{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T07:23:10Z","timestamp":1773818590165,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":260,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,8]],"date-time":"2013-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1386460800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-013-1163-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,7]],"date-time":"2013-12-07T04:59:34Z","timestamp":1386392374000},"page":"15-45","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":265,"title":["Khat and synthetic cathinones: a review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Valente","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Guedes de Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria","family":"de Lourdes Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"F\u00e9lix","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M\u00e1rcia","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"1163_CR1","unstructured":"AAPCC (2013) American Association of Poison Control Centers: bath salts. Available in http:\/\/www.aapcc.org\/alerts\/bath-salts\/"},{"key":"1163_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aarde SM, Angrish D, Barlow DJ et al (2013a) Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone) supports intravenous self-administration in Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats. Addict Biol 18(5):786\u2013799. doi: 10.1111\/adb.12038","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12038"},{"key":"1163_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.04.003","volume":"71","author":"SM Aarde","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aarde SM, Huang PK, Creehan KM, Dickerson TJ, Taffe MA (2013b) The novel recreational drug 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) is a potent psychomotor stimulant: self-administration and locomotor activity in rats. Neuropharmacology 71:130\u2013140. doi: 10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.04.003","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"1163_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2011.10.012","volume":"59","author":"A Adebamiro","year":"2012","unstructured":"Adebamiro A, Perazella MA (2012) Recurrent acute kidney injury following bath salts intoxication. Am J Kidney Dis Off J Natl Kidney Found 59(2):273\u2013275. doi: 10.1053\/j.ajkd.2011.10.012","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis Off J Natl Kidney Found"},{"key":"1163_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1999.tb10699.x","volume":"397","author":"A Alem","year":"1999","unstructured":"Alem A, Kebede D, Kullgren G (1999) The prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of khat chewing in Butajira, Ethiopia. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 397:84\u201391. doi: 10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1999.tb10699.x","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl"},{"issue":"6","key":"1163_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.4.6.1145","volume":"4","author":"M Al-Habori","year":"2005","unstructured":"Al-Habori M (2005) The potential adverse effects of habitual use of Catha edulis (khat). Expert Opin Drug Saf 4(6):1145\u20131154. doi: 10.1517\/14740338.4.6.1145","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"issue":"11","key":"1163_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2010.0398","volume":"85","author":"WM Ali","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ali WM, Zubaid M, Al-Motarreb A et al (2010) Association of khat chewing with increased risk of stroke and death in patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc 85(11):974\u2013980. doi: 10.4065\/mcp.2010.0398","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"10","key":"1163_CR8","first-page":"1195","volume":"23","author":"HO Alkadi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Alkadi HO, Noman MA, Al-Thobhani AK, Al-Mekhlafi FS, Raja a YA (2002) Clinical and experimental evaluation of the effect of khat-induced myocardial infarction. Saudi Med J 23(10):1195\u20131198","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"issue":"5","key":"1163_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1106","volume":"16","author":"A Al-Motarreb","year":"2002","unstructured":"Al-Motarreb A, Baker K, Broadley KJ (2002) Khat: pharmacological and medical aspects and its social use in Yemen. Phytother Res 16(5):403\u2013413. doi: 10.1002\/ptr.1106","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"1163_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2005.02358.x","volume":"59","author":"A Al-Motarreb","year":"2005","unstructured":"Al-Motarreb A, Briancon S, Al-Jaber N et al (2005) Khat chewing is a risk factor for acute myocardial infarction: a case-control study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 59(5):574\u2013581. doi: 10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2005.02358.x","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1163_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.07.001","volume":"132","author":"A Al-Motarreb","year":"2010","unstructured":"Al-Motarreb A, Al-Habori M, Broadley KJ (2010) Khat chewing, cardiovascular diseases and other internal medical problems: the current situation and directions for future research. J Ethnopharmacol 132(3):540\u2013548. doi: 10.1016\/j.jep.2010.07.001","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1163_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.08.011008","volume":"86","author":"L Al-Mugahed","year":"2008","unstructured":"Al-Mugahed L (2008) Khat chewing in Yemen: turning over a new leaf. Bull World Health Organ 86(10):741","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"6","key":"1163_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2011.07632.x","volume":"120","author":"M Angoa-P\u00e9rez","year":"2012","unstructured":"Angoa-P\u00e9rez M, Kane MJ, Francescutti DM et al (2012) Mephedrone, an abused psychoactive component of \u2018bath salts\u2019 and methamphetamine congener, does not cause neurotoxicity to dopamine nerve endings of the striatum. J Neurochem 120(6):1097\u20131107. doi: 10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2011.07632.x","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"1163_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angoa-P\u00e9rez M, Kane MJ, Briggs DI et al (2013) Mephedrone does not damage dopamine nerve endings of the striatum, but enhances the neurotoxicity of methamphetamine, amphetamine, and MDMA. J Neurochem 125(1):102\u2013110. doi: 10.1111\/jnc.12114","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12114"},{"key":"1163_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antonowicz JL, Metzger AK, Ramanujam SL (2011) Paranoid psychosis induced by consumption of methylenedioxypyrovalerone: two cases. General Hosp Psychiatry 33(6):640 e5\u2013640 e6. doi: 10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.04.010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.04.010"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"1163_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2008.11.013","volume":"185","author":"RP Archer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Archer RP (2009) Fluoromethcathinone, a new substance of abuse. Forensic Sci Int 185(1\u20133):10\u201320. doi: 10.1016\/j.forsciint.2008.11.013","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"11","key":"1163_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1039\/c2np20068f","volume":"29","author":"W Arunotayanun","year":"2012","unstructured":"Arunotayanun W, Gibbons S (2012) Natural product \u2018legal highs\u2019. Nat Prod Rep 29(11):1304\u20131316. doi: 10.1039\/c2np20068f","journal-title":"Nat Prod Rep"},{"issue":"19\u201320","key":"1163_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-009-1259-7","volume":"121","author":"EE Balint","year":"2009","unstructured":"Balint EE, Falkay G, Balint GA (2009) Khat\u2014a controversial plant. Wien Klin Wochenschr 121(19\u201320):604\u2013614. doi: 10.1007\/s00508-009-1259-7","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"issue":"5","key":"1163_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-005-0356-7","volume":"113","author":"MY Banjaw","year":"2006","unstructured":"Banjaw MY, Miczek K, Schmidt WJ (2006) Repeated Catha edulis oral administration enhances the baseline aggressive behavior in isolated rats. J Neural Transm 113(5):543\u2013556. doi: 10.1007\/s00702-005-0356-7","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"issue":"5","key":"1163_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.304","volume":"37","author":"MH Baumann","year":"2012","unstructured":"Baumann MH, Ayestas MA Jr, Partilla JS et al (2012) The designer methcathinone analogs, mephedrone and methylone, are substrates for monoamine transporters in brain tissue. Neuropsychopharmacol Off Publ Am Coll Neuropsychopharmacol 37(5):1192\u20131203. doi: 10.1038\/npp.2011.304","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol Off Publ Am Coll Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"1163_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2012.11.020","volume":"698","author":"MH Baumann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Baumann MH, Partilla JS, Lehner KR (2013a) Psychoactive \u201cbath salts\u201d: not so soothing. Eur J Pharmacol 698(1\u20133):1\u20135. doi: 10.1016\/j.ejphar.2012.11.020","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1163_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.204","volume":"38","author":"MH Baumann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Baumann MH, Partilla JS, Lehner KR et al (2013b) Powerful cocaine-like actions of 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), a principal constituent of psychoactive \u2018bath salts\u2019 products. Neuropsychopharmacol Off Publ Am Coll Neuropsychopharmacol 38(4):552\u2013562. doi: 10.1038\/npp.2012.204","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol Off Publ Am Coll Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1163_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2005.04.023","volume":"153","author":"H Belhadj-Tahar","year":"2005","unstructured":"Belhadj-Tahar H, Sadeg N (2005) Methcathinone: a new postindustrial drug. Forensic Sci Int 153(1):99\u2013101. doi: 10.1016\/j.forsciint.2005.04.023","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"1163_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650701517574","volume":"46","author":"Y Bentur","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bentur Y, Bloom-Krasik A, Raikhlin-Eisenkraft B (2008) Illicit cathinone (\u201cHagigat\u201d) poisoning. Clin Toxicol 46(3):206\u2013210. doi: 10.1080\/15563650701517574","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1163_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2012.01.005","volume":"60","author":"HA Borek","year":"2012","unstructured":"Borek HA, Holstege CP (2012) Hyperthermia and multiorgan failure after abuse of \u201cbath salts\u201d containing 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone. Ann Emerg Med 60(1):103\u2013105. doi: 10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2012.01.005","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1163_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/13556210500350794","volume":"10","author":"MG Bossong","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bossong MG, Van Dijk JP, Niesink RJ (2005) Methylone and mCPP, two new drugs of abuse? Addict Biol 10(4):321\u2013323. doi: 10.1080\/13556210500350794","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1163_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-011-0159-1","volume":"8","author":"C Boulanger-Gobeil","year":"2012","unstructured":"Boulanger-Gobeil C, St-Onge M, Laliberte M, Auger PL (2012) Seizures and hyponatremia related to ethcathinone and methylone poisoning. J Med Toxicol Off J Am Coll Med Toxicol 8(1):59\u201361. doi: 10.1007\/s13181-011-0159-1","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol Off J Am Coll Med Toxicol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1163_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.155","volume":"2","author":"SD Brandt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brandt SD, Sumnall HR, Measham F, Cole J (2010a) Analyses of second-generation \u2018legal highs\u2019 in the UK: initial findings. Drug Test Anal 2(8):377\u2013382. doi: 10.1002\/dta.155","journal-title":"Drug Test Anal"},{"key":"1163_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brandt SD, Sumnall HR, Measham F, Cole J (2010b) Second generation mephedrone. The confusing case of NRG-1. Bmj 341:c3564. doi: 10.1136\/bmj.c3564","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c3564"},{"issue":"10","key":"1163_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.185","volume":"2","author":"SD Brandt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brandt SD, Wootton RC, De Paoli G, Freeman S (2010c) The naphyrone story: the alpha or beta-naphthyl isomer? Drug Test Anal 2(10):496\u2013502. doi: 10.1002\/dta.185","journal-title":"Drug Test Anal"},{"issue":"9","key":"1163_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.204","volume":"3","author":"SD