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This freshwater microalga, also known as Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata<\/jats:italic>, acquired much of its notoriety due to its high sensitivity to different chemical species, which makes it recommended by different international organizations for the assessment of ecotoxicity. However, outside this scope, R. subcapitata<\/jats:italic> continues to be\u00a0little explored. This review aims to shed light on a microalga that, despite its popularity, continues to be an \u201cillustrious\u201d unknown in many ways. Therefore, R. subcapitata<\/jats:italic> taxonomy, phylogeny, shape, size\/biovolume, cell ultra-structure, and reproduction are reviewed. The nutritional and cultural conditions, chronological aging, and maintenance and preservation of the alga are summarized and critically discussed. Applications of R. subcapitata<\/jats:italic>, such as its use in aquatic toxicology (ecotoxicity assessment and elucidation of adverse toxic outcome pathways) are presented. Furthermore, the latest advances in the use of this alga in biotechnology, namely in the bioremediation of effluents and the production of value-added biomolecules and biofuels, are highlighted. To end, a perspective regarding the future exploitation of R. subcapitata<\/jats:italic> potentialities, in a modern concept of biorefinery, is outlined.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Key points<\/jats:title>\n \n \u2022 An overview of alga phylogeny and physiology is critically reviewed.<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:p>\n \n \u2022 Advances in alga nutrition, cultural conditions, and chronological aging are presented.<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:p>\n \n \u2022 Its use in aquatic toxicology and biotechnology is highlighted.<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-024-13038-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T08:02:40Z","timestamp":1708329760000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Features of the microalga Raphidocelis subcapitata: physiology and applications"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Manuela D.","family":"Machado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2280-5291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo V.","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"13038_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2847","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25122847","volume":"25","author":"ZM Al-Hasawi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al-Hasawi ZM, Abdel-Hamid MI, Almutairi AW, Touliabah HE (2020) Response of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata in free and alginate immobilized cells to heavy metals toxicity. 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