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Assessing the biodegradation capabilities of natural microbiomes in environments contaminated with microplastics is crucial for mitigating the effects of plastic pollution. In this work, we evaluated the potential of landfill leachate (LL) and estuarine sediments (ES) to biodegrade polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polycaprolactone (PCL), under aerobic, anaerobic, thermophilic, and mesophilic conditions.\u00a0PCL underwent extensive aerobic biodegradation with LL (99\u2009\u00b1\u20097%) and ES (78\u2009\u00b1\u20093%) within 50\u201360 days. Under anaerobic conditions, LL degraded 87\u2009\u00b1\u200919% of PCL in 60 days, whereas ES showed minimal biodegradation (3\u2009\u00b1\u20090.3%). PE and PET showed no notable degradation.\u00a0Metataxonomics results (16S rRNA sequencing) revealed the presence of highly abundant thermophilic microorganisms assigned to <jats:italic>Coprothermobacter<\/jats:italic> sp. (6.8% and 28% relative abundance in anaerobic and aerobic incubations, respectively). <jats:italic>Coprothermobacter<\/jats:italic> spp. contain genes encoding two enzymes, an esterase and a thermostable monoacylglycerol lipase, that can potentially catalyze PCL hydrolysis. These results suggest that <jats:italic>Coprothermobacter<\/jats:italic> sp. may be pivotal in landfill leachate microbiomes for thermophilic PCL biodegradation across varying conditions. The anaerobic microbial community was dominated by hydrogenotrophic methanogens assigned to <jats:italic>Methanothermobacter<\/jats:italic> sp. (21%), pointing at possible syntrophic interactions with <jats:italic>Coprothermobacter<\/jats:italic> sp. (a H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-producer) during PCL biodegradation. In the aerobic experiments, fungi dominated the eukaryotic microbial community (e.g., <jats:italic>Exophiala<\/jats:italic> (41%), <jats:italic>Penicillium<\/jats:italic> (17%), and\u00a0<jats:italic>Mucor<\/jats:italic> (18%)), suggesting that aerobic PCL biodegradation by LL involves collaboration between fungi and bacteria.\u00a0Our findings bring insights on the microbial communities and microbial interactions mediating plastic biodegradation, offering valuable perspectives for plastic pollution mitigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-024-02399-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T20:28:26Z","timestamp":1719606506000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Microplastics Biodegradation by Estuarine and Landfill Microbiomes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7539-6985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina S.","family":"Pires","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6347-640X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9178-0927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f3nia G.","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2691-9950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Carlos","family":"Sequeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3752-6677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo","family":"Cachetas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 P.","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7187-0538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilberto","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1947-8605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Vera","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7999-4620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana J.","family":"Cavaleiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6037-4248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreia F.","family":"Salvador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2399_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rana KI (2019) Usage of potential micro-organisms for degradation of plastics. 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