Brandt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brandt SD, Freeman S, Sumnall HR, Measham F, Cole J (2011) Analysis of NRG \u2018legal highs\u2019 in the UK: identification and formation of novel cathinones. Drug Test Anal 3(9):569\u2013575. doi: 10.1002\/dta.204","journal-title":"Drug Test Anal"},{"issue":"4","key":"1163_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1986.tb04571.x","volume":"38","author":"R Brenneisen","year":"1986","unstructured":"Brenneisen R, Geisshusler S, Schorno X (1986) Metabolism of cathinone to (\u2212)-norephedrine and (\u2212)-norpseudoephedrine. The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology 38(4):298\u2013300. doi: 10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1986.tb04571.x","journal-title":"The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology"},{"issue":"6","key":"1163_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1990.tb05447.x","volume":"30","author":"R Brenneisen","year":"1990","unstructured":"Brenneisen R, Fisch HU, Koelbing U, Geisshusler S, Kalix P (1990) Amphetamine-like effects in humans of the khat alkaloid cathinone. Br J Clin Pharmacol 30(6):825\u2013828. doi: 10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1990.tb05447.x","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"1163_CR34","unstructured":"Bretteville-Jensen A, Tuv S, Bilgrei O, Fjeld B, Bachs L (2013) Synthetic cannabinoids and cathinones: prevalence and markets. Forensic Sci Rev 25:7\u201326"},{"key":"1163_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bronstein AC, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR, Jr., Green JL, Rumack BH, Dart RC (2011) 2010 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers\u2019 National Poison Data System (NPDS): 28th annual report. Clinical toxicology 49(10):910\u201341 doi: 10.3109\/15563650.2011.635149","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2011.635149"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1163_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.11.020","volume":"124","author":"R Bruno","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bruno R, Matthews AJ, Dunn M et al (2012) Emerging psychoactive substance use among regular ecstasy users in Australia. Drug Alcohol Depend 124(1\u20132):19\u201325. doi: 10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.11.020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"11","key":"1163_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881110378370","volume":"25","author":"TM Brunt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brunt TM, Poortman A, Niesink RJ, van den Brink W (2011) Instability of the ecstasy market and a new kid on the block: mephedrone. J Psychopharmacol 25(11):1543\u20131547. doi: 10.1177\/0269881110378370","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1163_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12061","volume":"168","author":"KN Cameron","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cameron KN, Kolanos R, Solis E Jr, Glennon RA, De Felice LJ (2013) Bath salts components mephedrone and methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) act synergistically at the human dopamine transporter. Br J Pharmacol 168(7):1750\u20131757. doi: 10.1111\/bph.12061","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1163_CR39","first-page":"104P","volume":"66","author":"H Canning","year":"1979","unstructured":"Canning H, Goff D, Leach MJ, Miller AA, Tateson JE, Wheatley PL (1979) The involvement of dopamine in the central actions of bupropion, a new antidepressant [proceedings]. Br J Pharmacol 66(1):104P\u2013105P","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1163_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0b013e31827ab5da","volume":"34","author":"PN Carbone","year":"2013","unstructured":"Carbone PN, Carbone DL, Carstairs SD, Luzi SA (2013) Sudden cardiac death associated with methylone use. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 34(1):26\u201328. doi: 10.1097\/PAF.0b013e31827ab5da","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1163_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.011","volume":"118","author":"RL Carhart-Harris","year":"2011","unstructured":"Carhart-Harris RL, King LA, Nutt DJ (2011) A web-based survey on mephedrone. Drug Alcohol Depend 118(1):19\u201322. doi: 10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.011","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"1","key":"1163_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(03)00100-4","volume":"87","author":"F Carvalho","year":"2003","unstructured":"Carvalho F (2003) The toxicological potential of khat. J Ethnopharmacol 87(1):1\u20132","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1163_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-012-0815-5","volume":"86","author":"M Carvalho","year":"2012","unstructured":"Carvalho M, Carmo H, Costa VM et al (2012) Toxicity of amphetamines: an update. Arch Toxicol 86(8):1167\u20131231. doi: 10.1007\/s00204-012-0815-5","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1163_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bks046","volume":"36","author":"BM Cawrse","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cawrse BM, Levine B, Jufer RA et al (2012) Distribution of methylone in four postmortem cases. J Anal Toxicol 36(6):434\u2013439. doi: 10.1093\/jat\/bks046","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"issue":"17","key":"1163_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc0908038","volume":"362","author":"MH Chapman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chapman MH, Kajihara M, Borges G et al (2010) Severe, acute liver injury and khat leaves. N Engl J Med 362(17):1642\u20131644. doi: 10.1056\/NEJMc0908038","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5302","key":"1163_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5302.456","volume":"2","author":"LJ Clein","year":"1962","unstructured":"Clein LJ, Benady DR (1962) Case of diethylpropion addiction. Br Med J 2(5302):456","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"6","key":"1163_CR47","first-page":"e114","volume":"16","author":"C Colosimo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Colosimo C, Guidi M (2009) Parkinsonism due to ephedrone neurotoxicity: a case report. Eur J Neurol Off J Eur Fed Neurol Soc 16(6):e114\u2013e115. doi: 10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2009.02606.x","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol Off J Eur Fed Neurol Soc"},{"issue":"6","key":"1163_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20602","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020602","volume":"6","author":"LS Colzato","year":"2011","unstructured":"Colzato LS, Ruiz MJ, van den Wildenberg WP, Hommel B (2011) Khat use is associated with impaired working memory and cognitive flexibility. PLoS ONE 6(6):e20602","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"1163_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2012.03.009","volume":"211","author":"M Coppola","year":"2012","unstructured":"Coppola M, Mondola R (2012) Synthetic cathinones: chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of a new class of designer drugs of abuse marketed as \u201cbath salts\u201d or \u201cplant food\u201d. Toxicol Lett 211(2):144\u2013149. doi: 10.1016\/j.toxlet.2012.03.009","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"issue":"6","key":"1163_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.3109\/09687637.2010.504200","volume":"18","author":"JM Corkery","year":"2011","unstructured":"Corkery JM, Schifano F, Oyefeso A et al (2011) \u2018Bundle of fun\u2019or\u2019bunch of problems\u2019? Case series of khat-related deaths in the UK. Drugs Educ Prev Policy 18(6):408\u2013425. doi: 10.3109\/09687637.2010.504200","journal-title":"Drugs Educ Prev Policy"},{"key":"1163_CR51","first-page":"44","volume":"322","author":"E Council","year":"2010","unstructured":"Council E (2010) 2010\/759\/EU: council Decision of 2 December 2010 on submitting 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone) to control measures. Off J Eur Union L 322:44\u201345","journal-title":"Off J Eur Union L"},{"key":"1163_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1192\/apt.9.6.456","volume":"9","author":"G Cox","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cox G, Rampes H (2003) Adverse effects of khat: a review. Adv Psychiatr Treat 9:456\u2013463. doi: 10.1192\/apt.9.6.456","journal-title":"Adv Psychiatr Treat"},{"issue":"1","key":"1163_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(99)00538-5","volume":"381","author":"NV Cozzi","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cozzi NV, Sievert MK, Shulgin AT, Jacob P 3rd, Ruoho AE (1999) Inhibition of plasma membrane monoamine transporters by beta-ketoamphetamines. Eur J Pharmacol 381(1):63\u201369. doi: 10.1016\/S0014-2999(99)00538-5","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"1163_CR54","first-page":"347","volume":"6","author":"GL Cunningham","year":"1963","unstructured":"Cunningham GL (1963) Diethylpropion in the treatment of obesity. J Coll General Pract 6:347\u2013349","journal-title":"J Coll General Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"1163_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(97)02133-6","volume":"87","author":"TA Dal Cason","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dal Cason TA (1997) The characterization of some 3, 4-methylenedioxycathinone (MDCATH) homologs. Forensic Sci Int 87(1):9\u201353. doi: 10.1016\/S0379-0738(97)02133-6","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"1163_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(97)00323-7","volume":"58","author":"TA Dal Cason","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dal Cason TA, Young R, Glennon RA (1997) Cathinone: an investigation of several N-alkyl and methylenedioxy-substituted analogs. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 58:1109\u20131116. doi: 10.1016\/S0091-3057(97)00323-7","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"issue":"11","key":"1163_CR57","first-page":"875","volume":"103","author":"PI Dargan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dargan PI, Albert S, Wood DM (2010) Mephedrone use and associated adverse effects in school and college\/university students before the UK legislation change. QJM Mon J Assoc Phys 103(11):875\u2013879. doi: 10.1093\/qjmed\/hcq134","journal-title":"QJM Mon J Assoc Phys"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"1163_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.312","volume":"3","author":"PI Dargan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dargan PI, Sedefov R, Gallegos A, Wood DM (2011) The pharmacology and toxicology of the synthetic cathinone mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone). Drug Test Anal 3(7\u20138):454\u2013463. doi: 10.1002\/dta.312","journal-title":"Drug Test Anal"},{"issue":"7","key":"1163_CR59","first-page":"489","volume":"103","author":"S Davies","year":"2010","unstructured":"Davies S, Wood DM, Smith G et al (2010) Purchasing \u2018legal highs\u2019 on the Internet\u2013is there consistency in what you get? QJM Mon J Assoc Phys 103(7):489\u2013493. doi: 10.1093\/qjmed\/hcq056","journal-title":"QJM Mon J Assoc Phys"},{"issue":"6","key":"1163_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.64.6.886","volume":"64","author":"RM Bie de","year":"2007","unstructured":"de Bie RM, Gladstone RM, Strafella AP, Ko JH, Lang AE (2007) Manganese-induced Parkinsonism associated with methcathinone (Ephedrone) abuse. Arch Neurol 64(6):886\u2013889. doi: 10.1001\/archneur.64.6.886","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"1163_CR61","unstructured":"Deluca P, Schifano F, Davey Z, Corazza O, Di Furia L, Group PWMR (2009a) MDPV Report. Available at http:\/\/www.psychonautproject.eu\/"},{"key":"1163_CR62","unstructured":"Deluca P, Schifano F, Davey Z, Corazza O, Di Furia L, Group PWMR (2009b) Mephedrone report. Available at http:\/\/www.psychonautproject.eu\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"1163_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2012.10.006","volume":"103","author":"B Hollander den","year":"2013","unstructured":"den Hollander B, Rozov S, Linden AM, Uusi-Oukari M, Ojanpera I, Korpi ER (2013) Long-term cognitive and neurochemical effects of \u201cbath salt\u201d designer drugs methylone and mephedrone. