{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T19:15:30Z","timestamp":1757618130835,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748563200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006752","name":"Universidade do Porto","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006752","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-025-03688-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T06:43:17Z","timestamp":1748587397000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations between the trajectories of free sugar intake and cardiometabolic risk markers during childhood: generation XXI birth cohort"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2997-7523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Sosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5787-4871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milton","family":"Severo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4146-9070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina Campos","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1524-852X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"3688_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2003.179","volume":"11","author":"BM Popkin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Popkin BM, Nielsen SJ (2003) The sweetening of the world\u2019s diet. Obes Res 11(11):1325\u20131332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/oby.2003.179","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"key":"3688_CR2","volume-title":"Guideline: sugars intake for adults and children","author":"WHO","year":"2015","unstructured":"WHO (2015) Guideline: sugars intake for adults and children. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland"},{"key":"3688_CR3","unstructured":"WHO (2015) WHO calls on countries to reduce sugars intake among adults and children. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/04-03-2015-who-calls-on-countries-to-reduce-sugars-intake-among-adults-and-children. Accessed March 2024"},{"issue":"11","key":"3688_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-022-01114-5","volume":"76","author":"M Veit","year":"2022","unstructured":"Veit M, van Asten R, Olie A, Prinz P (2022) The role of dietary sugars, overweight, and obesity in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a narrative review. Eur J Clin Nutr 76(11):1497\u20131501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41430-022-01114-5","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"3688_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"h3576","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h3576","volume":"351","author":"F Imamura","year":"2015","unstructured":"Imamura F, O\u2019Connor L, Ye Z, Mursu J, Hayashino Y, Bhupathiraju SN, Forouhi NG (2015) Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, and fruit juice and incidence of type 2 diabetes: systematic review, meta-analysis, and Estimation of population attributable fraction. BMJ 351:h3576. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.h3576","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"3688_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Meng Y, Li S, Khan J, Dai Z, Li C, Hu X, Shen Q, Xue Y (2021) Sugar- and artificially sweetened beverages consumption linked to type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and All-Cause mortality: A systematic review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of prospective cohort studies. Nutrients 13(8). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13082636","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082636"},{"key":"3688_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e071609","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-071609","volume":"381","author":"Y Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang Y, Chen Z, Chen B, Li J, Yuan X, Li J, Wang W, Dai T, Chen H, Wang Y, Wang R, Wang P, Guo J, Dong Q, Liu C, Wei Q, Cao D, Liu L (2023) Dietary sugar consumption and health: umbrella review. BMJ 381:e071609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2022-071609","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"3688_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e223","DOI":"10.7417\/CT.2019.2137","volume":"170","author":"G Nittari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nittari G, Scuri S, Petrelli F, Pirillo I, di Luca NM, Grappasonni I (2019) Fighting obesity in children from European world health organization member States. Epidemiological data, medical-social aspects, and prevention programs. Clin Ter 170(3):e223\u2013e230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7417\/CT.2019.2137","journal-title":"Clin Ter"},{"key":"3688_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vos MB, Kaar JL, Welsh JA, Van Horn LV, Feig DI, Anderson CAM, Patel MJ, Cruz Munos J, Krebs NF, Xanthakos SA, Johnson RK, American Heart Association Nutrition Committee of the Council on L (2017) Added sugars and cardiovascular disease risk in children: A scientific statement from the American heart association. Circulation 135(19):e1017\u2013e1034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000439. Council on H","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000439"},{"issue":"11","key":"3688_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192627","volume":"120","author":"RK Johnson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Johnson RK, Appel LJ, Brands M, Howard BV, Lefevre M, Lustig RH, Sacks F, Steffen LM, Wylie-Rosett J, American Heart Association Nutrition Committee of the Council on Nutrition PA, Metabolism, the Council on E, Prevention (2009) Dietary sugars intake and cardiovascular health: a scientific statement from the American heart association. Circulation 