{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T04:10:21Z","timestamp":1751515821851,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748304000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/05069\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05069\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005765","name":"Universidade de Lisboa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005765","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Reg Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>We try to rationalize the fact that the impact of higher education spread on aggregate productivity tends to disappear as a higher share people completes college. For that purpose, we model this situation by means of a coordination (<jats:italic>Stag Hunt<\/jats:italic>) game, where a youngster reaps the benefit of higher education only if there is a critical mass of students. During the initial stage, the net reward of higher education is high, so that the Nash equilibrium with general enrolment is selected. As higher education becomes widespread, its relative benefit tends to decline because the relative wage of skilled labour falls with the rise in its supply and universities face diseconomies of scale as they expand over lower density territories. The decrease in the reward is multiplied by the fact that the strategy of avoiding higher education becomes \u201crisk-dominant\u201d, which more likely leads to a <jats:italic>coordination breakdown<\/jats:italic>, where the tertiary schooling rate might rise despite the output per worker decreases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00168-025-01389-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T08:47:26Z","timestamp":1748335646000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Education spread and economic development: Portugal 1981\u20132021"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9391-428X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Pedro","family":"Pontes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"1389_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.2307\/2118403","volume":"108","author":"R Benabou","year":"1993","unstructured":"Benabou R (1993) Workings of a city: location, education and production. Quart J Econ 108(3):619\u2013652","journal-title":"Quart J Econ"},{"key":"1389_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seps.2022.101231","volume":"82","author":"A Bertoletti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bertoletti A, Berbegal-Mirabent J, Agasisti T (2022) Higher education and regional economic development: a combined approach using econometric and machine learning methods. Socioecon Plann Sci 82:101231","journal-title":"Socioecon Plann Sci"},{"key":"1389_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geb.2021.08.010","volume":"130","author":"P Dal B\u00f3","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dal B\u00f3 P, Fr\u00e9chette GR, Kim J (2021) The determinants of efficient behavior in coordination games. Games Econ Behav 130:352\u2013368","journal-title":"Games Econ Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"1389_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1086\/261099","volume":"90","author":"P Diamond","year":"1982","unstructured":"Diamond P (1982) Aggregate demand management in search equilibrium. J Polit Econ 90(5):881\u2013894","journal-title":"J Polit Econ"},{"issue":"4","key":"1389_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098012455717","volume":"50","author":"A Dickerson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dickerson A, McIntosh S (2013) The impact of distance to nearest institution on the post-compulsory participation decision. Urban Stud 50(4):742\u2013758","journal-title":"Urban Stud"},{"issue":"5","key":"1389_CR6","first-page":"995","volume":"52","author":"M Frankel","year":"1962","unstructured":"Frankel M (1962) The production function in allocation and growth: a synthesis. Am Econ Rev 52(5):995\u20131021","journal-title":"Am Econ Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1389_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/09645290500481865","volume":"14","author":"M Frenette","year":"2006","unstructured":"Frenette M (2006) Too far to go on? Distance to school and university participation. Educ Econ 14(1):31\u201358","journal-title":"Educ Econ"},{"key":"1389_CR8","unstructured":"Gomes JF (2023) Ensino superior e desenvolvimento. Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Francisco Manuel dos Santos, Lisboa"},{"key":"1389_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eeh.2018.03.002","volume":"69","author":"RJ Gordon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gordon RJ (2018) Declining American economic growth despite ongoing innovation. Explor Econ Hist 69:1\u201312","journal-title":"Explor Econ Hist"},{"issue":"4","key":"1389_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1093\/oxrep\/grw025","volume":"32","author":"E Hanushek","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hanushek E (2016) Will more higher education improve economic growth? Oxf Rev Econ Policy 32(4):538\u2013552","journal-title":"Oxf Rev Econ Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"1389_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01737554","volume":"2","author":"J Harsanyi","year":"1973","unstructured":"Harsanyi J (1973) Games with randomly disturbed payoffs: a new rationale for mixed-strategy equilibrium points. Int J Game Theory 