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 103(3):501\u2013509. doi: 10.1016\/j.pbb.2012.10.006","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"1163_CR64","first-page":"745","volume":"2","author":"P Deniker","year":"1975","unstructured":"Deniker P, Loo H, Cuche H, Roux JM (1975) Abuse of pyrovalerone by drug addicts. Ann Med Psychol 2(4):745\u2013748","journal-title":"Ann Med Psychol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1163_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2011.592838","volume":"49","author":"A Derungs","year":"2011","unstructured":"Derungs A, Schietzel S, Meyer MR, Maurer HH, Krahenbuhl S, Liechti ME (2011) Sympathomimetic toxicity in a case of analytically confirmed recreational use of naphyrone (naphthylpyrovalerone). Clin Toxicol 49(7):691\u2013693. doi: 10.3109\/15563650.2011.592838","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"1163_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhaifalah I, Santavy J (2004) Khat habit and its health effect. A natural amphetamine. Biomedical papers of the Medical Faculty of the University Palacky, Olomouc, Czechoslovakia 148(1):11\u201315","DOI":"10.5507\/bp.2004.002"},{"issue":"9","key":"1163_CR67","first-page":"4316","volume":"58","author":"Drug Enforcement Administration DoJ","year":"1993","unstructured":"Drug Enforcement Administration DoJ (1993a) Schedules of controlled substances: placement of cathinone and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine into schedule I. Fed Reg 58(9):4316\u20134318","journal-title":"Fed Reg"},{"issue":"95","key":"1163_CR68","first-page":"17459","volume":"53","author":"Drug Enforcement Administration DoJ","year":"1993","unstructured":"Drug Enforcement Administration DoJ (1993b) Schedules of controlled substances: temporary placement of cathine ((+)-norpseudoephedrine), fencamfamine, fenproporex and mefenorex into schedule IV. Fed Reg 53(95):17459\u201317460","journal-title":"Fed Reg"},{"issue":"204","key":"1163_CR69","first-page":"65371","volume":"76","author":"Drug Enforcement Administration DoJ","year":"2011","unstructured":"Drug Enforcement Administration DoJ (2011) Schedules of controlled substances: temporary placement of three synthetic cathinones in Schedule I. Final order. Fed Reg 76(204):65371\u201365375","journal-title":"Fed Reg"},{"issue":"202","key":"1163_CR70","first-page":"64032","volume":"77","author":"Drug Enforcement Administration DoJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Drug Enforcement Administration DoJ (2012) Schedules of controlled substances: extension of temporary placement of methylone into schedule I of the controlled substances Act. Final order. Fed Reg 77(202):64032\u201364033","journal-title":"Fed Reg"},{"key":"1163_CR71","unstructured":"EMCDDA (2011) The EMCDDA annual report 2011: the state of the drugs problem in Europe. Euro Surveill. doi: 10.2810\/44330 . Available at http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/"},{"key":"1163_CR72","unstructured":"EMCDDA (2012) The EMCDDA annual report 2012: the state of the drugs problem in Europe. Euro Surveill. doi: 10.2810\/64775 . Available at http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/"},{"key":"1163_CR73","unstructured":"EMCDDA-Europol (2009) EMCDDA\u2013Europol 2008 annual report on the implementation of council decision 2005\/387\/JHA. Available at http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/"},{"key":"1163_CR74","unstructured":"EMCDDA-Europol (2010) EMCDDA\u2013Europol 2009 annual report on the implementation of council decision 2005\/387\/JHA. Available at http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/"},{"key":"1163_CR75","unstructured":"EMCDDA-Europol (2011) EMCDDA\u2013Europol 2010 annual report on the implementation of council decision 2005\/387\/JHA. Available at http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/"},{"issue":"12","key":"1163_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(05)80419-6","volume":"22","author":"TS Emerson","year":"1993","unstructured":"Emerson TS, Cisek JE (1993) Methcathinone: a Russian designer amphetamine infiltrates the rural midwest. Ann Emerg Med 22(12):1897\u20131903. doi: 10.1016\/S0196-0644(05)80419-6","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"1163_CR77","unstructured":"Europol\u2013EMCDDA (2010) Europol\u2013EMCDDA Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone). Available at http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/"},{"key":"1163_CR78","first-page":"976314","volume":"2012","author":"M Falgiani","year":"2012","unstructured":"Falgiani M, Desai B, Ryan M (2012) \u201cBath salts\u201d intoxication: a case report. Case Rep Emerg Med 2012:976314. doi: 10.1155\/2012\/976314","journal-title":"Case Rep Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1163_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.233","volume":"38","author":"WE Fantegrossi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fantegrossi WE, Gannon BM, Zimmerman SM, Rice KC (2013) In vivo effects of abused \u2018bath salt\u2019 constituent 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) in mice: drug discrimination, thermoregulation, and locomotor activity. Neuropsychopharmacol Off Publ Am Coll Neuropsychopharmacol 38(4):563\u2013573. doi: 10.1038\/npp.2012.233","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol Off Publ Am Coll Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1163_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2007.01.010","volume":"104","author":"A Fasanmade","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fasanmade A, Kwok E, Newman L (2007) Oral squamous cell carcinoma associated with khat chewing. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 104(1):e53\u2013e55. doi: 10.1016\/j.tripleo.2007.01.010","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"issue":"3","key":"1163_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1Q628","volume":"46","author":"JA Fass","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fass JA, Fass AD, Garcia AS (2012) Synthetic cathinones (bath salts): legal status and patterns of abuse. Ann Pharmacother 46(3):436\u2013441. doi: 10.1345\/aph.1Q628","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"1163_CR82","unstructured":"Fay V, Eitel J (2013) High on the designer drug naphyrone: a case report of \u201cbath salt\u201d toxicity. Internet J Adv Nurs Pract 12(1)"},{"issue":"5","key":"1163_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2007.12.033","volume":"32","author":"AM Feyissa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Feyissa AM, Kelly JP (2008) A review of the neuropharmacological properties of khat. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 32(5):1147\u20131166. doi: 10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2007.12.033","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1163_CR84","first-page":"221","volume":"18","author":"FA Fluckiger","year":"1887","unstructured":"Fluckiger FA, Gerock JE (1887) Contribution to the knowledge of catha leaves. Pharm J Transvaal 18:221\u2013224","journal-title":"Pharm J Transvaal"},{"issue":"1","key":"1163_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-010-0636-6","volume":"180","author":"S Fr\u00f6hlich","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fr\u00f6hlich S, Lambe E, O\u2019Dea J (2011) Acute liver failure following recreational use of psychotropic \u201chead shop\u201d compounds. Ir J Med Sci 180(1):263\u2013264. doi: 10.1007\/s11845-010-0636-6","journal-title":"Ir J Med Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"1163_CR86","first-page":"631","volume":"13","author":"G Gardos","year":"1971","unstructured":"Gardos G, Cole JO (1971) Evaluation of pyrovalerone in chronically fatigued volunteers. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 13(10):631\u2013635","journal-title":"Curr Ther Res Clin Exp"},{"key":"1163_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garrett G, Sweeney M (2010) The serotonin syndrome as a result of mephedrone toxicity. BMJ Case Rep 2010:1\u20135. doi: 10.1136\/bcr.04.2010.2925","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr.04.2010.2925"},{"issue":"10","key":"1163_CR88","first-page":"571","volume":"37","author":"JA Gershman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gershman JA, Fass AD (2012) Synthetic cathinones (\u2018bath salts\u2019): legal and health care challenges. P & T Peer Rev J formul Manag 37(10):571\u2013595","journal-title":"P & T Peer Rev J formul Manag"},{"issue":"2","key":"1163_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2153-9561.2012.01072.x","volume":"34","author":"LL Gezon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gezon LL (2012) Drug crops and food security: the effects of khat on lives and livelihoods in northern madagascar. Cult Agric Food Environ 34(2):124\u2013135. doi: 10.1111\/j.2153-9561.2012.01072.x","journal-title":"Cult Agric Food Environ"},{"key":"1163_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giannini JA, Castellani S (1982) A manic-like psychosis due to khat catha edulis Forsk. Clin Toxicol 19(5):455\u2013459","DOI":"10.3109\/15563658208992500"},{"issue":"14","key":"1163_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2010.05.065","volume":"20","author":"S Gibbons","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gibbons S, Zloh M (2010) An analysis of the \u2018legal high\u2019 mephedrone. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 20(14):4135\u20134139. doi: 10.1016\/j.bmcl.2010.05.065","journal-title":"Bioorg Med Chem Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"1163_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1159\/000467975","volume":"8","author":"J Goldberg","year":"1973","unstructured":"Goldberg J, Gardos G, Cole JO (1973) A controlled evaluation of pyrovalerone in chronically fatigued volunteers. Int Pharmacopsychiatry 8(1):60\u201369","journal-title":"Int Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"issue":"19","key":"1163_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2508","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03500190050033","volume":"269","author":"MS Goldstone","year":"1993","unstructured":"Goldstone MS (1993) \u2018Cat\u2019: methcathinone\u2013a new drug of abuse. JAMA, J Am Med Assoc 269(19):2508","journal-title":"JAMA, J Am Med Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"1163_CR93","first-page":"14","volume":"33","author":"AG Gorgaslidze","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gorgaslidze AG, Saifullaeva MA, Kuz\u2019mina MM, Golitsina LS, Smetnev AS (1993) Cardiac arrhythmia and myocardial contraction in opium and ephedrone addiction. Kardiologiia 33(1):14\u201316","journal-title":"Kardiologiia"},{"issue":"4","key":"1163_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.4323\/rjlm.2010.271","volume":"18","author":"G Gorun","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gorun G, Dermengiu D, Curc\u0103 C, Hostiuc S, Ioan B, Luta V (2010) Toxicological drivers issues in \u201clegal highs\u201d use. Romanian J Legal Med 18(4):272","journal-title":"Romanian J Legal Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1163_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2011.03.003","volume":"52","author":"AM Goshgarian","year":"2011","unstructured":"Goshgarian AM, Benford DM, Caplan JP (2011) Bath salt abuse: neuropsychiatric effects of cathinone derivatives. Psychosomatics 52(6):593\u2013594. doi: 10.1016\/j.psym.2011.03.003","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"issue":"4","key":"1163_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1988.tb06367.x","volume":"78","author":"M Granek","year":"1988","unstructured":"Granek M, Shalev A, Weingarten AM (1988) Khat-induced hypnagogic hallucinations. Acta Psychiatr Scand 78(4):458\u2013461","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"5 Pt 2","key":"1163_CR97","first-page":"206","volume":"44","author":"JD Griffith","year":"1983","unstructured":"Griffith JD, Carranza J, Griffith C, Miller LL (1983) Bupropion: clinical assay for amphetamine-like abuse potential. J Clin Psychiatry 44(5 Pt 2):206\u2013208","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"1163_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.04.046","volume":"132","author":"P Griffiths","year":"2010","unstructured":"Griffiths P, Lopez D, Sedefov R et al (2010) Khat use and monitoring drug use in Europe: the current situation and issues for the future. J Ethnopharmacol 132(3):578\u2013583. doi: 10.1016\/j.jep.2010.04.046","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1163_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600721029","volume":"72","author":"AN Guantai","year":"1983","unstructured":"Guantai AN, Maitai CK (1983) Metabolism of cathinone to d-norpseudoephedrine in humans. J Pharm Sci 72(10):1217\u20131218","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1163_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0b013e31829084d5","volume":"7","author":"EW Gunderson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gunderson EW, Kirkpatrick MG, Willing LM, Holstege CP (2013) Intranasal substituted cathinone \u201cbath salts\u201d psychosis potentially exacerbated by diphenhydramine. J Addict Med 7(3):163\u2013168. doi: 10.1097\/ADM.0b013e31829084d5","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1163_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.111.184119","volume":"339","author":"GC Hadlock","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hadlock GC, Webb KM, McFadden LM et al (2011) 4-Methylmethcathinone (mephedrone): neuropharmacological effects of a designer stimulant of abuse. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 339(2):530\u2013536. doi: 10.1124\/jpet.111.184119","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"1163_CR102","first-page":"21","volume":"47","author":"H Halbach","year":"1972","unstructured":"Halbach H (1972) Medical aspects of the chewing of khat leaves. Bull World Health Organ 47(1):21\u201329","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"2","key":"1163_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(95)90038-1","volume":"49","author":"JM Halket","year":"1995","unstructured":"Halket JM, Karasu Z, Murray-Lyon IM (1995) Plasma cathinone levels following chewing khat leaves (Catha edulis Forsk.). J Ethnopharmacol 49(2):111\u2013113","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1163_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.02.028","volume":"132","author":"P Hansen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hansen P (2010) The ambiguity of khat in Somaliland. J Ethnopharmacol 132(3):590\u2013599. doi: 10.1016\/j.jep.2010.02.028","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1163_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2011.615318","volume":"49","author":"SL Hill","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hill SL, Thomas SH (2011) Clinical toxicology of newer recreational drugs. Clin Toxicol 49(8):705\u2013719. doi: 10.3109\/15563650.2011.615318","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1163_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01395a032","volume":"50","author":"J Hyde","year":"1928","unstructured":"Hyde J, Browning E, Adams R (1928) Synthetic homologs of d, l-ephedrine. J Am Chem Soc 50(8):2287\u20132292","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"1163_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-6-52","volume":"6","author":"M Iqbal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Iqbal M, Monaghan T, Redmond J (2012) Manganese toxicity with ephedrone abuse manifesting as Parkinsonism: a case report. J Med Case Rep 6(1):52. doi: 10.1186\/1752-1947-6-52","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"1163_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2010.096636","volume":"28","author":"D James","year":"2011","unstructured":"James D, Adams RD, Spears R et al (2011) Clinical characteristics of mephedrone toxicity reported to the U.K. National Poisons Information Service. Emerg Med J EMJ 28(8):686\u2013689. doi: 10.1136\/emj.2010.096636","journal-title":"Emerg Med J EMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"1163_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.79a.11147","volume":"79","author":"J Jerry","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jerry J, Collins G, Streem D (2012) Synthetic legal intoxicating drugs: the emerging \u2018incense\u2019 and \u2018bath salt\u2019 phenomenon. Clevel Clin J Med 79(4):258\u2013264. doi: 10.3949\/ccjm.79a.11147","journal-title":"Clevel Clin J Med"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"1163_CR111","first-page":"395","volume":"11","author":"P Kalix","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kalix P (1983) A comparison of the catecholamine releasing effect of the khat alkaloids (\u2212)-cathinone and (+)-norpseudoephedrine. Drug Alcohol Depend 11(3\u20134):395\u2013401","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"4","key":"1163_CR112","first-page":"319","volume":"19","author":"P Kalix","year":"1984","unstructured":"Kalix P (1984) Recent advances in khat research. Alcohol Alcohol 19(4):319\u2013323","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"1163_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(91)90119-X","volume":"32","author":"P Kalix","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kalix P (1991) The pharmacology of psychoactive alkaloids from ephedra and catha. J Ethnopharmacol 32(1\u20133):201\u2013208. doi: 10.1016\/0378-8741(91)90119-X","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1163_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1992.tb00434.x","volume":"70","author":"P Kalix","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kalix P (1992) Cathinone, a natural amphetamine. Pharmacol Toxicol 70(2):77\u201386. doi: 10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1992.tb00434.x","journal-title":"Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1163_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00579708","volume":"18","author":"P Kalix","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kalix P (1996) Catha edulis, a plant that has amphetamine effects. Pharm World Sci PWS 18(2):69\u201373","journal-title":"Pharm World Sci PWS"},{"issue":"2","key":"1163_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(25)06823-1","volume":"37","author":"P Kalix","year":"1985","unstructured":"Kalix P, Braenden O (1985) Pharmacological aspects of the chewing of khat leaves. Pharmacol Rev 37(2):149\u2013164","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"1163_CR117","first-page":"681","volume":"62","author":"P Kalix","year":"1984","unstructured":"Kalix P, Khan I (1984) Khat: an amphetamine-like plant material. Bull World Health Organ 62(5):681\u2013686","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"8","key":"1163_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1080\/00498250600780191","volume":"36","author":"HT Kamata","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kamata HT, Shima N, Zaitsu K et al (2006) Metabolism of the recently encountered designer drug, methylone, in humans and rats. Xenobiotica Fate Foreign Compd Biol Syst 36(8):709\u2013723. doi: 10.1080\/00498250600780191","journal-title":"Xenobiotica Fate Foreign Compd Biol Syst"},{"issue":"9","key":"1163_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.210","volume":"3","author":"L Karila","year":"2011","unstructured":"Karila L, Reynaud M (2011) GHB and synthetic cathinones: clinical effects and potential consequences. Drug Test Anal 3(9):552\u2013559. doi: 10.1002\/dta.210","journal-title":"Drug Test Anal"},{"issue":"2","key":"1163_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.3109\/00952990.2011.643999","volume":"38","author":"DP Kasick","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kasick DP, McKnight CA, Klisovic E (2012) \u201cBath salt\u201d ingestion leading to severe intoxication delirium: two cases and a brief review of the emergence of mephedrone use. Am Journal Drug Alcohol Abuse 38(2):176\u2013180. doi: 10.3109\/00952990.2011.643999","journal-title":"Am Journal Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"issue":"3","key":"1163_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.1195","volume":"92","author":"F Kassie","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kassie F, Darroudi F, Kundi M, Schulte-Hermann R, Knasmuller S (2001) Khat (Catha edulis) consumption causes genotoxic effects in humans. Int J Cancer 92(3):329\u2013332","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"1163_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.313","volume":"3","author":"JP Kelly","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kelly JP (2011) Cathinone derivatives: a review of their chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. Drug Test Anal 3(7\u20138):439\u2013453. doi: 10.1002\/dta.313","journal-title":"Drug Test Anal"},{"key":"1163_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan S, Shaheen F, Sarwar H, Molina J, Mushtaq S (2013) \u201cBath salts\u201d-induced psychosis in a young woman. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 15(1):1\u20137. doi: 10.4088\/PCC.12l01417","DOI":"10.4088\/PCC.12l01417"},{"key":"1163_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2012.08.015","volume":"72","author":"OI Khreit","year":"2013","unstructured":"Khreit OI, Grant MH, Zhang T, Henderson C, Watson DG, Sutcliffe OB (2013) Elucidation of the Phase I and Phase II metabolic pathways of (\u00b1)-4\u2032-methylmethcathinone (4-MMC) and (\u00b1)-4\u2032-(trifluoromethyl)methcathinone (4-TFMMC) in rat liver hepatocytes using LC-MS and LC-MS(2). J Pharm Biomed Anal 72:177\u2013185. doi: 10.1016\/j.jpba.2012.08.015","journal-title":"J Pharm Biomed Anal"},{"issue":"6","key":"1163_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2009.05.002","volume":"20","author":"A Klein","year":"2009","unstructured":"Klein A, Beckerleg S, Hailu D (2009) Regulating khat\u2014dilemmas and opportunities for the international drug control system. Int J Drug Policy 20(6):509\u2013513","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"1163_CR126","unstructured":"Klein A, Jelsma M, Metaal P (2012) Chewing over Khat prohibition. In: The globalisation of control and regulation of an ancient stimulant. Transnational Institute Series on Legislative Reform of Drug Policies No. 17. Transnational Institute, Amsterdam"},{"key":"1163_CR127","first-page":"322","volume":"27","author":"J Knoll","year":"1979","unstructured":"Knoll J (1979) Studies on the central effects of (-)cathinone. NIDA Res Monogr 27:322\u2013323","journal-title":"NIDA Res Monogr"},{"issue":"7","key":"1163_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1556\/OH.2012.29310","volume":"153","author":"K Kovacs","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kovacs K, Toth AR, Kereszty EM (2012) A new designer drug: methylone related death. Orv Hetil 153(7):271\u2013276. doi: 10.1556\/OH.2012.29310","journal-title":"Orv Hetil"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"1163_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.03.015","volume":"210","author":"P Kriikku","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kriikku P, Wilhelm L, Schwarz O, Rintatalo J (2011) New designer drug of abuse: 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV). Findings from apprehended drivers in Finland. Forensic Sci Int 210(1\u20133):195\u2013200. doi: 10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.03.015","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"5306","key":"1163_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5306.729-d","volume":"2","author":"E Kuenssberg","year":"1962","unstructured":"Kuenssberg E (1962) Diethylpropion. Br Med J 2(5306):729","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"12","key":"1163_CR131","first-page":"375","volume":"52","author":"PB Kyle","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kyle PB, Iverson RB, Gajagowni RG, Spencer L (2011) Illicit bath salts: not for bathing. J Miss State Med Assoc 52(12):375\u2013377","journal-title":"J Miss State Med Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"1163_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-3362.2011.00288.x","volume":"30","author":"T Lea","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lea T, Reynolds R, De Wit J (2011) Mephedrone use among same-sex attracted young people in Sydney, Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev 30(4):438\u2013440. doi: 10.1111\/j.1465-3362.2011.00288.x","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"1163_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2012.11.021","volume":"61","author":"M Levine","year":"2013","unstructured":"Levine M, Levitan R, Skolnik A (2013) Compartment syndrome after \u201cbath salts\u201d use: a case series. Ann Emerg Med 61(4):480\u2013483. doi: 10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2012.11.021","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1163_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpem.2012.09.001","volume":"13","author":"L Lindsay","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lindsay L, White ML (2012) Herbal marijuana alternatives and bath salts\u2014\u201cbarely legal\u201d toxic highs. Clin Pediatr Emerg Med 13(4):283\u2013291. doi: 10.1016\/j.cpem.2012.09.001","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1163_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.04.021","volume":"126","author":"R Lisek","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lisek R, Xu W, Yuvasheva E et al (2012) Mephedrone (\u2018bath salt\u2019) elicits conditioned place preference and dopamine-sensitive motor activation. Drug Alcohol Depend 126(1\u20132):257\u2013262. doi: 10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.04.021","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"5","key":"1163_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2012.02142.x","volume":"57","author":"O Locos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Locos O, Reynolds D (2012) The characterization of 3,4-dimethylmethcathinone (3,4-DMMC). J Forensic Sci 57(5):1303\u20131306. doi: 10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2012.02142.x","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1163_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.01998.x","volume":"167","author":"R Lopez-Arnau","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lopez-Arnau R, Martinez-Clemente J, Pubill D, Escubedo E, Camarasa J (2012) Comparative neuropharmacology of three psychostimulant cathinone derivatives: butylone, mephedrone and methylone. Br J Pharmacol 167(2):407\u2013420. doi: 10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.01998.x","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"1163_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez-Arnau R, Martinez-Clemente J, Carbo M, Pubill D, Escubedo E, Camarasa J (2013) An integrated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of a new drug of abuse, methylone, a synthetic cathinone sold as \u201cbath salts\u201d. Progress Neuro Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 45:64\u201372. doi: 10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2013.04.