120(11):1011\u20131020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192627","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"3688_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0b013e32835a7ed4","volume":"24","author":"M Juonala","year":"2013","unstructured":"Juonala M, Viikari JS, Raitakari OT (2013) Main findings from the prospective cardiovascular risk in young Finns study. Curr Opin Lipidol 24(1):57\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MOL.0b013e32835a7ed4","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"key":"3688_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kelly AS, Barlow SE, Rao G, Inge TH, Hayman LL, Steinberger J, Urbina EM, Ewing LJ, Daniels SR, American Heart Association, Atherosclerosis H, Council on Clinical C (2013) Obesity in the Young Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young CoNPA, Metabolism, Severe obesity in children and adolescents: identification, associated health risks, and treatment approaches: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 128 (15):1689\u20131712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3182a5cfb3","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3182a5cfb3"},{"issue":"9","key":"3688_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2409259","volume":"24","author":"J Yu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yu J, Ashraf R, Mahajan A, Hogan JL, Darlington G, Buchholz AC, Duncan AM, Haines J, Ma DWL, Guelph Family Health S (2023) Dietary sugar research in preschoolers: methodological, genetic, and cardiometabolic considerations. Rev Cardiovasc Med 24(9):259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31083\/j.rcm2409259","journal-title":"Rev Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"3688_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Seo YG, Lim H, Kim Y, Ju YS, Lee HJ, Jang HB, Park SI, Park KH (2019) The effect of a multidisciplinary lifestyle intervention on obesity status, body composition, physical fitness, and cardiometabolic risk markers in children and adolescents with obesity. Nutrients 11(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu11010137","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11010137"},{"issue":"14","key":"3688_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1502821","volume":"373","author":"AC Skinner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Skinner AC, Perrin EM, Moss LA, Skelton JA (2015) Cardiometabolic risks and severity of obesity in children and young adults. N Engl J Med 373(14):1307\u20131317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1502821","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3688_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399818666220324095435","volume":"19","author":"WL Chiang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chiang WL, Azlan A, Yusof BM (2023) Sugar consumption pattern among cardiometabolic risk individuals: A scoping review. Curr Diabetes Rev 19:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1573399818666220324095435","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"3688_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S095442242100024X","volume":"36","author":"J Walton","year":"2023","unstructured":"Walton J, Bell H, Re R, Nugent AP (2023) Current perspectives on global sugar consumption: definitions, recommendations, population intakes, challenges and future direction. Nutr Res Rev 36(1):1\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S095442242100024X","journal-title":"Nutr Res Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"3688_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980019002519","volume":"23","author":"AR Marinho","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marinho AR, Severo M, Correia D, Lobato L, Vilela S, Oliveira A, Ramos E, Torres D, Lopes C (2020) Total, added and free sugar intakes, dietary sources and determinants of consumption in Portugal: the National food, nutrition and physical activity survey (IAN-AF 2015\u20132016). Public Health Nutr 23(5):869\u2013881. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1368980019002519","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"3688_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e079234","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-079234","volume":"386","author":"L Lara-Castor","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lara-Castor L, Micha R, Cudhea F, Miller V, Shi P, Zhang J, Sharib JR, Erndt-Marino J, Cash SB, Barquera S, Mozaffarian D, Global Dietary D (2024) Intake of sugar sweetened beverages among children and adolescents in 185 countries between 1990 and 2018: population based study. BMJ 386:e079234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2024-079234","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"3688_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00627-6","volume":"18","author":"VS Malik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Malik VS, Hu FB (2022) The role of sugar-sweetened beverages in the global epidemics of obesity and chronic diseases. Nat Rev Endocrinol 18(4):205\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41574-021-00627-6","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3688_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2022.11.008","volume":"117","author":"M Nguyen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nguyen M, Jarvis SE, Tinajero MG, Yu J, Chiavaroli L, Mejia SB, Khan TA, Tobias DK, Willett WC, Hu FB, Hanley AJ, Birken CS, Sievenpiper JL, Malik VS (2023) Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and weight gain in children and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 