{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:34:55Z","timestamp":1767832495722,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593561600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]],"date-time":"2020-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000770","name":"University of Manchester","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000770","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Adv Manuf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Commercially available fixation plates are built using metallic biocompatible materials such as titanium and its alloys and stainless steel. However, these plates show a stiffness mismatch comparing to bone, leading to stress shielding and bone loss. In this paper, we investigate the combined use of topology optimisation and additive manufacturing to print fixation plates with reduced stiffness and improved biological performance. Ti-6Al-4\u00a0V plates were topology optimised considering different loading conditions and volume reductions and printed using electron beam melting and selective laser melting. The effect of processing conditions on the mechanical properties, microhardness, wear resistance and surface roughness was analysed. Results show acceptable wear resistance values for a medical device and a reduction of stress shielding by increasing volume reduction. It is also shown that no polishing is required as 3D printed plates are able to support cell attachment and proliferation. In comparison to commercial plates, 3D printed ones show significantly better biological performance. For the same design, SLM plates present higher mechanical properties, while EBM plates present better cell attachment and proliferation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-020-05676-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]],"date-time":"2020-07-06T20:03:33Z","timestamp":1594065813000},"page":"673-688","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Mechanical, biological and tribological behaviour of fixation plates 3D printed by electron beam and selective laser melting"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Abdulsalam Abdulaziz","family":"Al-Tamimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Abdalla","family":"Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David Felipe","family":"Morales-Aldana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Peach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Bartolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"5676_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9343(97)90023-1","volume":"103","author":"O Johnell","year":"1997","unstructured":"Johnell O (1997) The socioeconomic burden of fractures: today and in the 21st century. Amer J Med 103:S20\u2013S26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0002-9343(97)90023-1","journal-title":"Amer J Med"},{"key":"5676_CR2","unstructured":"Green M, Wishart N, Young E (2017) NJR 14th Annual Report. Natl Jt Regist Annu Rep. http:\/\/www.njrreports.org.uk\/Portals\/0\/PDFdownloads\/NJR%2014th%20Annual%20Report%202017.pdf"},{"key":"5676_CR3","unstructured":"Jo M, Tencer A, Gardner M (2014) Biomechanics of fractures and fracture fixation. In: Court-Brown C, Heckman J, McQueen M, Ricci W, Tornetta P III, McKee M (eds) Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins"},{"key":"5676_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McNamara L (2017) Bone as a material. In: Ducheyne P (ed) Comprehnsive Biomaterials II. Elsevier, pp 202\u2013227","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-803581-8.10127-4"},{"key":"5676_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1080\/17452759.2017.1307769","volume":"12","author":"A Al-Tamimi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Al-Tamimi A, Fernandes P, Peach C, Cooper G, Diver C, Bartolo P (2017) Metallic bone fixation implants: a novel design approach for reducing the stress shielding phenomenon. Virtual Phys Prototyp 12:141\u2013151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17452759.2017.1307769","journal-title":"Virtual Phys Prototyp"},{"key":"5676_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-05086-6","volume-title":"Topology optimization: theory, methods, and applications","author":"M Bends\u00f8e","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bends\u00f8e M, Sigmund O (2004) Topology optimization: theory, methods, and applications. Springer, Berlin"},{"key":"5676_CR7","first-page":"40","volume":"5","author":"L Murr","year":"2015","unstructured":"Murr L (2015) Metallurgy of additive manufacturing: examples from electron beam melting. Addit Manuf 5:40\u201353 j.addma.2014.12.002","journal-title":"Addit Manuf"},{"key":"5676_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addma.2018.09.002","volume":"25","author":"A Khorasani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khorasani A, Gibson I, Awan U, Ghaderi A (2019) The effect of SLM process parameters on density, hardness, tensile strength and surface quality of Ti-6Al-4V. Addit Manuf 25:176\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addma.2018.09.002","journal-title":"Addit Manuf"},{"key":"5676_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Al-Tamimi A, Huang B, Vyas C, Hernandez M, Peach C, Bartolo P (2019) Topology optimised metallic bone plates produced by electron beam melting: a mechanical and biological study. Int J Adv Manuf Tech. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00170-019-03866-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-019-03866-0"},{"key":"5676_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/s0109-5641(03)00094-0","volume":"20","author":"I Denry","year":"2004","unstructured":"Denry I, Holloway J (2004) Elastic constants, Vickers hardness, and fracture toughness of fluorrichterite-based glass\u2013ceramics. Dent Mater 20:213\u2013219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0109-5641(03)00094-0","journal-title":"Dent Mater"},{"key":"5676_CR11","unstructured":"British Standard (1991) Implants for osteosynthesis \u2013 Part 23: bone plates \u2013 Section 23.1 Method for determination of bending strength and stiffness, BS 3531\u201323.1:1991 ISO 9585:1990, British Standard"},{"key":"5676_CR12","volume-title":"Standard test method for flexural properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics and electrical insulating materials by four-point bending, D6272\u201317","author":"ASTM Standard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Standard ASTM (2017) Standard test method for flexural properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics and electrical insulating materials by four-point bending, D6272\u201317. Standard, ASTM"},{"key":"5676_CR13","first-page":"219","volume":"44","author":"A Zmitrowicz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zmitrowicz A (2006) Wear patterns and laws of wear \u2013 a review. J Theoretical Appl Mech 44:219\u2013253","journal-title":"J Theoretical Appl Mech"},{"key":"5676_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.3390\/met6110284","volume":"6","author":"W Toh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Toh W, Wang P, Tan X, Nai M, Liu E, Tor S (2016) Microstructure and wear properties of electron beam melted Ti-6Al-4V parts: a comparison study against as-cast form. Metals. 6:284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/met6110284","journal-title":"Metals."},{"key":"5676_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100080416","volume":"8","author":"T Keller","year":"1990","unstructured":"Keller T, Mao Z, Spengler D (1990) Young's modulus, bending strength, and tissue physical properties of human compact bone. J Orthop Res 8:592\u2013603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jor.1100080416","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"5676_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1648(77)90200-9","volume":"41","author":"T Hisakado","year":"1977","unstructured":"Hisakado T (1977) The influence of surface roughness on abrasive wear. Wear. 41:179\u2013190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0043-1648(77)90200-9","journal-title":"Wear."},{"key":"5676_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hutchings I (1992) Tribology: friction and wear of engineering materials, 1st edn. Butterworth-Heinemann","DOI":"10.1016\/0261-3069(92)90241-9"},{"key":"5676_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23075","volume":"34","author":"S Sing","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sing S, An J, Yeong W, Wiria F (2016) Laser and electron-beam powder-bed additive manufacturing of metallic implants: a review on processes, materials and designs. J Orthop Res 34:369\u2013385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jor.23075","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"}],"container-title":["The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00170-020-05676-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00170-020-05676-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00170-020-05676-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]],"date-time":"2021-07-05T23:15:40Z","timestamp":1625526940000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00170-020-05676-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3-4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["5676"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00170-020-05676-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0268-3768","1433-3015"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0268-3768","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-3015","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 October 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 June 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 July 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}