{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:19:32Z","timestamp":1772119172856,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9-10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714003200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MIT-EXPL\/TDI\/0044\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIT-EXPL\/TDI\/0044\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/Multi\/04044\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/Multi\/04044\/2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PAMI-ROTEIRO\/0328\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAMI-ROTEIRO\/0328\/2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Add.Additive-POCI-)1-0247-FEDER-024533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Add.Additive-POCI-)1-0247-FEDER-024533"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Tailored \\Cooling POCI-01-0145-FEDER-03243"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Tailored \\Cooling POCI-01-0145-FEDER-03243"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Leiria"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Adv Manuf Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This work presents the design and construction of an automated industrial injection moulding apparatus that can be used with a typical multi-user beamline such as the NCD-SWEET small-angle X-ray scattering at the ALBA Synchrotron Light Source. This apparatus is focused on developing an understanding of how the mould temperature and the injection temperature and pressure affect both the orientation and morphology of the semi-crystalline polymer used to fabricate the injected parts. The system design follows current industrial practice and enables the collection of time-resolved X-ray scattering data at several points within the mould cavity, so we can understand the 4D morphology. In this work we show the effectiveness of the equipment using some results from the injection moulding of a random copolymer of polypropylene and that it can be used with a more demanding material such as polyhydroxybutyrate. This can be seen as the first step toward a multiscale digital twin for injection moulding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-024-13651-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]],"date-time":"2024-04-24T22:01:36Z","timestamp":1713996096000},"page":"4737-4752","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Industrially relevant injection moulding apparatus for in situ time-resolving small-angle X-ray scattering measurements"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"132","author":[{"given":"Andr\u00e9 A.","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"F\u00e1bio","family":"Gameiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anabela P.","family":"Massano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Arioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daniel P.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Carreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joao","family":"Matias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pedro G.","family":"Martinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Mateus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7977-7610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geoffrey R.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"13651_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Portale, G., Troisi, E.M., Peters, G.W.M., Bras, W. (2015). Real-time fast structuring of polymers using synchrotron WAXD\/SAXS techniques. In: Auriemma, F., Alfonso, G., de Rosa, C. (eds) Polymer Crystallization II. Advances in Polymer Science, vol 277. Springer, Cham. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/12_2015_331","DOI":"10.1007\/12_2015_331"},{"issue":"1","key":"13651_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938963","DOI":"10.1080\/21693277.2022.2148136","volume":"10","author":"RA Hertz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hertz RA, Christensen JK, Kristiansen S, Therkelsen O, Schmidt L (2022) In-line process and material property measurement in injection moulding - a theoretical review. Prod Manuf Res 10(1):938963. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21693277.2022.2148136","journal-title":"Prod Manuf Res"},{"key":"13651_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3551","DOI":"10.3390\/s19163551","volume":"19","author":"T Ageyeva","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ageyeva T, Horv\u00e1th S, Kov\u00e1cs JG (2019) In-mold sensors for injection molding: on the way to Industry 4.0. Sensors 19:3551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19163551","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"9","key":"13651_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1179\/174328905X71977","volume":"34","author":"BR Whiteside","year":"2005","unstructured":"Whiteside BR, Brown EC, Ono Y, Jen C-K, Coates PD (2005) Real-time ultrasonic diagnosis of polymer degradation and filling incompleteness in micromoulding. Plast, Rubber Compos 34(9):387\u2013392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/174328905X71977","journal-title":"Plast, Rubber Compos"},{"key":"13651_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5193","DOI":"10.3390\/s21155193","volume":"21","author":"M Kariminejad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kariminejad M, Tormey D, Huq S, Morrison J, McAfee M (2021) Ultrasound sensors for process monitoring in injection moulding. Sensors 21:5193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21155193","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"13651_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.10862","volume":"41","author":"R Edwards","year":"2001","unstructured":"Edwards R, Thomas C (2001) On-line measurement of polymer orientation using ultrasonic technology. Polym Eng Sci 41:1644\u20131653. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pen.10862","journal-title":"Polym Eng Sci"},{"key":"13651_CR7","unstructured":"\u201cIn mold measuring system \u2013 mold marshalling system\u201d. https:\/\/mms.mtb.futaba.co.jp\/en\/. Accessed 23 Feb 2024"},{"key":"13651_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012031","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/1017\/1\/012031","volume":"1017","author":"PD Kale","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kale PD et al (2021) A literature review on injection moulding process based on runner system and process variables. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. 1017:012031. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1757-899X\/1017\/1\/012031","journal-title":"IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng."},{"issue":"3","key":"13651_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.3390\/MA12030424","volume":"12","author":"V Speranza","year":"2019","unstructured":"Speranza V, Liparoti S, Pantani R, Titomanlio G (2019) Hierarchical structure of iPP during injection molding process with fast mold temperature evolution. Materials 12(3):424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/MA12030424","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"13651_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2908","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12122908","volume":"12","author":"B McAdam","year":"2020","unstructured":"McAdam B, Brennan Fournet M, McDonald P, Mojicevic M (2020) Production of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and factors impacting its chemical and mechanical characteristics. Polymers 12:2908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym12122908","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"13651_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2021.110855","volume":"161","author":"O Platnieks","year":"2021","unstructured":"Platnieks O, Gaidukovs S, Thakur VK, Barkane A, Beluns S (2021) Bio-based poly (butylene succinate): recent progress, challenges and future opportunities. Eur Polymer J 161:110855. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2021.110855","journal-title":"Eur Polymer J"},{"key":"13651_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1107\/S0021889891001917","volume":"24","author":"P Zipper","year":"1991","unstructured":"Zipper P, Janosi A, Wrentschur E, Abuja PM (1991) \u201cSmall- and wide-angle X-ray scattering investigations of injection-moulded polypropylene\u201d}. J Appl Crystallogr 24:702\u2013708","journal-title":"J Appl Crystallogr"},{"issue":"4","key":"13651_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"043902","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3108531","volume":"80","author":"S Rendon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rendon S, Fang J, Burghardt WR, Bubeck RA (2009) An apparatus for in situ X- ray scattering measurements during polymer injection molding. Rev Sci Instrum 80(4):043902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.3108531","journal-title":"Rev Sci Instrum"},{"issue":"24","key":"13651_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9005","DOI":"10.1021\/MA035840N\/SUPPL_FILE\/MA035840NSI20041021_045213.PDF","volume":"37","author":"G Kumaraswamy","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kumaraswamy G, Verma RK, Kornfield JA, Yeh F, Hsiao BS (2004) Shear-enhanced crystallization in isotactic polypropylene. In-situ synchrotron SAXS and WAXD. Macromolecules 37(24):9005\u20139017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/MA035840N\/SUPPL_FILE\/MA035840NSI20041021_045213.PDF","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"issue":"6","key":"13651_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1081\/MB-200026521","volume":"43","author":"A Nogales","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nogales A, Thornley SA, Mitchell GR (2007) Shear cell for in situ WAXS, SAXS, and SANS experiments on polymer melts under flow fields. J Macromol Sci, Pat B 43(6):1161\u20131170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1081\/MB-200026521","journal-title":"J Macromol Sci, Pat B"},{"issue":"4","key":"13651_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"045104","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3574219","volume":"82","author":"Y Liu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liu Y, Zhou W, Cui K, Tian N, Wang X, Liu L, Li L, Zhou Y (2011) Extensional rheometer for in situ X-ray scattering study on flow-induced crystallization of polymer. Rev Sci Instrum 82(4):045104","journal-title":"Rev Sci Instrum"},{"issue":"11","key":"13651_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4111","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.3c00194","volume":"56","author":"J Yin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yin J, Deng LF, Ma GQ, Wu FY, Xu JZ, Gao X, Bian F, Lei J, Zhong GJ, Li ZM (2023) High-throughput in situ characterization of polymer crystallization under an intense flow, high pressure, and cooling gradient during injection molding. Macromolecules 56(11):4111\u20134122","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"13651_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123390","DOI":"10.1016\/J.POLYMER.2021.123390","volume":"215","author":"T Liao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liao T et al (2021) In situ synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering investigation of structural formation of polyethylene upon micro-injection molding. Polymer 215:123390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.POLYMER.2021.123390","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"13651_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4745","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14214745","volume":"14","author":"AA Costa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Costa AA, Gameiro F, Pot\u00eancio A, Silva DP, Carreira P, Martinez JC, Pascoal-Faria P, Mateus A, Mitchell GR (2022) Evaluating the injection moulding of plastic parts using in situ time-resolved small-angle x-ray scattering techniques. Polymers 14:4745. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym14214745","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"13651_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3390\/materproc2022008030","volume":"8","author":"A Costa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Costa A, Gameiro F, Potencio A, Silva D, Carreira P, Martinez JC, Pascoal-Faria P, Mateus A, Mitchell GR (2022) In situ time-resolving small-angle X-ray scattering study of the injection moulding of isotactic polypropylene parts. Mater Proc. 8:30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/materproc2022008030","journal-title":"Mater Proc."