117(1):160\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2022.11.008","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"3688_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqac031","volume":"115","author":"KD Hall","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hall KD, Farooqi IS, Friedman JM, Klein S, Loos RJF, Mangelsdorf DJ, O\u2019Rahilly S, Ravussin E, Redman LM, Ryan DH, Speakman JR, Tobias DK (2022) The energy balance model of obesity: beyond calories in, calories out. Am J Clin Nutr 115(5):1243\u20131254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/nqac031","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"3688_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-2506","volume":"37","author":"R Kahn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kahn R, Sievenpiper JL (2014) Dietary sugar and body Weight: have We reached a crisis in the epidemic of obesity and diabetes? We have, but the pox on sugar is overwrought and overworked. Diabetes Care 37(4):957\u2013962. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc13-2506","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"3688_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-012-0340-6","volume":"57","author":"E Alves","year":"2012","unstructured":"Alves E, Correia S, Barros H, Azevedo A (2012) Prevalence of self-reported cardiovascular risk factors in Portuguese women: a survey after delivery. Int J Public Health 57(5):837\u2013847. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00038-012-0340-6","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"3688_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12060","volume":"27","author":"PS Larsen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Larsen PS, Kamper-Jorgensen M, Adamson A, Barros H, Bonde JP, Brescianini S, Brophy S, Casas M, Charles MA, Devereux G, Eggesbo M, Fantini MP, Frey U, Gehring U, Grazuleviciene R, Henriksen TB, Hertz-Picciotto I, Heude B, Hryhorczuk DO, Inskip H, Jaddoe VW, Lawlor DA, Ludvigsson J, Kelleher C, Kiess W, Koletzko B, Kuehni CE, Kull I, Kyhl HB, Magnus P, Momas I, Murray D, Pekkanen J, Polanska K, Porta D, Poulsen G, Richiardi L, Roeleveld N, Skovgaard AM, Sram RJ, Strandberg-Larsen K, Thijs C, Van Eijsden M, Wright J, Vrijheid M, Andersen AM (2013) Pregnancy and birth cohort resources in Europe: a large opportunity for aetiological child health research. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 27(4):393\u2013414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ppe.12060","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3688_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515001713","volume":"114","author":"T Moreira","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moreira T, Severo M, Oliveira A, Ramos E, Rodrigues S, Lopes C (2015) Eating out of home and dietary adequacy in preschool children. Br J Nutr 114(2):297\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0007114515001713","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"3688_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0200-4","volume":"73","author":"S Vilela","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vilela S, Severo M, Moreira T, Ramos E, Lopes C (2019) Evaluation of a short food frequency questionnaire for dietary intake assessment among children. Eur J Clin Nutr 73(5):679\u2013691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41430-018-0200-4","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"3688_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lopes C, Torres D, Oliveira A, Severo M, Guiomar S, Alarc\u00e3o V, Vilela S, Ramos E, Rodrigues S, Oliveira L, Nicola P, Mota J, Teixeira P, Soares S (2017) National food, nutrition and physical activity survey of the Portuguese general population. EFSA Supporting Publications 14(12). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/sp.efsa.2017.EN-1341","DOI":"10.2903\/sp.efsa.2017.EN-1341"},{"issue":"3","key":"3688_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2011.1970","volume":"9","author":"EFSA","year":"2011","unstructured":"EFSA (2011) Evaluation of the foodEx, the food classification system applied to the development of the EFSA comprehensive European food consumption database. EFSA J 9(3):1970. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2011.1970","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"3688_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"EFSA (2014) Guidance on the EU menu methodology. EFSA J 12(12). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2014.3944","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2014.3944"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"3688_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2011.01.012","volume":"24","author":"U Uusitalo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Uusitalo U, Kronberg-Kippila C, Aronsson CA, Schakel S, Schoen S, Mattisson I, Reinivuo H, Silvis K, Sichert-Hellert W, Stevens M, Norris JM, Virtanen SM, The TSG (2011) Food composition database harmonization for between-country comparisons of nutrient data in the TEDDY study. J Food Compost Anal 24(4\u20135):494\u2013505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfca.2011.01.012","journal-title":"J Food Compost Anal"},{"issue":"2","key":"3688_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2014.256","volume":"69","author":"JCY Louie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Louie JCY, Moshtaghian H, Boylan S, Flood VM, Rangan AM, Barclay AW, Brand-Miller JC, Gill TP (2015) A systematic methodology to estimate added sugar content of foods. Eur J Clin Nutr 69(2):154\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ejcn.2014.256","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"3688_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2009.03503.x","volume":"51","author":"WHO","year":"2009","unstructured":"WHO (2009) WHO child growth standards. Dev Med Child Neurol 51:1002\u20131002","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"3688_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.2471\/blt.07.043497","volume":"85","author":"M de Onis","year":"2007","unstructured":"de Onis M, Onyango AW, Borghi E, Siyam A, Nishida C, Siekmann J (2007) Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents. Bull World Health Organ 85(9):660\u2013667. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2471\/blt.07.043497","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"3688_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499e502","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/18.6.499","volume":"18","author":"WT Friedewald","year":"1972","unstructured":"Friedewald WT, Levy RI, DS F (1972) Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 18:499e502","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"3688_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DFT (1985) RC. u Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 28:(7) 412\u2013419","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00280883"},{"key":"3688_CR37","volume-title":"The international standard classification of education (ISCED)","author":"Statistics UIo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Statistics UIo (2012) The international standard classification of education (ISCED). Unesco Institute of Statistics, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"},{"issue":"12","key":"3688_CR38","first-page":"569","volume":"45","author":"GR Goldberg","year":"1991","unstructured":"Goldberg GR, Black AE, Jebb SA, Cole TJ, Murgatroyd PR, Coward WA, Prentice AM (1991) Critical evaluation of energy intake data using fundamental principles of energy physiology: 1. Derivation of cut-off limits to identify under-recording. Eur J Clin Nutr 45(12):569\u2013581","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"9","key":"3688_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801376","volume":"24","author":"AE Black","year":"2000","unstructured":"Black AE (2000) Critical evaluation of energy intake using the Goldberg cut-off for energy intake:basal metabolic rate. A practical guide to its calculation, use and limitations. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 24(9):1119\u20131130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801376","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"3688_CR40","unstructured":"James W, Schofield E (1990) Human Energy Requirements"},{"issue":"7","key":"3688_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2005.143","volume":"13","author":"TT Huang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Huang TT, Roberts SB, Howarth NC, McCrory MA (2005) Effect of screening out implausible energy intake reports on relationships between diet and BMI. Obes Res 13(7):1205\u20131217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/oby.2005.143","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"3688_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2017.90","volume":"72","author":"RM Leech","year":"2018","unstructured":"Leech RM, Worsley A, Timperio A, McNaughton SA (2018) The role of energy intake and energy misreporting in the associations between eating patterns and adiposity. Eur J Clin Nutr 72(1):142\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ejcn.2017.90","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"3688_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17226\/26818","volume-title":"Dietary reference intakes for energy","author":"National Academies of Sciences E, Medicine","year":"2023","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences E, Medicine (2023) Dietary reference intakes for energy. National Academies, Washington, DC. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/26818"},{"issue":"13","key":"3688_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980016000057","volume":"19","author":"LA Rodriguez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rodriguez LA, Madsen KA, Cotterman C, Lustig RH (2016) Added sugar intake and metabolic syndrome in US adolescents: cross-sectional analysis of the National health and nutrition examination survey 2005\u20132012. Public Health Nutr 19(13):2424\u20132434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1368980016000057","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"3688_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Okuda M, Fujiwara A, Sasaki S (2020) Added and free sugars intake and metabolic biomarkers in Japanese adolescents. Nutrients 12(7). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12072046","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12072046"},{"issue":"1","key":"3688_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.076505","volume":"100","author":"KP Kell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kell KP, Cardel MI, Bohan Brown MM, Fernandez JR (2014) Added sugars in the diet are positively associated with diastolic blood pressure and triglycerides in children. Am J Clin Nutr 100(1):46\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.113.076505","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"3688_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hur YI, Park H, Kang JH, Lee HA, Song HJ, Lee HJ, Kim OH (2015) Associations between sugar intake from different food sources and adiposity or Cardio-Metabolic risk in childhood and adolescence: the Korean Child-Adolescent cohort study. Nutrients 8(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu8010020","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8010020"},{"key":"3688_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-234","volume":"10","author":"KS Collison","year":"2010","unstructured":"Collison KS, Zaidi MZ, Subhani SN, Al-Rubeaan