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2013.04.007"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"1163_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.12.014","volume":"206","author":"KJ Lusthof","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lusthof KJ, Oosting R, Maes A, Verschraagen M, Dijkhuizen A, Sprong AG (2011) A case of extreme agitation and death after the use of mephedrone in The Netherlands. Forensic Sci Int 206(1\u20133):e93\u2013e95. doi: 10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.12.014","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"1163_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38","DOI":"10.1308\/003588412X13171221499108","volume":"94","author":"ZN Maan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Maan ZN, D\u2019Souza AR (2012) Spontaneous subcutaneous emphysema associated with mephedrone usage. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 94(1):e38\u2013e40. doi: 10.1308\/003588412X13171221499108","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"issue":"6","key":"1163_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1192\/pb.bp.110.032433","volume":"35","author":"K Mackay","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mackay K, Taylor M, Bajaj N (2011) The adverse consequences of mephedrone use: a case series. Psychiatrist 35(6):203\u2013205. doi: 10.1192\/pb.bp.110.032433","journal-title":"Psychiatrist"},{"issue":"1","key":"1163_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.385","volume":"4","author":"CR Maheux","year":"2012","unstructured":"Maheux CR, Copeland CR (2012) Chemical analysis of two new designer drugs: buphedrone and pentedrone. Drug Test Anal 4(1):17\u201323. doi: 10.1002\/dta.385","journal-title":"Drug Test Anal"},{"key":"1163_CR143","first-page":"42","volume":"7","author":"CR Maheux","year":"2010","unstructured":"Maheux CR, Copeland CR, Pollard MM (2010) Characterization of three methcathinone analogs: 4-methylmethcathinone, methylone, and bk-MBDB. Microgram J 7:42\u201349","journal-title":"Microgram J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1163_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2009.10400669","volume":"41","author":"RA Manghi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Manghi RA, Broers B, Khan R, Benguettat D, Khazaal Y, Zullino DF (2009) Khat use: lifestyle or addiction? J Psychoact Drugs 41(1):1\u201310. doi: 10.1080\/02791072.2009.10400669","journal-title":"J Psychoact Drugs"},{"issue":"3","key":"1163_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bks136","volume":"37","author":"LJ Marinetti","year":"2013","unstructured":"Marinetti LJ, Antonides HM (2013) Analysis of synthetic cathinones commonly found in bath salts in human performance and postmortem toxicology: method development, drug distribution and interpretation of results. J Anal Toxicol 37(3):135\u2013146. doi: 10.1093\/jat\/bks136","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1163_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(86)90230-3","volume":"35","author":"SL Markantonis","year":"1986","unstructured":"Markantonis SL, Kyroudis A, Beckett AH (1986) The stereoselective metabolism of dimethylpropion and monomethylpropion. Biochem Pharmacol 35(3):529\u2013532","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"1163_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez-Clemente J, Lopez-Arnau R, Carbo M, Pubill D, Camarasa J, Escubedo E (2013) Mephedrone pharmacokinetics after intravenous and oral administration in rats: relation to pharmacodynamics. Psychopharmacology 229(2):295\u2013306. doi: 10.1007\/s00213-013-3108-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-013-3108-7"},{"issue":"5","key":"1163_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2012.08.003","volume":"33","author":"JA Marusich","year":"2012","unstructured":"Marusich JA, Grant KR, Blough BE, Wiley JL (2012) Effects of synthetic cathinones contained in \u201cbath salts\u201d on motor behavior and a functional observational battery in mice. Neurotoxicology 33(5):1305\u20131313. doi: 10.1016\/j.neuro.2012.08.003","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"issue":"3","key":"1163_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1093\/anatox\/35.3.188","volume":"35","author":"PD Maskell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Maskell PD, De Paoli G, Seneviratne C, Pounder DJ (2011) Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone)-related deaths. J Anal Toxicol 35(3):188\u2013191. doi: 10.1093\/anatox\/35.3.188","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"1163_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mas-Morey P, Visser M, Winkelmolen L, Touw D (2012) Clinical toxicology and management of intoxications with synthetic cathinones (\u201cbath salts\u201d). J Pharm Pract 26(4):353\u2013357. doi: 10.1177\/0897190012465949","DOI":"10.1177\/0897190012465949"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1163_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9673(92)80270-5","volume":"593","author":"K Mathys","year":"1992","unstructured":"Mathys K, Brenneisen R (1992) Determination of (S)-(\u2212)-cathinone and its metabolites (R, S)-(\u2212)-norephedrine and (R, R)-(\u2212)-norpseudoephedrine in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detection. J Chromatogr 593(1\u20132):79\u201385. doi: 10.1016\/0021-9673(92)80270-5","journal-title":"J Chromatogr"},{"issue":"2","key":"1163_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1097\/00007691-200404000-00007","volume":"26","author":"HH Maurer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Maurer HH, Kraemer T, Springer D, Staack RF (2004) Chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and hepatic metabolism of designer drugs of the amphetamine (ecstasy), piperazine, and pyrrolidinophenone types: a synopsis. Ther Drug Monit 26(2):127\u2013131","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"issue":"3","key":"1163_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1080\/15504263.2012.697447","volume":"8","author":"JM McClean","year":"2012","unstructured":"McClean JM, Anspikian A, Tsuang JW (2012) Bath salt use: a case report and review of the literature. J Dual Diagn 8(3):250\u2013256. doi: 10.1080\/15504263.2012.697447","journal-title":"J Dual Diagn"},{"issue":"2","key":"1163_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2010.11.001","volume":"22","author":"K McElrath","year":"2011","unstructured":"McElrath K, O\u2019Neill C (2011) Experiences with mephedrone pre- and post-legislative controls: perceptions of safety and sources of supply. Int J Drug Policy 22(2):120\u2013127. doi: 10.1016\/j.drugpo.2010.11.001","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"1163_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGraw M, McGraw L (2012) Bath salts: not as harmless as they sound. J Emerg Nurs 38(6):582\u2013588. doi: 10.1016\/j.jen.2012.07.025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jen.2012.07.025"},{"key":"1163_CR156","unstructured":"McNamara S, Stokes S, Coleman N (2010) Head shop compound abuse amongst attendees of the Drug Treatment Centre Board. Ir Med J 103(5):134, 136\u2013137"},{"issue":"1","key":"1163_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.5042\/daat.2010.0123","volume":"10","author":"F Measham","year":"2010","unstructured":"Measham F, Moore K, Newcombe R (2010) Tweaking, bombing, dabbing and stockpiling: the emergence of mephedrone and the perversity of prohibition. Drugs Alcohol Today 10(1):14\u201321. doi: 10.5042\/daat.2010.0123","journal-title":"Drugs Alcohol Today"},{"issue":"4","key":"1163_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3109\/14659891.2011.594704","volume":"16","author":"F Measham","year":"2011","unstructured":"Measham F, Wood DM, Dargan PI, Moore K (2011) The rise in legal highs: prevalence and patterns in the use of illegal drugs and first-and second-generation \u201clegal highs\u201d in South London gay dance clubs. J Subst Use 16(4):263\u2013272. doi: 10.3109\/14659891.2011.594704","journal-title":"J Subst Use"},{"issue":"1","key":"1163_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2011.10.010","volume":"208","author":"H Meng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Meng H, Cao J, Kang J et al (2012) Mephedrone, a new designer drug of abuse, produces acute hemodynamic effects in the rat. Toxicol Lett 208(1):62\u201368. doi: 10.1016\/j.toxlet.2011.10.010","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"issue":"12","key":"1163_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.1859","volume":"45","author":"MR Meyer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Meyer MR, Du P, Schuster F, Maurer HH (2010a) Studies on the metabolism of the alpha-pyrrolidinophenone designer drug methylenedioxy-pyrovalerone (MDPV) in rat and human urine and human liver microsomes using GC-MS and LC-high-resolution MS and its detectability in urine by GC-MS. J Mass Spectrom JMS 45(12):1426\u20131442. doi: 10.1002\/jms.1859","journal-title":"J Mass Spectrom JMS"},{"issue":"3","key":"1163_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-010-3636-5","volume":"397","author":"MR Meyer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Meyer MR, Wilhelm J, Peters FT, Maurer HH (2010b) Beta-keto amphetamines: studies on the metabolism of the designer drug mephedrone and toxicological detection of mephedrone, butylone, and methylone in urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 397(3):1225\u20131233. doi: 10.1007\/s00216-010-3636-5","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"1163_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.2960","volume":"47","author":"MR Meyer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Meyer MR, Vollmar C, Schwaninger AE, Wolf E, Maurer HH (2012) New cathinone-derived designer drugs 3-bromomethcathinone and 3-fluoromethcathinone: studies on their metabolism in rat urine and human liver microsomes using GC-MS and LC-high-resolution MS and their detectability in urine. J Mass Spectrom JMS 47(2):253\u2013262. doi: 10.1002\/jms.2960","journal-title":"J Mass Spectrom JMS"},{"issue":"4","key":"1163_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1443","volume":"5","author":"MR Meyer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Meyer MR, Prosser D, Maurer HH (2013) Studies on the metabolism and detectability of the designer drug beta-naphyrone in rat urine using GC-MS and LC-HR-MS\/MS. Drug Test Anal 5(4):259\u2013265. doi: 10.1002\/dta.1443","journal-title":"Drug Test Anal"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"1163_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.07.003","volume":"127","author":"ML Miller","year":"2013","unstructured":"Miller ML, Creehan KM, Angrish D et al (2013) Changes in ambient temperature differentially alter the thermoregulatory, cardiac and locomotor stimulant effects of 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone). Drug Alcohol Depend 127(1\u20133):248\u2013253. doi: 10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.07.003","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"3","key":"1163_CR165","first-page":"331","volume":"37","author":"K Morikawa","year":"1987","unstructured":"Morikawa K, Oshita M, Yamazaki M et al (1987) Pharmacological studies of the new centrally acting muscle relaxant 4\u2032-ethyl-2-methyl-3-pyrrolidinopropiophenone hydrochloride. Arzneimittelforschung 37(3):331","journal-title":"Arzneimittelforschung"},{"issue":"9723","key":"1163_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60559-4","volume":"375","author":"K Morris","year":"2010","unstructured":"Morris K (2010) UK places generic ban on mephedrone drug family. Lancet 375(9723):1333\u20131334. doi: 10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60559-4","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"1163_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2011.00384.x","volume":"17","author":"CP Motbey","year":"2012","unstructured":"Motbey CP, Hunt GE, Bowen MT, Artiss S, McGregor IS (2012a) Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone, \u2018meow\u2019): acute behavioural effects and distribution of Fos expression in adolescent rats. Addict Biol 17(2):409\u2013422. doi: 10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2011.00384.x","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1163_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45473","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045473","volume":"7","author":"CP Motbey","year":"2012","unstructured":"Motbey CP, Karanges E, Li KM et al (2012b) Mephedrone in adolescent rats: residual memory impairment and acute but not lasting 5-HT depletion. PLoS ONE 7(9):e45473. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0045473","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1163_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Motbey CP, Clemens KJ, Apetz N et al (2013) High levels of intravenous mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone) self-administration in rats: neural consequences and comparison with methamphetamine. J Psychopharmacol 27(9):823\u2013836. doi: 10.1177\/0269881113490325","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881113490325"},{"issue":"1","key":"1163_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2011.11.033","volume":"60","author":"J Mugele","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mugele J, Nanagas KA, Tormoehlen LM (2012) Serotonin syndrome associated with MDPV use: a case report. Ann Emerg Med 60(1):100\u2013102. doi: 10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2011.11.033","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1163_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-011-0196-9","volume":"8","author":"BL Murray","year":"2012","unstructured":"Murray BL, Murphy CM, Beuhler MC (2012) Death following recreational use of designer drug \u201cbath salts\u201d containing 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV). J Med Toxicol Off J Am Coll Med Toxicol 8(1):69\u201375. doi: 10.1007\/s13181-011-0196-9","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol Off J Am Coll Med Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1163_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(89)90029-X","volume":"23","author":"P Nencini","year":"1989","unstructured":"Nencini P, Ahmed AM (1989) Khat consumption: a pharmacological review. Drug Alcohol Depend 23(1):19\u201329. doi: 10.1016\/0376-8716(89)90029-X","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"1","key":"1163_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(84)90097-7","volume":"11","author":"P Nencini","year":"1984","unstructured":"Nencini P, Amiconi G, Befani O, Abdullahi MA, Anania MC (1984) Possible involvement of amine oxidase inhibition in the sympathetic activation induced by khat (Catha edulis) chewing in humans. J Ethnopharmacol 11(1):79\u201386. doi: 10.1016\/0378-8741(84)90097-7","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"24","key":"1163_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2010.209338","volume":"96","author":"PJ Nicholson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nicholson PJ, Quinn MJ, Dodd JD (2010) Headshop heartache: acute mephedrone \u2018meow\u2019 myocarditis. Heart 96(24):2051\u20132052. doi: 10.1136\/hrt.2010.209338","journal-title":"Heart"},{"issue":"1","key":"1163_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1024\/2007.01.03","volume":"53","author":"M Odenwald","year":"2007","unstructured":"Odenwald M (2007) Chronic khat use and psychotic disorders: a review of the literature and future prospects. SUCHT-Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Wissenschaft und Praxis\/Journal of Addiction Research and Practice 53(1):9\u201322. doi: 10.1024\/2007.01.03","journal-title":"SUCHT-Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Wissenschaft und Praxis\/Journal of Addiction Research and Practice"},{"issue":"15","key":"1163_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2004.05.033","volume":"12","author":"M Osorio-Olivares","year":"2004","unstructured":"Osorio-Olivares M, Rezende MC, Sepulveda-Boza S, Cassels BK, Fierro A (2004) MAO inhibition by arylisopropylamines: the effect of oxygen substituents at the beta-position. Bioorg Med Chem 12(15):4055\u20134066. doi: 10.1016\/j.bmc.2004.05.033","journal-title":"Bioorg Med Chem"},{"key":"1163_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel SL, Murray R, Britain G (2005) Khat use among Somalis in four English cities. Home Office, London","DOI":"10.1037\/e634312007-001"},{"issue":"7","key":"1163_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/25.7.525","volume":"25","author":"BD Paul","year":"2001","unstructured":"Paul BD, Cole KA (2001) Cathinone (Khat) and methcathinone (CAT) in urine specimens: a gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric detection procedure. J Anal Toxicol 25(7):525\u2013530. doi: 10.1093\/jat\/25.7.525","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1163_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-011-0601-6","volume":"126","author":"E Pawlik","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pawlik E, Plasser G, Mahler H, Daldrup T (2012) Studies on the phase I metabolism of the new designer drug 3-fluoromethcathinone using rabbit liver slices. Int J Legal Med 126(2):231\u2013240. doi: 10.1007\/s00414-011-0601-6","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1163_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bks043","volume":"36","author":"JM Pearson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pearson JM, Hargraves TL, Hair LS et al (2012) Three fatal intoxications due to methylone. J Anal Toxicol 36(6):444\u2013451. doi: 10.1093\/jat\/bks043","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"1163_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pedersen AJ, Reitzel LA, Johansen SS, Linnet K (2013) In vitro metabolism studies on mephedrone and analysis of forensic cases. Drug Test Anal 5(6):430\u2013438. doi: 10.1002\/dta.1369","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1369"},{"issue":"8","key":"1163_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2010.02228.x","volume":"30","author":"CG Peevers","year":"2010","unstructured":"Peevers CG, Moorghen M, Collins PL, Gordon FH, McCune CA (2010) Liver disease and cirrhosis because of khat chewing in UK Somali men: a case series. Liver Int 30(8):1242\u20131243. doi: 10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2010.02228.x","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"1163_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2012.06.005","volume":"34","author":"TM Penders","year":"2012","unstructured":"Penders TM, Gestring RE, Vilensky DA (2012) Excited delirium following use of synthetic cathinones (bath salts). Gen Hosp Psychiatry 34(6):647\u2013650. doi: 10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2012.06.005","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1163_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2005.07.003","volume":"824","author":"FT Peters","year":"2005","unstructured":"Peters FT, Meyer MR, Fritschi G, Maurer HH (2005) Studies on the metabolism and toxicological detection of the new designer drug 4\u2032-methyl-alpha-pyrrolidinobutyrophenone (MPBP) in rat urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci 824(1\u20132):81\u201391. doi: 10.1016\/j.jchromb.2005.07.003","journal-title":"J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci"},{"key":"1163_CR185","unstructured":"Portuguese Government (2013) Decreto-Lei n.\u00ba 54\/2013. Di\u00e1rio da Rep\u00fablica 75"},{"issue":"1","key":"1163_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-011-0193-z","volume":"8","author":"JM Prosser","year":"2012","unstructured":"Prosser JM, Nelson LS (2012) The toxicology of bath salts: a review of synthetic cathinones. J Med Toxicol Off J Am Coll Med Toxicol 8(1):33\u201342. doi: 10.1007\/s13181-011-0193-z","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol Off J Am Coll Med Toxicol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1163_CR187","first-page":"777","volume":"103","author":"J Ramsey","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ramsey J, Dargan PI, Smyllie M et al (2010) Buying \u2018legal\u2019 recreational drugs does not mean that you are not breaking the law. QJM Month J Assoc Phys 103(10):777\u2013783. doi: 10.1093\/qjmed\/hcq132","journal-title":"QJM Month J Assoc Phys"},{"issue":"12","key":"1163_CR188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2010.103093","volume":"28","author":"L Regan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Regan L, Mitchelson M, Macdonald C (2011) Mephedrone toxicity in a Scottish emergency department. Emerg Med J EMJ 28(12):1055\u20131058. doi: 10.1136\/emj.2010.103093","journal-title":"Emerg Med J EMJ"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1163_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S47","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-4758.2012.00750.x","volume":"16","author":"H Regunath","year":"2012","unstructured":"Regunath H, Ariyamuthu VK, Dalal P, Misra M (2012) Bath salt intoxication causing acute kidney injury requiring hemodialysis. Hemodial Int Int Sympos Home Hemodial 16(Suppl 1):S47\u2013S49. doi: 10.1111\/j.1542-4758.2012.00750.x","journal-title":"Hemodial Int Int Sympos Home Hemodial"},{"issue":"9","key":"1163_CR190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2011.09.032","volume":"43","author":"P Roelandt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Roelandt P, George C, d\u2019Heygere F et al (2011) Acute liver failure secondary to khat (<\u00a0i\u00a0>\u00a0Catha edulis\u00a0<\/i\u00a0>)\u2013induced necrotic hepatitis requiring liver transplantation: case report. Transpl Proc 43(9):3493\u20133495. doi: 10.1016\/j.transproceed.2011.09.032","journal-title":"Transpl Proc"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"1163_CR191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.04.034","volume":"222","author":"S Rojek","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rojek S, Klys M, Strona M, Maciow M, Kula K (2012) \u201cLegal highs\u201d\u2013toxicity in the clinical and medico-legal aspect as exemplified by suicide with bk-MBDB administration. Forensic Sci Int 222(1\u20133):e1\u2013e6. doi: 10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.04.034","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"1163_CR192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e124","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20111122-36","volume":"35","author":"R Russo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Russo R, Marks N, Morris K, King H, Gelvin A, Rooney R (2012) Life-threatening necrotizing fasciitis due to \u2018bath salts\u2019 injection. Orthopedics 35(1):e124\u2013e127. doi: 10.3928\/01477447-20111122-36","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"1163_CR193","first-page":"284","volume":"45","author":"J Saem de Burnaga Sanchez","year":"1929","unstructured":"Saem de Burnaga Sanchez J (1929) Sur un homologue de l\u2019\u00e9ph\u00e9drine [On an analogue of ephedrine]. Bulletin de la Societ\u00e9 Chimique de France 45:284\u2013286","journal-title":"Bulletin de la Societ\u00e9 Chimique de France"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1163_CR194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(94)00666-U","volume":"273","author":"K Sakitama","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sakitama K, Ozawa Y, Aoto N, Nakamura K, Ishikawa M (1995) Pharmacological properties of NK433, a new centrally acting muscle relaxant. Eur J Pharmacol 273(1\u20132):47\u201356. doi: 10.1016\/0014-2999(94)00666-U","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"9742","key":"1163_CR195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60891-4","volume":"376","author":"EM Sammler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sammler EM, Foley PL, Lauder GD, Wilson SJ, Goudie AR, O\u2019Riordan JI (2010) A harmless high? Lancet 376(9742):742. doi: 10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60891-4","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"1163_CR196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21378","volume":"22","author":"Y Sanotsky","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sanotsky Y, Lesyk R, Fedoryshyn L, Komnatska I, Matviyenko Y, Fahn S (2007) Manganic encephalopathy due to \u201cephedrone\u201d abuse. Mov Disord Off J Mov Disord Soc 22(9):1337\u20131343. doi: 10.1002\/mds.21378","journal-title":"Mov Disord Off J Mov Disord Soc"},{"issue":"6","key":"1163_CR197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.1571","volume":"44","author":"C Sauer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sauer C, Peters FT, Haas C, Meyer MR, Fritschi G, Maurer HH (2009) New designer drug alpha-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (PVP): studies on its metabolism and toxicological detection in rat urine using gas chromatographic\/mass spectrometric techniques. J Mass Spectrom JMS 44(6):952\u2013964. doi: 10.1002\/jms.1571","journal-title":"J Mass Spectrom JMS"},{"issue":"3","key":"1163_CR198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-010-2070-x","volume":"214","author":"F Schifano","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schifano F, Albanese A, Fergus S et al (2011) Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone; \u2018meow meow\u2019): chemical, pharmacological and clinical issues. Psychopharmacology 214(3):593\u2013602. doi: 10.1007\/s00213-010-2070-x","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"5231","key":"1163_CR199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5231.1009","volume":"1","author":"D Seaton","year":"1961","unstructured":"Seaton D, Duncan L, Rose K, Scott AM (1961) Diethylpropion in the treatment of \u201crefractory\u201d obesity. Br Med J 1(5231):1009","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"1163_CR200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma TR, Iskandar JW, Ali R, Shah UR (2012) Bath salts-induced delirium and brief psychotic episode in an otherwise healthy young man. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 14(2):1\u20134. doi: 10.4088\/PCC.11l01224","DOI":"10.4088\/PCC.11l01224"},{"issue":"4","key":"1163_CR201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1248\/jhs.55.495","volume":"55","author":"N Shima","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shima N, Katagi M, Tsuchihashi H (2009) Direct analysis of conjugate metabolites of methamphetamine, 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, and their designer drugs in biological fluids. J Health Sci 55(4):495\u2013502. doi: 10.1248\/jhs.55.495","journal-title":"J Health Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1163_CR202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-012-0172-3","volume":"31","author":"N Shima","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shima N, Katagi M, Kamata H et al (2013) Urinary excretion and metabolism of the newly encountered designer drug 3, 4-dimethylmethcathinone in humans. Forensic Toxicol 31(1):101\u2013112. doi: 10.1007\/s11419-012-0172-3","journal-title":"Forensic Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1163_CR203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.06.012","volume":"31","author":"E Shimizu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Shimizu E, Watanabe H, Kojima T et al (2007) Combined intoxication with methylone and 5-MeO-MIPT. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 31(1):288\u2013291. doi: 10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.06.012","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1163_CR204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shortall SE, Macerola AE, Swaby RT et al (2013a) Behavioural and neurochemical comparison of chronic intermittent cathinone, mephedrone and MDMA administration to the rat. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol J Eur Coll Neuropsychopharmacol 23(9):1085\u20131095. doi: 10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2012.09.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2012.09.005"},{"issue":"4","key":"1163_CR205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.02236.x","volume":"168","author":"SE Shortall","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shortall SE, Green AR, Swift KM, Fone KC, King MV (2013b) Differential effects of cathinone compounds and MDMA on body temperature in the rat, and pharmacological characterization of mephedrone-induced hypothermia. Br J Pharmacol 168(4):966\u2013977. doi: 10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.02236.x","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"1163_CR206","unstructured":"Siegel GJ, Agranoff BW, Albers RW, Fisher SK, Uhler MD (1999) Storage and release of catecholamines. In: Siegel GJ, Fisher SK, Uhler MD, Albers RW, Agranoff BW (eds) Basic neurochemistry: molecular, cellular and medical aspects, 6th edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia"},{"issue":"2","key":"1163_CR207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.02145.x","volume":"168","author":"LD Simmler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Simmler LD, Buser TA, Donzelli M et al (2013) Pharmacological characterization of designer cathinones in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 168(2):458\u2013470. doi: 10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.02145.x","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"1163_CR208","unstructured":"Smith K, Flatley J (2011) Drug misuse declared: findings from the 2010\/11 British Crime Survey England and Wales. Home Office Statistical Bulletin 12(11)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1163_CR209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.2174\/157015911795017425","volume":"9","author":"C Sogawa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sogawa C, Sogawa N, Ohyama K et al (2011) Methylone and monoamine transporters: correlation with toxicity. Curr Neuropharmacol 9(1):58\u201362. doi: 10.2174\/157015911795017425","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1163_CR210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1977.tb11460.x","volume":"29","author":"FE Soroko","year":"1977","unstructured":"Soroko FE, Mehta NB, Maxwell RA, Ferris RM, Schroeder DH (1977) Bupropion hydrochloride ((\u00b1) alpha-t-butylamino-3-chloropropiophenone HCl): a novel antidepressant agent. J Pharm Pharmacol 29(12):767\u2013770. doi: 10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1977.tb11460.x","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharmacol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1163_CR211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100116913","volume":"105","author":"HE Soufi","year":"1991","unstructured":"Soufi HE, Kameswaran M, Malatani T (1991) Khat and oral cancer. J Laryngol Otol 105(8):643\u2013645. doi: 10.1017\/S0022215100116913","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1163_CR212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)21220-4","volume":"279","author":"M Sparago","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sparago M, Wlos J, Yuan J et al (1996) Neurotoxic and pharmacologic studies on enantiomers of the N-methylated analog of cathinone (methcathinone): a new drug of abuse. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 279(2):1043\u20131052","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"1163_CR213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2011.590812","volume":"49","author":"HA Spiller","year":"2011","unstructured":"Spiller HA, Ryan ML, Weston RG, Jansen J (2011) Clinical experience with and analytical confirmation of \u201cbath salts\u201d and \u201clegal highs\u201d (synthetic cathinones) in the United States. Clin Toxicol 49(6):499\u2013505. doi: 10.3109\/15563650.2011.590812","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1163_CR214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S1570-0232(01)00578-5","volume":"773","author":"D Springer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Springer D, Peters FT, Fritschi G, Maurer HH (2002) Studies on the metabolism and toxicological detection of the new designer drug 4\u2032-methyl-alpha-pyrrolidinopropiophenone in urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci 773(1):25\u201333. doi: 10.1016\/S1570-0232(01)00578-5","journal-title":"J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1163_CR215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/S1570-0232(03)00350-7","volume":"793","author":"D Springer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Springer D, Fritschi G, Maurer HH (2003a) Metabolism and toxicological detection of the new designer drug 3\u2032,4\u2032-methylenedioxy-alpha-pyrrolidinopropiophenone studied in urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci 793(2):377\u2013388. doi: 10.1016\/S1570-0232(03)00350-7","journal-title":"J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1163_CR216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/S1570-0232(03)00334-9","volume":"793","author":"D Springer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Springer D, Fritschi G, Maurer HH (2003b) Metabolism and toxicological detection of the new designer drug 4\u2032-methoxy-alpha-pyrrolidinopropiophenone studied in rat urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci 793(2):331\u2013342. doi: 10.1016\/S1570-0232(03)00334-9","journal-title":"J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1163_CR217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2003.07.008","volume":"796","author":"D Springer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Springer D, Fritschi G, Maurer HH (2003c) Metabolism of the new designer drug alpha-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (PPP) and the toxicological detection of PPP and 4\u2032-methyl-alpha-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (MPPP) studied in rat urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci 796(2):253\u2013266. doi: 10.1016\/j.jchromb.2003.07.008","journal-title":"J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1163_CR218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S1570-0232(03)00043-6","volume":"789","author":"D Springer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Springer D, Peters FT, Fritschi G, Maurer HH (2003d) New designer drug 4\u2032-methyl-alpha-pyrrolidinohexanophenone: studies on its metabolism and toxicological detection in urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci 789(1):79\u201391. doi: 10.1016\/S1570-0232(03)00043-6","journal-title":"J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1163_CR219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/00498250400028239","volume":"35","author":"D Springer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Springer D, Staack RF, Paul LD, Kraemer T, Maurer HH (2005) Identification of cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the metabolism of 3\u2032,4\u2032-methylenedioxy-alpha-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (MDPPP), a designer drug, in human liver microsomes. Xenobiotica Fate Foreign Compd Biol Syst 35(3):227\u2013237. doi: 10.1080\/00498250400028239","journal-title":"Xenobiotica Fate Foreign Compd Biol Syst"},{"issue":"636","key":"1163_CR220","first-page":"141","volume":"50","author":"DA Spyker","year":"2012","unstructured":"Spyker DA, Thomas S, Bateman DN et al (2012) International trends in designer amphetamine abuse in UK and US, 2009\u20132012. Clin Toxicol 50(636):141","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"issue":"18","key":"1163_CR221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2706","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.4692","volume":"24","author":"S Strano-Rossi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Strano-Rossi S, Cadwallader AB, de la Torre X, Botre F (2010) Toxicological determination and in vitro metabolism of the designer drug methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) by gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography\/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass spectrom RCM 24(18):2706\u20132714. doi: 10.1002\/rcm.4692","journal-title":"Rapid Commun Mass spectrom RCM"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"1163_CR222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2011.09.001","volume":"133","author":"JM Striebel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Striebel JM, Pierre JM (2011) Acute psychotic sequelae of \u201cbath salts\u201d. Schizophr Res 133(1\u20133):259\u2013260. doi: 10.1016\/j.schres.2011.09.001","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1163_CR223","first-page":"5","volume":"32","author":"K Szendrei","year":"1980","unstructured":"Szendrei K (1980) The chemistry of khat. Bull Narc 32(3):5\u201335","journal-title":"Bull Narc"},{"issue":"14","key":"1163_CR224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(89)90494-3","volume":"44","author":"M Tariq","year":"1989","unstructured":"Tariq M, Islam MW, al-Meshal IA, el-Feraly FS, Ageel AM (1989) Comparative study of cathinone and amphetamine on brown adipose thermogenesis. Life Sci 44(14):951\u2013955. doi: 10.1016\/0024-3205(89)90494-3","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"1163_CR225","unstructured":"Tesfaye F, Byass P, Wall S, Berhane Y, Bonita R (2008) Association of smoking and khat (Catha edulis Forsk) use with high blood pressure among adults in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2006. Preventing Chronic Disease 5(3)"},{"issue":"3","key":"1163_CR226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-012-0232-4","volume":"8","author":"SL Thornton","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thornton SL, Gerona RR, Tomaszewski CA (2012) Psychosis from a bath salt product containing flephedrone and MDPV with serum, urine, and product quantification. J Med Toxicol 8(3):310\u2013313. doi: 10.1007\/s13181-012-0232-4","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1163_CR227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/48.10.1715","volume":"48","author":"SW Toennes","year":"2002","unstructured":"Toennes SW, Kauert GF (2002) Excretion and detection of cathinone, cathine, and phenylpropanolamine in urine after kath chewing. Clin Chem 48(10):1715\u20131719","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"1163_CR228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2003.01834.x","volume":"56","author":"SW Toennes","year":"2003","unstructured":"Toennes SW, Harder S, Schramm M, Niess C, Kauert GF (2003) Pharmacokinetics of cathinone, cathine and norephedrine after the chewing of khat leaves. Br J Clin Pharmacol 56(1):125\u2013130. doi: 10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2003.01834.x","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"1163_CR229","unstructured":"United Nations (1975) Etudes sur la composition chimique du khat: recherches sur la fraction ph\u00e9nylalkylamine. UN document MNAR\/11\/1975"},{"issue":"5","key":"1163_CR230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.3109\/09687637.2010.537713","volume":"18","author":"MC Hout Van","year":"2011","unstructured":"Van Hout MC, Brennan R (2011) Plant food for thought: a qualitative study of mephedrone use in Ireland. Drugs Educ Prev Policy 18(5):371\u2013381. doi: 10.3109\/09687637.2010.537713","journal-title":"Drugs Educ Prev Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"1163_CR231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.12.014","volume":"201","author":"I Vardakou","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vardakou I, Pistos C, Spiliopoulou C (2011) Drugs for youth via Internet and the example of mephedrone. Toxicol Lett 201(3):191\u2013195. doi: 10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.12.014","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"issue":"4","key":"1163_CR232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.3109\/01480545.2011.642381","volume":"35","author":"I Vardakou","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vardakou I, Pistos C, Dona A, Spiliopoulou C, Athanaselis S (2012) Naphyrone: a \u201clegal high\u201d not legal any more. Drug Chem Toxicol 35(4):467\u2013471. doi: 10.3109\/01480545.2011.642381","journal-title":"Drug Chem Toxicol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1163_CR233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650802010388","volume":"47","author":"F Varlibas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Varlibas F, Delipoyraz I, Yuksel G, Filiz G, Tireli H, Gecim NO (2009) Neurotoxicity following chronic intravenous use of \u201cRussian cocktail\u201d. Clin Toxicol 47(2):157\u2013160. doi: 10.1080\/15563650802010388","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1163_CR234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-012-2855-1","volume":"225","author":"KJ Varner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Varner KJ, Daigle K, Weed PF et al (2013) Comparison of the behavioral and cardiovascular effects of mephedrone with other drugs of abuse in rats. Psychopharmacology 225(3):675\u2013685. doi: 10.1007\/s00213-012-2855-1","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"1163_CR235","unstructured":"Vekariya RH (2012) Towards understanding the mechanism of action of abused cathinones. Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA"},{"key":"1163_CR236","unstructured":"Volkow ND (2011) \u2018Bath salts\u2019\u2013emerging and dangerous products. Natl Inst Drug Abuse. available at http:\/\/www.drugabuse.gov\/about-nida\/directors-page\/messages-director\/2011\/02\/bath-salts-emergingdangerous-products"},{"issue":"1","key":"1163_CR237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-011-0199-6","volume":"8","author":"BJ Warrick","year":"2012","unstructured":"Warrick BJ, Wilson J, Hedge M, Freeman S, Leonard K, Aaron C (2012) Lethal serotonin syndrome after methylone and butylone ingestion. J Med Toxicol Off J Am Coll Med Toxicol 8(1):65\u201368. doi: 10.1007\/s13181-011-0199-6","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol Off J Am Coll Med Toxicol"},{"key":"1163_CR238","first-page":"2","volume":"9","author":"L Watterson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Watterson L, Hood L, Sewalia K, Tomek S, Yahn S (2012a) The reinforcing and rewarding effects of methylone, a synthetic cathinone commonly found in \u201cbath salts\u201d. J Addict Res Ther S 9:2. doi: 10.4172\/2155-6105.S9-002","journal-title":"J Addict Res Ther S"},{"key":"1163_CR239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watterson LR, Kufahl PR, Nemirovsky NE et al (2012b) Potent rewarding and reinforcing effects of the synthetic cathinone 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV). Addict Biol 1\u201310. doi: 10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2012.00474.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2012.00474.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"1163_CR240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.07.024","volume":"169","author":"F Westphal","year":"2007","unstructured":"Westphal F, Junge T, Rosner P, Fritschi G, Klein B, Girreser U (2007) Mass spectral and NMR spectral data of two new designer drugs with an alpha-aminophenone structure: 4\u2032-methyl-alpha-pyrrolidinohexanophenone and 4\u2032-methyl-alpha-pyrrolidinobutyrophenone. Forensic Sci Int 169(1):32\u201342. doi: 10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.07.024","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"1163_CR241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.007","volume":"194","author":"F Westphal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Westphal F, Rosner P, Junge T (2010) Differentiation of regioisomeric ring-substituted fluorophenethylamines with product ion spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 194(1\u20133):53\u201359. doi: 10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.007","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"1163_CR242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1994.69","volume":"55","author":"P Widler","year":"1994","unstructured":"Widler P, Mathys K, Brenneisen R, Kalix P, Fisch HU (1994) Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of khat: a controlled study. Clin Pharmacol Ther 55(5):556\u2013562. doi: 10.1038\/clpt.1994.69","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"9","key":"1163_CR243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/34.9.594","volume":"34","author":"M Wikstrom","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wikstrom M, Thelander G, Nystrom I, Kronstrand R (2010) Two fatal intoxications with the new designer drug methedrone (4-methoxymethcathinone). J Anal Toxicol 34(9):594\u2013598. doi: 10.1093\/jat\/34.9.594","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1163_CR244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.02.003","volume":"44","author":"GS Winder","year":"2013","unstructured":"Winder GS, Stern N, Hosanagar A (2013) Are \u201cbath salts\u201d the next generation of stimulant abuse? J Subst Abuse Treat 44(1):42\u201345. doi: 10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.02.003","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"issue":"1","key":"1163_CR245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03130.x","volume":"106","author":"AR Winstock","year":"2011","unstructured":"Winstock AR, Mitcheson LR, Deluca P, Davey Z, Corazza O, Schifano F (2011) Mephedrone, new kid for the chop? Addiction 106(1):154\u2013161. doi: 10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03130.x","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"2","key":"1163_CR246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/ardp.19302680202","volume":"268","author":"O Wolfes","year":"1930","unstructured":"Wolfes O (1930) \u00dcber das Vorkommen von d-nor-iso-Ephedrin in Catha edulis. Arch Pharm 268(2):81\u201383","journal-title":"Arch Pharm"},{"issue":"9","key":"1163_CR247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2010.531021","volume":"48","author":"DM Wood","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wood DM, Davies S, Greene SL et al (2010a) Case series of individuals with analytically confirmed acute mephedrone toxicity. Clin Toxicol 48(9):924\u2013927. doi: 10.3109\/15563650.2010.531021","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1163_CR248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-010-0018-5","volume":"6","author":"DM Wood","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wood DM, Davies S, Puchnarewicz M et al (2010b) Recreational use of mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone, 4-MMC) with associated sympathomimetic toxicity. J Med Toxicol Off J Am Coll Med Toxicol 6(3):327\u2013330. doi: 10.1007\/s13181-010-0018-5","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol Off J Am Coll Med Toxicol"},{"key":"1163_CR249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wood DM, Davies S, Cummins A et al (2011) Energy-1 (\u2018NRG-1\u2019): don\u2019t believe what the newspapers say about it being legal. BMJ Case Rep 2011:1\u20137. doi: 10.1136\/bcr.07.2010.3184","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr.07.2010.3184"},{"issue":"2","key":"1163_CR250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3109\/14659891.2012.661025","volume":"17","author":"DM Wood","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wood DM, Measham F, Dargan PI (2012) \u2018Our favourite drug\u2019: prevalence of use and preference for mephedrone in the London night-time economy 1\u00a0year after control. J Subs Use 17(2):91\u201397. doi: 10.3109\/14659891.2012.661025","journal-title":"J Subs Use"},{"issue":"8","key":"1163_CR251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44652","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044652","volume":"7","author":"MJ Wright Jr","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wright MJ Jr, Angrish D, Aarde SM et al (2012a) Effect of ambient temperature on the thermoregulatory and locomotor stimulant effects of 4-methylmethcathinone in Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats. PLoS ONE 7(8):e44652. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0044652","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"1163_CR252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.02091.x","volume":"167","author":"MJ Wright Jr","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wright MJ Jr, Vandewater SA, Angrish D, Dickerson TJ, Taffe MA (2012b) Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone) and d-methamphetamine improve visuospatial associative memory, but not spatial working memory, in rhesus macaques. Br J Pharmacol 167(6):1342\u20131352. doi: 10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.02091.x","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1163_CR253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1248\/yakushi1947.107.9_705","volume":"107","author":"M Yamazaki","year":"1987","unstructured":"Yamazaki M, Aoki Y, Kato H, Ito Y, Kontani H, Koshiura R (1987) Centrally acting muscle relaxant activities of 2-methyl-3-pyrrolidinopropiophenone derivatives. Yakugaku zasshi J Pharm Soc Jpn 107(9):705\u2013710","journal-title":"Yakugaku zasshi J Pharm Soc Jpn"},{"issue":"1","key":"1163_CR254","first-page":"5","volume":"7","author":"JC Yohannan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yohannan JC, Bozenko JS Jr (2010) The characterization of 3, 4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV). Microgram J 7(1):5\u201315","journal-title":"Microgram J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1163_CR255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(93)90110-F","volume":"45","author":"R Young","year":"1993","unstructured":"Young R, Glennon RA (1993) Cocaine-stimulus generalization to two new designer drugs: methcathinone and 4-methylaminorex. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 45(1):229\u2013231. doi: 10.1016\/0091-3057(93)90110-F","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"1163_CR256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.04.001","volume":"188","author":"K Zaitsu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zaitsu K, Katagi M, Kamata HT et al (2009) Determination of the metabolites of the new designer drugs bk-MBDB and bk-MDEA in human urine. Forensic Sci Int 188(1\u20133):131\u2013139. doi: 10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.04.001","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"1163_CR257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-011-0111-8","volume":"29","author":"K Zaitsu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zaitsu K, Katagi M, Tatsuno M, Sato T, Tsuchihashi H, Suzuki K (2011) Recently abused \u03b2-keto derivatives of 3, 4-methylenedioxyphenylalkylamines: a review of their metabolisms and toxicological analysis. Forensic Toxicol 29(2):73\u201384. doi: 10.1007\/s11419-011-0111-8","journal-title":"Forensic Toxicol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1163_CR258","first-page":"67","volume":"32","author":"JL Zelger","year":"1980","unstructured":"Zelger JL, Schorno HX, Carlini EA (1980) Behavioural effects of cathinone, an amine obtained from Catha edulis Forsk.: comparisons with amphetamine, norpseudoephedrine, apomorphine and nomifensine. Bull Narc 32(3):67\u201381","journal-title":"Bull Narc"},{"key":"1163_CR259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuba D, Byrska B (2013) Prevalence and co-existence of active components of \u2018legal highs\u2019. Drug Test Anal 5(6):420\u2013429. doi: 10.1002\/dta.1365","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1365"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"1163_CR260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.08.034","volume":"227","author":"D Zuba","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zuba D, Adamowicz P, Byrska B (2013) Detection of buphedrone in biological and non-biological material\u2013two case reports. Forensic Sci Int 227(1\u20133):15\u201320. doi: 10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.08.034","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"}],"container-title":["Archives of Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00204-013-1163-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00204-013-1163-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00204-013-1163-9","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T03:10:59Z","timestamp":1746069059000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00204-013-1163-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,8]]},"references-count":260,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]}},"alternative-id":["1163"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-013-1163-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-5761","1432-0738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-5761","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0738","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,8]]}}}