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Microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity (MHG) can be an efficient and rapid pretreatment to dry the petals; for example, in the Royal Velvet variety, the energy consumption was 16 times lower compared to air drying. The hydrolates obtained in this stage represented only 0.5\u00a0mg gallic acid equivalents\/g flower, but some of the fractions contained up to 10 times higher and a Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) value equivalent to 0.4\u00a0g Trolox\/g extract. The dried solids were extracted using 96% ethanol to yield around 30% solubles, which was 50% higher than the extraction yield from the air-dried samples. The MHG dried solids were treated with supercritical CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    to yield up to 2.4% of an extract containing phenolics and lipids with a favorable omega-3 to omega-6 ratio. The residual solids from supercritical extraction were further processed with microwave heated pressurized hot water for 5\u00a0min at various temperatures. The 200 \u00b0C extract achieved a solubilization of 50% of the material, obtaining a product with 22% phenolic content, almost 30% of the antiradical capacity of Trolox, a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 8\u00a0mg\/mL against\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and contained mainly organic acids, tannins like (epi)catechin gallate and B-type (epi)catechin oligomers, and prodelphinidins like (epi)gallocatechin-\n                    <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\n                    -hexoside and (epi)catechin-(epi)gallocatechin gallate. The obtained extracts were proposed for incorporation onto starch films. The results confirm the potential of non-toxic solvents to achieve a complete valorization of this resource.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Graphical abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-025-06288-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T10:03:46Z","timestamp":1769076226000},"page":"1747-1765","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity pretreatment of Camellia japonica flowers for the extraction of bioactives"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"418","author":[{"given":"Francisco","family":"D\u00edaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sheyma","family":"Inoubli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Queffelec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Noa","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kelly V.","family":"Kurman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Adelaide","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Silva-Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Catia","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"D\u00edaz-Reinoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Noelia","family":"Fl\u00f3rez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M. 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