K, Shoukri M, Al-Mohanna FA (2010) Sugar-sweetened carbonated beverage consumption correlates with BMI, waist circumference, and poor dietary choices in school children. BMC Public Health 10:234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-10-234","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"3688_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.689935","volume":"116","author":"R Dhingra","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dhingra R, Sullivan L, Jacques PF, Wang TJ, Fox CS, Meigs JB, D\u2019Agostino RB, Gaziano JM, Vasan RS (2007) Soft drink consumption and risk of developing cardiometabolic risk factors and the metabolic syndrome in middle-aged adults in the community. Circulation 116(5):480\u2013488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.689935","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"3688_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Calcaterra V, Cena H, Magenes VC, Vincenti A, Comola G, Beretta A, Di Napoli I, Zuccotti G (2023) Sugar-Sweetened beverages and metabolic risk in children and adolescents with obesity: A narrative review. Nutrients 15(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15030702","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030702"},{"issue":"1","key":"3688_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2022.11.013","volume":"153","author":"O Markey","year":"2023","unstructured":"Markey O, Pradeilles R, Goudet S, Griffiths PL, Boxer B, Carroll C, Rousham EK (2023) Unhealthy food and beverage consumption during childhood and risk of cardiometabolic disease: A systematic review of prospective cohort studies. J Nutr 153(1):176\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tjnut.2022.11.013","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"17","key":"3688_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3093","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980020001044","volume":"23","author":"AC Goios","year":"2020","unstructured":"Goios AC, Severo M, Lloyd AJ, Magalhaes VP, Lopes C, Torres DP (2020) Validation of a new software eAT24 used to assess dietary intake in the adult Portuguese population. Public Health Nutr 23(17):3093\u20133103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1368980020001044","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"3688_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749007","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.749007","volume":"8","author":"L Jones","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jones L, Ness A, Emmett P (2021) Misreporting of energy intake from food records completed by adolescents: associations with sex, body image, nutrient, and food group intake. Front Nutr 8:749007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2021.749007","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"11","key":"3688_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510005465","volume":"105","author":"S Lioret","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lioret S, Touvier M, Balin M, Huybrechts I, Dubuisson C, Dufour A, Bertin M, Maire B, Lafay L (2011) Characteristics of energy under-reporting in children and adolescents. Br J Nutr 105(11):1671\u20131680. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0007114510005465","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"3688_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sosa S, Severo M, Marinho AR, Lopes C (2024) The trajectories of free sugar intake during childhood, their main sources and its association with socio-economic factors: generation XXI birth cohort. Br J Nutr 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0007114524001740","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114524001740"},{"issue":"10","key":"3688_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2006.07.020","volume":"106","author":"D Brown","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brown D (2006) Do food frequency questionnaires have too many limitations? J Am Diet Assoc 106(10):1541\u20131542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jada.2006.07.020","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00394-025-03688-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00394-025-03688-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00394-025-03688-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T16:28:07Z","timestamp":1757176087000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00394-025-03688-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["3688"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00394-025-03688-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1436-6207","1436-6215"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1436-6207"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1436-6215"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All phases of the study complied with the Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects expressed in the Declaration of Helsinki*. The baseline and follow-up evaluations were approved by the University of Porto Medical School\/ S. Jo\u00e3o Hospital Centre Ethics Committee, except the 13-year follow-up that was approved by the ISPUP Ethics Committee. At baseline and follow-up evaluations, all procedures were explained to participants, and informed consent was signed by one of the parents or legal guardians (at 13 years, it was also signed by the participants). The baseline evaluation was approved by the Data Protection National Commission and the study follows the EU General Data Protection Regulation under close supervision of the Data Protection Office of ISPUP. * World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki, 2013. Available at: .","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"195"}}