},{"key":"13651_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.3390\/jmmp7050176","volume":"7","author":"M Arioli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Arioli M, Massano AP, da Silva DP, Gameiro FA, Carreira P, Malfois M, Matias J, Pascoal-Faria P, Mateus A, Mitchell GR (2023) Time and spatially resolved operando small-angle X-ray scattering measurements during injection moulding of plastics. J Manuf Mater Process 7:176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jmmp7050176","journal-title":"J Manuf Mater Process"},{"issue":"1","key":"13651_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1107\/S1600576720014752","volume":"54","author":"DK Rai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rai DK, Gillilan RE, Huang Q, Miller R, Ting E, Lazarev A, Tate MW, Gruner SM (2020) High-pressure small-angle X- 476 ray scattering cell for biological solutions and soft materials. J Appl Crystallography 54(1):111\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1107\/S1600576720014752","journal-title":"J Appl Crystallography"},{"key":"13651_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Llonch M, Pe\u00f1a G, Gevorgyan A, Nikitin YM (2018) NCD-SWEET beamline upgrade. Mechanical eng. design of synchrotron radiation equipment and instrumentation MEDSI2018. Paris.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18429\/JACoW-MEDSI2018-THPH17","DOI":"10.18429\/JACoW-MEDSI2018-THPH17"},{"key":"13651_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1140\/epjp\/s13360-023-03956-9","volume":"138","author":"C Biscari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Biscari C, Aigner E, Attenkofer K et al (2023) ALBA synchrotron and its future. Eur Phys J Plus 138:405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1140\/epjp\/s13360-023-03956-9","journal-title":"Eur Phys J Plus"},{"key":"13651_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohan SD, Olley RH, Vaughan AS, Mitchell GR (2016) Evaluating scales of structure in polymers, chapter 2. In:\u00a0Mitchell G, Tojeira A (eds) Controlling the morphology of polymers: multiple scales of structure and processing. Springer International Publishing Switzerland. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-39322-3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-39322-3"},{"key":"13651_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1145864","volume":"66","author":"H Amenitsch","year":"1995","unstructured":"Amenitsch H, Bernstorff S, Laggner P (1995) High flux beamline for small angle X-ray scattering at Elettra. Rev Sci Instrum 66:1624\u20131626","journal-title":"Rev Sci Instrum"},{"key":"13651_CR27","unstructured":"NCD-SWEET Beamline information online at https:\/\/www.albasynchrotron.es\/en\/beamlines\/bl11-ncd. Accessed 2 Oct 2023"},{"key":"13651_CR28","unstructured":"\u201cUAI - Babyplast.\u201d https:\/\/www.babyplast.com\/en\/products\/uai\/. Accessed 03 Aug 2022"},{"key":"13651_CR29","unstructured":"6082 Aluminium alloy online at https:\/\/www.theworldmaterial.com\/6082-aluminum\/. Accessed 3 Aug 2023"},{"key":"13651_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1080\/14686996.2020.1739554","volume":"21","author":"C Rowolt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rowolt C, Fr\u00f6ck H, Milkereit B, Reich M, Kowalski W, Stark A, Ke\u00dfler O (2020) In- situ analysis of continuous 482 cooling precipitation in Al alloys by wide-angle X-ray scattering. Sci Technol Adv Mater 21:205\u20132018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14686996.2020.1739554","journal-title":"Sci Technol Adv Mater"},{"issue":"13","key":"13651_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4898","DOI":"10.1021\/ma0343028","volume":"36","author":"A Nogales","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nogales A, Mitchell GR, Vaughan AS (2003) (2003) \u201cAnisotropic crystallization in polypropylene induced by deformation of a nucleating agent network.\u201d Macromolecules 36(13):4898\u20134906","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"issue":"1","key":"13651_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230003","DOI":"10.1063\/1.514229pp","volume":"2116","author":"J Pinheiro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pinheiro J, Abdulghani S, Pascoal-Faria P, Sousa D, Carreira P, Viana T, Kamma-Lorger CS, Mitchell GR (2019) Tools to define and evaluate morphology mapping, a route to complex structures using direct digital manufacturing. AIP Conference Proceedings 2116(1):230003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.514229pp","journal-title":"AIP Conference Proceedings"},{"key":"13651_CR33","unstructured":"Bassett DC (1981) Principles of polymer morphology. Chapter 6, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"13651_CR34","unstructured":"Materials Hub ReMade Ari. https:\/\/remade-project.eu\/. Accessed 23 Feb 2024"}],"container-title":["The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00170-024-13651-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00170-024-13651-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00170-024-13651-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T22:05:58Z","timestamp":1716933958000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00170-024-13651-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9-10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["13651"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00170-024-13651-3","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3671387\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0268-3768","1433-3015"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0268-3768","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-3015","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 April 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 April 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors read and approved the final manuscript.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}