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However, possibly classifying PBAs as ultra-processed (UPF) and excluding healthy animal-based foods (e.g., fish) can result in unintended health risks. This study aims to quantify the health and environmental impact of replacing animal-based foods with PBAs.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Using data from the Portuguese National Dietary Survey (n\u2009=\u20093852 adults; 2015\u20132016), three substitution scenarios of animal-based foods with PBAs were modelled: vegan (replacing all animal-based foods with PBAs), ovolactovegetarian (replacing meat and fish with PBA), and pescatarian (replacing meat with PBA). Varying degrees of substitution (33%, 50%, 67%, 100%) and two classification approaches for PBAs were explored: UPF or non-UPF. The overall health impact was estimated considering several health outcomes (cancer, cardiovascular diseases and metabolic outcomes) combined through Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). The environmental impact was measured through greenhouse gas emissions and land use.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Environmental benefits were evident, especially for the vegan scenario. Regarding health impact, the 100% substitution of all animal-based foods (vegan scenario) might represent a risk if PBAs are classified as UPF (\u2206DALY <jats:sub>average<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u200972,109\u00a0years). The highest overall benefit was found for 100% substitution of meat only (pescatarian scenario) independently of considering PBAs as UPF or not (UPF: \u2206DALY <jats:sub>average<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u2009\u2009\u2212\u200940,202\u00a0years; non-UPF: \u2206DALY <jats:sub>average<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u2009\u2009\u2212\u200988,827\u00a0years).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>PBAs can be considered feasible alternatives to animal-based foods, and the results emphasise meat substitution as a crucial factor for health and environmental benefits.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-025-03749-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]],"date-time":"2025-07-05T02:06:23Z","timestamp":1751681183000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Health and environmental impacts of shifting to plant-based analogues: a risk-benefit assessment"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1790-7421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sofia Almeida","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andreia","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elisabete","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Duarte","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"3749_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2557","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2012.2557","volume":"10","author":"EFSA Nda Panel","year":"2012","unstructured":"EFSA Nda Panel (2012) Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for protein. 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