{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T11:52:28Z","timestamp":1740138748914,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5-6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711497600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013000","name":"Politecnico di Torino","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013000","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Adv Manuf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Designers have been fascinated by exploring new geometries made by high-performance structures. In more specific terms, biological systems have always been proven to be characterised by sophisticated structures with adapting properties to nature challenges. Insightful analyses have shown how these natural structures are dominated by characteristics such as high energy absorption and elevated strength-weight proportion. Fractal geometries are examples of bio-inspired mathematical objects whose complex 3D structures can be obtained only by advanced manufacturing systems, such as additive manufacturing (AM). This study investigates the feasibility and energy absorption properties of a novel fractal structure based on a 3D Greek cross (3D-CFS). The structure was designed with different volume fractions and produced by powder bed fusion (PBF) AM processes in polyamide (PA12) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). The 3D-CFS properties are investigated under quasi-static and dynamic compression tests. The analysis revealed that for certain geometrical parameters, the manufacturing of the structures is constrained by the sintered powder entrapped in the structure. However, in the case of powder-free structures, the results showed a high impact resistance and cushioning capability. Overall, in terms of specific energy absorption (SEA), the TPU structures showed values between 2.5 and 3.5\u00a0kJ\/kg, while PA12 ones are between 7.5 and 17.4\u00a0kJ\/kg, making the 3D-CFS structure compatible with personal protective equipment (PPE) applications. Compared to the literature data on cellular structures made by AM, 3D-CFS performs considerably better. Also, PA12 3D-CFS is better, with a SEA value up to 170% higher than that of a typical material employed for head PPE (e.g. EPS-60 SEA equal to 2.76\u00a0kJ\/kg). In contrast, TPU 3D-CFS looks more promising in the case of multiple impact conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-024-13503-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T03:01:55Z","timestamp":1711508515000},"page":"2217-2232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["On the feasibility and the impact resistance of a 3D cross-based fractal produced by powder bed fusion additive manufacturing"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"132","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2100-082X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Viccica","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6668-5485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel Ferreira","family":"Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5848-6424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo Alves","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6508-2594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Galati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"13503_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.4271\/2018-01-1057","volume":"6","author":"JC Najmon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Najmon JC, Dehart J, Wood Z, Tovar A (2018) Cellular helmet liner design through bio-inspired structures and topology optimization of compliant mechanism lattices. SAE Int J Transp Saf 6:217\u2013235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/2018-01-1057","journal-title":"SAE Int J Transp Saf"},{"key":"13503_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.02.072","volume":"46","author":"JM Jafferson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jafferson JM, Pattanashetti S (2021) Use of 3D printing in production of personal protective equipment (PPE) - a review. Mater Today Proc 46:1247\u20131260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.02.072","journal-title":"Mater Today Proc"},{"key":"13503_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2018.02.002","volume":"14","author":"SF Khosroshahi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khosroshahi SF, Tsampas SA, Galvanetto U (2018) Feasibility study on the use of a hierarchical lattice architecture for helmet liners. Mater Today Commun 14:312\u2013323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2018.02.002","journal-title":"Mater Today Commun"},{"key":"13503_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eml.2021.101323","volume":"46","author":"SM Montgomery","year":"2021","unstructured":"Montgomery SM, Hilborn H, Hamel CM, Kuang X, Long KN, Qi HJ (2021) The 3D printing and modeling of functionally graded Kelvin foams for controlling crushing performance. Extrem Mech Lett 46:101323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eml.2021.101323","journal-title":"Extrem Mech Lett"},{"key":"13503_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2019.10.004","volume":"1","author":"EC Clough","year":"2019","unstructured":"Clough EC, Plaisted TA, Eckel ZC, Cante K, Hundley JM, Schaedler TA (2019) Elastomeric microlattice impact attenuators. Matter 