2(1):1\u201323","journal-title":"Int J Game Theory"},{"key":"1389_CR12","volume-title":"A general theory of equilibrium selection in games","author":"J Harsanyi","year":"1988","unstructured":"Harsanyi J, Selten R (1988) A general theory of equilibrium selection in games. Cambridge University Press, London and Cambridge Mass"},{"issue":"2","key":"1389_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-0462(90)90004-M","volume":"20","author":"R Helsley","year":"1990","unstructured":"Helsley R, Strange W (1990) Matching and agglomeration economies in a system of cities. Reg Sci Urban Econ 20(2):189\u2013212","journal-title":"Reg Sci Urban Econ"},{"issue":"1","key":"1389_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R29","DOI":"10.1177\/002795011322400103","volume":"224","author":"C Holmes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Holmes C (2013) Has the expansion of higher education led to greater economic growth? Natl Inst Econ Rev 224(1):R29\u2013R47","journal-title":"Natl Inst Econ Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1389_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.2307\/2951777","volume":"61","author":"M Kandori","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kandori M, Mailath GJ, Rob R (1993) Learning, mutation and long run equilibria in games. Econometrica 61(1):29\u201356","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"1","key":"1389_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3932(88)90168-7","volume":"22","author":"R Lucas","year":"1988","unstructured":"Lucas R (1988) On the mechanics of economic development. J Monet Econ 22(1):3\u201342","journal-title":"J Monet Econ"},{"issue":"2","key":"1389_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.2307\/2118477","volume":"107","author":"NG Mankiw","year":"1992","unstructured":"Mankiw NG, Romer D, Weil DN (1992) A contribution to the empirics of economic growth. Q J Econ 107(2):407\u2013437","journal-title":"Q J Econ"},{"key":"1389_CR18","volume-title":"Principles of economics","author":"A Marshall","year":"1949","unstructured":"Marshall A (1949) Principles of economics, 8th edn. Macmillan, London","edition":"8"},{"issue":"1","key":"1389_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.18267\/j.pep.686","volume":"28","author":"M Mysikova","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mysikova M, Vecernik J (2019) Returns to tertiary education in Western and Eastern Europe. Prague Econ Pap 28(1):30\u201348","journal-title":"Prague Econ Pap"},{"issue":"2","key":"1389_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00552-3","volume":"42","author":"D Schmidt","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schmidt D, Shupp R, Walker J, Ostrom E (2003) Playing safe in coordination games. Games Econom Behav 42(2):281\u2013289","journal-title":"Games Econom Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"1389_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2307\/1884513","volume":"70","author":"R Solow","year":"1956","unstructured":"Solow R (1956) A contribution to the theory of economic growth. Quart J Econ 70(1):65\u201394","journal-title":"Quart J Econ"},{"issue":"3","key":"1389_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2009.10.009","volume":"29","author":"CK Spiess","year":"2010","unstructured":"Spiess CK, Wrolich K (2010) Does distance determine who attends a university in Germany? Econ Educ Rev 29(3):470\u2013479","journal-title":"Econ Educ Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"1389_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/1062-9769(95)90048-9","volume":"35","author":"P Straub","year":"1995","unstructured":"Straub P (1995) Risk dominance and coordination failures in static games. Q Rev Econ Finance 35(4):339\u2013363","journal-title":"Q Rev Econ Finance"},{"key":"1389_CR24","unstructured":"Teixeira P, Cerejeira J, Sim\u00f5es M, Portela M (2014) Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, economia e capital Humano\u2014notas sobre um paradoxo in Fernando Alexandre e outros (organizadores), A Economia Portuguesa na uni\u00e3o Europeia: 1986\u20132010, Coimbra. Conjuntura Actual Editora"},{"key":"1389_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511619663","volume-title":"Games in economic development","author":"B Wydick","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wydick B (2007) Games in economic development. Cambridge University Press"},{"issue":"1","key":"1389_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2307\/2951778","volume":"61","author":"HP Young","year":"1993","unstructured":"Young HP (1993) The evolution of conventions. Econometrica 61(1):57\u201384","journal-title":"Econometrica"}],"container-title":["The Annals of Regional Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00168-025-01389-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00168-025-01389-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00168-025-01389-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T15:41:00Z","timestamp":1751470860000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00168-025-01389-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1389"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00168-025-01389-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0570-1864","1432-0592"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0570-1864"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1432-0592"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 July 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"58"}}