression Scale","author":"W. M. Reynolds","year":"1988","unstructured":"Reynolds, W. M. (1988).Child Depression Scale. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources."},{"key":"CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00923138","volume":"13","author":"W. M. Reynolds","year":"1985","unstructured":"Reynolds, W. M. Anderson, G., & Bartell, N. (1985). Measuring depression in children: A multimethod assessment investigation.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 13 513?526.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"CR32","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Stress, coping and development in children","author":"M. Rutter","year":"1983","unstructured":"Rutter, M. (1983). Stress, coping and development: Some issues and some questions. In N. Garmezy & M. Rutter (eds.),Stress, coping and development in children (pp. 1?41). New York: McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.147.6.598","volume":"177","author":"M. Rutter","year":"1985","unstructured":"Rutter, M. (1985). Resilience in the face of adversity: Protective factors and resistance to psychological disorder.British Journal of Psychology, 177 598?611.","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.90.2.322","volume":"19","author":"J. S. Shrauger","year":"1981","unstructured":"Shrauger, J. S., & Osberg, T. M. (1981). The relative accuracy of self-perceptions and judgments of others in psychological assessment.Psychological Bulletin, 19 322?351.","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00896500","volume":"10","author":"M. B. Shure","year":"1982","unstructured":"Shure, M. B., & Spivack, G. (1982). Interpersonal problem-solving in young children: A cognitive approach to prevention.American Journal of Community Psychology, 10 341?356.","journal-title":"American Journal of Community Psychology"},{"key":"CR36","volume-title":"State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children: Preliminary manual","author":"C. D. Spielberger","year":"1973","unstructured":"Spielberger, C. D. (1973).State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children: Preliminary manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press."},{"key":"CR37","volume-title":"The competent child: An approach to psychotherapy and preventive mental health","author":"J. M. Strayhorn","year":"1988","unstructured":"Strayhorn, J. M. (1988).The competent child: An approach to psychotherapy and preventive mental health. New York: Guilford."},{"key":"CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6629(198210)10:4<341::AID-JCOP2290100406>3.0.CO;2-J","volume":"10","author":"P. A. Thoits","year":"1982","unstructured":"Thoits, P. A. (1982). Life stress, social support and psychological vulnerability: Epidemiological considerations.Journal of Community Psychology, 10 341?362.","journal-title":"Journal of Community Psychology"},{"key":"CR39","unstructured":"Wannon, M. (1990).Children's control attributions about controllable and uncontrollable events: Their relationship to stress-resiliency and psychological adjustment. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Rochester."},{"key":"CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1989.tb01636.x","volume":"59","author":"E. E. Werner","year":"1989","unstructured":"Werner, E. E. (1989). High risk children in young adulthood: A longitudinal study from birth to 32 years.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 59 72?81.","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"CR41","volume-title":"Vulnerable but invincible: A study of resilient children","author":"E. E. Werner","year":"1982","unstructured":"Werner, E. E., & Smith, R. S. (1982).Vulnerable but invincible: A study of resilient children. New York: McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"CR42","unstructured":"Work, W. C. (1986).The Social Problem Solving Cognitive Measure. Unpublished manuscript, University of Rochester."},{"key":"CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01324858","volume":"11","author":"W. C. Work","year":"1990","unstructured":"Work, W. C., Cowen, E. L., Parker, G. R., Wyman, P. A. (1990a). Stress resilient children in an urban setting.Journal of Primary Prevention, 11 3?18.","journal-title":"Journal of Primary Prevention"},{"key":"CR44","unstructured":"Work, W. C., Levinson, H. R., & Hightower, A. D. (1990b). What I Usually Do: A measure of elementary children's coping strategies. (Submitted)."},{"key":"CR45","unstructured":"Work, W. C., & Olsen, K. H. (1991). Development and evaluation of a revised social problem solving curriculum for fourth graders.Journal of Primary Prevention, 11 (in press)."},{"key":"CR46","unstructured":"Wyman, P. A., Cowen, E. L., Pedro-Carroll, J. L., & Hightower, A. D. (1990). Follow-up evaluation of a school based prevention program for children of divorce. (Submitted)."},{"key":"CR47","unstructured":"Wyman, P. A., Cowen, E. L., Work, W. C., & Parker, G. R. (1990). Developmental and family milieu interview correlates of resilience in urban children who have experienced major life-stress. (Submitted)."}],"container-title":["The Journal of Primary Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF01324859.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01324859\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF01324859","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]],"date-time":"2021-07-07T13:12:43Z","timestamp":1625663563000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/BF01324859"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1990,9]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,9]]}},"alternative-id":["BF01324859"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf01324859","relation":{},"ISSN":["0278-095X","1573-6547"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0278-095X","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6547","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1990,9]]}}}