1:1519\u20131531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.matt.2019.10.004","journal-title":"Matter"},{"key":"13503_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2023.106417","volume":"35","author":"H Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim H, Tawfick SH, King WP (2023) Buckling elastomeric springs and lattices for tailored energy absorption. Mater Today Commun 35:106417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2023.106417","journal-title":"Mater Today Commun"},{"key":"13503_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12283-021-00355-0","volume":"24","author":"DL Yount","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yount DL, Jesunathadas M, Plaisted TE, York S, Edwards ED, Gould TE, Chatham LS, Piland SG (2021) Performance of a novel football helmet technology on head impact kinematics. Sport Eng 24:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12283-021-00355-0","journal-title":"Sport Eng"},{"issue":"7","key":"13503_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2003.12.004","volume":"30","author":"T Wierzbicki","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wierzbicki T (2004) Energy absorption of structures and materials: Guoxing Lu and Tongxi Yu. Int J Impact Eng 30(7):881\u2013882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2003.12.004","journal-title":"Int J Impact Eng"},{"key":"13503_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hamzehei R, Zolfagharian A, Dariushi S, Bodaghi M (2022) 3D-printed bio-inspired zero Poisson\u2019s ratio graded metamaterials with high energy absorption performance. Smart Mater Struct 31(3):035001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-665X\/ac47d6","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/ac47d6"},{"key":"13503_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2018.05.059","volume":"155","author":"FN Habib","year":"2018","unstructured":"Habib FN, Iovenitti P, Masood SH, Nikzad M (2018) Fabrication of polymeric lattice structures for optimum energy absorption using Multi Jet Fusion technology. Mater Des 155:86\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.matdes.2018.05.059","journal-title":"Mater Des"},{"key":"13503_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eml.2018.10.006","volume":"25","author":"J Mueller","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mueller J, Shea K (2018) Stepwise graded struts for maximizing energy absorption in lattices. Extrem Mech Lett 25:7\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eml.2018.10.006","journal-title":"Extrem Mech Lett"},{"key":"13503_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s40870-019-00199-7","volume":"5","author":"M Al Rifaie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Al Rifaie M, Mian A, Katiyar P, Majumdar P, Srinivasan R (2019) Drop-weight impact behavior of three-dimensional printed polymer lattice structures with spatially distributed vertical struts. J Dyn Behav Mater 5:387\u2013395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40870-019-00199-7","journal-title":"J Dyn Behav Mater"},{"key":"13503_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomc.2020.100052","volume":"3","author":"O Rahman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rahman O, Koohbor B (2020) Optimization of energy absorption performance of polymer honeycombs by density gradation. Compos Part C Open Access 3:100052. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcomc.2020.100052","journal-title":"Compos Part C Open Access"},{"key":"13503_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Miralbes R, Higuera S, Ranz D, Gomez JA (2022) Comparative analysis of mechanical properties and energy absorption capabilities of functionally graded and non-graded thermoplastic sheet gyroid structures. Mech Adv Mater Struct\u00a029:26, 5142\u20135155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15376494.2021.1949509","DOI":"10.1080\/15376494.2021.1949509"},{"key":"13503_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guo M-F, Yang H, Ma L (2022) 3D lightweight double arrow-head plate-lattice auxetic structures with enhanced stiffness and energy absorption performance. Compos Struct 290:115484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compstruct.2022.115484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2022.115484"},{"key":"13503_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2021.104059","volume":"160","author":"ZP Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun ZP, Guo YB, Shim VPW (2022) Static and dynamic crushing of polymeric lattices fabricated by fused deposition modelling and selective laser sintering \u2013 an experimental investigation. Int J Impact Eng 160:104059. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2021.104059","journal-title":"Int J Impact Eng"},{"key":"13503_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2022.103246","volume":"31","author":"M Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang M, Zhao C, Li G, Chen R, Liang W (2022) Research on the cushioning performance of layered lattice materials with multi-configuration. Mater Today Commun 31:103246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2022.103246","journal-title":"Mater Today Commun"},{"key":"13503_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibson LJ, Ashby MF (1997) Cellular Solids: Structure and Properties. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139878326"},{"key":"13503_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11502","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1509120112","volume":"112","author":"LR Meza","year":"2015","unstructured":"Meza LR, Zelhofer AJ, Clarke N, Mateos AJ, Kochmann DM, Greer JR (2015) Resilient 3D hierarchical architected metamaterials. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112:11502\u201311507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1509120112","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"13503_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4694","volume":"15","author":"X Zheng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zheng X, Smith W, Jackson J, Moran B, Cui H, Chen D, Ye J, Fang N, Rodriguez N, Weisgraber T, Spadaccini CM (2016) Multiscale metallic metamaterials. Nat Mater 15:1100\u20131106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nmat4694","journal-title":"Nat Mater"},{"key":"13503_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202206024","volume":"2206024","author":"Y Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang Y, Xu F, Gao H, Li X (2023) Elastically isotropic truss-plate-hybrid hierarchical microlattices with enhanced modulus and strength. Small 2206024:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smll.202206024","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"13503_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2022.110106","volume":"181","author":"M Viccica","year":"2022","unstructured":"Viccica M, Galati M, Calignano F, Iuliano L (2022) Design, additive manufacturing, and characterisation of a three-dimensional cross-based fractal structure for shock absorption. Thin-Walled Struct 181:110106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tws.2022.110106","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Struct"},{"issue":"7","key":"13503_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1007\/s11340-023-00976-5","volume":"63","author":"D Bruson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bruson D, Galati M, Calignano F, Iuliano L (2023) Mechanical characterisation and simulation of the tensile behaviour of polymeric additively manufactured lattice structures. Exp Mech 63(7):1117\u20131133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11340-023-00976-5","journal-title":"Exp Mech"},{"key":"13503_CR24","unstructured":"EOS GmbH - Electro Optical Systems, Material data sheet PA 2200, data consultation: 2017. https:\/\/store.eos.info\/collections\/eos-polymer-powders\/products\/pa-2200-polyamide-12"},{"key":"13503_CR25","unstructured":"Lubrizol, Estane 3D TPU datasheet, data consultation: 2021. https:\/\/www.lubrizol.com\/Engineered-Polymers\/Products\/Estane-TPU\/Estane-3D"},{"key":"13503_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2020.06.029","volume":"57","author":"M Galati","year":"2020","unstructured":"Galati M, Calignano F, Defanti S, Denti L (2020) Disclosing the build-up mechanisms of multi jet fusion: experimental insight into the characteristics of starting materials and finished parts. J Manuf Process 57:244\u2013253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmapro.2020.06.029","journal-title":"J Manuf Process"},{"key":"13503_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/J.COMPSTRUCT.2017.07.035","volume":"178","author":"PT Santos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Santos PT, Pinto S, Marques PAAP, Pereira AB, Alves de Sousa RJ (2017) Agglomerated cork: a way to tailor its mechanical properties. Compos Struct 178:277\u2013287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.COMPSTRUCT.2017.07.035","journal-title":"Compos Struct"},{"key":"13503_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2013.03.011","volume":"56","author":"FAO Fernandes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fernandes FAO, Alves De Sousa RJ (2013) Motorcycle helmets - a state of the art review. Accid Anal Prev 56:1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2013.03.011","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"13503_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2006.09.007","volume":"182","author":"B Caulfield","year":"2007","unstructured":"Caulfield B, McHugh PE, Lohfeld S (2007) Dependence of mechanical properties of polyamide components on build parameters in the SLS process. J Mater Process Technol 182:477\u2013488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2006.09.007","journal-title":"J Mater Process Technol"},{"key":"13503_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549711414735","volume":"88","author":"RA de Sousa","year":"2012","unstructured":"de Sousa RA, Coelho R, Teixeira-Dias F, Gon\u00e7alves D (2012) Assessing the effectiveness of a natural cellular material used as safety padding material in motorcycle helmets. Simulation 88:580\u2013591. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0037549711414735","journal-title":"Simulation"},{"key":"13503_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4110","DOI":"10.1080\/15376494.2021.1919803","volume":"29","author":"S Higuera","year":"2022","unstructured":"Higuera S, Miralbes R, Ranz D (2022) Mechanical properties and energy\u2013absorption capabilities of thermoplastic sheet gyroid structures. Mech Adv Mater Struct 29:4110\u20134124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15376494.2021.1919803","journal-title":"Mech Adv Mater Struct"},{"key":"13503_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-017-1037-z","volume":"94","author":"FN Habib","year":"2018","unstructured":"Habib FN, Iovenitti P, Masood SH, Nikzad M (2018) Cell geometry effect on in-plane energy absorption of periodic honeycomb structures. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 94:2369\u20132380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00170-017-1037-z","journal-title":"Int J Adv Manuf Technol"},{"key":"13503_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-019-03541-4","volume":"103","author":"F Habib","year":"2019","unstructured":"Habib F, Iovenitti P, Masood S, Nikzad M, Ruan D (2019) Design and evaluation of 3D printed polymeric cellular materials for dynamic energy absorption. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 103:2347\u20132361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00170-019-03541-4","journal-title":"Int J Adv Manuf Technol"},{"key":"13503_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2022.09.116","volume":"21","author":"S Ghaemi Khiavi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ghaemi Khiavi S, Mohammad Sadeghi B, Divandari M (2022) Effect of topology on strength and energy absorption of PA12 non-auxetic strut-based lattice structures. J Mater Res Technol 21:1595\u20131613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmrt.2022.09.116","journal-title":"J Mater Res Technol"},{"key":"13503_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109376","volume":"97","author":"SF Khosroshahi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khosroshahi SF, Duckworth H, Galvanetto U, Ghajari M (2019) The effects of topology and relative density of lattice liners on traumatic brain injury mitigation. J Biomech 97:109376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109376","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"13503_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.760211505","volume":"21","author":"J Miltz","year":"1981","unstructured":"Miltz J, Gruenbaum G (1981) Evaluation of cushioning properties of plastic foams from compressive measurements. Polym Eng Sci 21:1010\u20131014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pen.760211505","journal-title":"Polym Eng Sci"},{"key":"13503_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0734-743X(99)00169-4","volume":"24","author":"AG Hanssen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hanssen AG, Langseth M, Hopperstad OS (2000) Static and dynamic crushing of square aluminum extrusions with aluminum foam filler. Int J Impact Eng 24:347\u2013383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0734-743X(99)00169-4","journal-title":"Int J Impact Eng"},{"key":"13503_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1177\/0021955X06063519","volume":"42","author":"QM Li","year":"2006","unstructured":"Li QM, Magkiriadis I, Harrigan JJ (2006) Compressive strain at the onset of densification of cellular solids. J Cell Plast 42:371\u2013392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0021955X06063519","journal-title":"J Cell Plast"},{"key":"13503_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.202000797","volume":"23","author":"B Koohbor","year":"2021","unstructured":"Koohbor B, Blourchian A, Uddin KZ, Youssef G (2021) Characterization of energy absorption and strain rate sensitivity of a novel elastomeric polyurea foam. Adv Eng Mater 23:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adem.202000797","journal-title":"Adv Eng Mater"},{"key":"13503_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addma.2021.102048","volume":"44","author":"B Yelamanchi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yelamanchi B, Mummareddy B, Santiago CC, Ojoawo B, Metsger K, Helfferich B, Zapka J, Sillani F, MacDonald E, Cortes P (2021) Mechanical and fatigue performance of pressurized vessels fabricated with Multi Jet Fusion\u2122 for automotive applications. Addit Manuf 44:102048. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addma.2021.102048","journal-title":"Addit Manuf"},{"key":"13503_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2022.02.086","volume":"18","author":"SY Park","year":"2022","unstructured":"Park SY, Kim KS, AlMangour B, Grzesiak D, Lee KA (2022) Compressive deformation behavior and energy absorption characteristic of additively manufactured sheet CoCrMo triply periodic minimal surface lattices. J Mater Res Technol 18:171\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmrt.2022.02.086","journal-title":"J Mater Res Technol"}],"container-title":["The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00170-024-13503-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00170-024-13503-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00170-024-13503-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T02:01:47Z","timestamp":1714096907000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00170-024-13503-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5-6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["13503"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00170-024-13503-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0268-3768","1433-3015"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0268-3768"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1433-3015"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 March 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 March 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}