{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:54:04Z","timestamp":1791381244211,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004037","name":"Juho Vainion S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202300260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202300260"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004037","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010114","name":"Yrj\u00f6 Jahnssonin S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20227580"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20227580"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010114","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006306","name":"Sigrid Jus\u00e9liuksen S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Sigrid Jus\u00e9liuksen S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Sigrid Jus\u00e9liuksen S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006306","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Novo Nordisk Fonden"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Novo Nordisk Fonden"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009047","name":"Strategic Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["327699"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["327699"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009047","name":"Strategic Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["327698"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["327698"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009047","name":"Strategic Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["352483"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["352483"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009047","name":"Strategic Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["340750"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["340750"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Better adherence to a healthy and sustainable diet has been associated with a lower body weight, but the underlying metabolic mechanisms remain unclear. We examined whether serum metabolites mediate this association.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We used data from three Finnish population-based health examination studies (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20099225, 54% of women, mean age of 54 years). Diet quality was assessed with a dietary score based on the Planetary Health Diet (PHD) adapted to Finnish food culture. Weight, height, waist circumference (WC), and body mass index were measured at baseline and follow-up, and their percentual changes over seven years were calculated. Serum metabolites (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009158) were quantified using a high-throughput nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy metabolomics platform (Nightingale Health Plc). The role of individual metabolites in the diet-anthropometry associations by sex were assessed by mediation analyses using multivariable linear regression. Analyses were replicated in an independent dataset of three additional Finnish studies (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200910242).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mediation analyses indicated that seven metabolites partly mediated diet-WC association in both men and women: short-chain fatty acid acetate (7.6\/3.1%, respectively), degree of fatty acid unsaturation (26.0\/23.1%), and several fatty acid-to-total fatty acid ratios (polyunsaturated (35.6\/46.5%), docosahexaenoic (5.5\/9.6%), omega-3 (4.0\/9.8%), linoleic (31.4\/49.9%), and saturated fatty acids (12.1\/13.0%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The association between higher PHD adherence and a smaller WC was partly explained by several serum metabolites likely reflecting higher fiber intake and better fat quality of the PHD. These findings suggest that healthy and sustainable diets may contribute to weight management through favourable metabolic profiles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-026-04115-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:11:14Z","timestamp":1791378674000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identification of serum metabolites associated with the EAT-Lancet planetary health diet, and their mediating role in weight status and weight changes in adults"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0507-6736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiina","family":"Suikki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2179-6904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirkka","family":"Maukonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4787-8959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aki S.","family":"Havulinna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5507-2314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rilla","family":"Tammi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5624-7729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne-Mari","family":"Halme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3563-1876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pirkko","family":"Pussinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0907-989X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tuulia Kreetta","family":"Pietil\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6248-4560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne-Maria","family":"Pajari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8668-3046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satu","family":"M\u00e4nnist\u00f6","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"4115_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v1.i3.76","volume":"1","author":"P Singla","year":"2010","unstructured":"Singla P, Bardoloi A, Parkash AA (2010) Metabolic effects of obesity: a review. World J Diabetes 1:76\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4239\/wjd.v1.i3.76","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"4115_CR2","unstructured":"World Obesity Federation (2025) World Obesity Atlas 2025. https:\/\/s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\/wof-files\/World_Obesity_Atlas_2025_rev1.pdf. Accessed 26 Apr 2025"},{"key":"4115_CR3","unstructured":"World Obesity Federation (2023) Global Obesity Observatory: Finland. https:\/\/data.worldobesity.org\/country\/finland-70\/#data_prevalence. Accessed 26 Apr 2025"},{"key":"4115_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy092","volume":"10","author":"S Schlesinger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schlesinger S, Neuenschwander M, Schwedhelm C et al (2019) Food groups and risk of overweight, obesity, and weight gain: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Adv Nutr 10:205\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/advances\/nmy092","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"4115_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e163","DOI":"10.1002\/puh2.163","volume":"3","author":"L Sares-J\u00e4ske","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sares-J\u00e4ske L, Tapanainen H, Valsta L et al (2024) Meat consumption and obesity: A climate-friendly way to reduce health inequalities. Public Health Chall 3:e163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/puh2.163","journal-title":"Public Health Chall"},{"key":"4115_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114517000915","volume":"117","author":"G Asghari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Asghari G, Mirmiran P, Yuzbashian E, Azizi F (2017) A systematic review of diet quality indices in relation to obesity. Br J Nutr 117:1055\u20131065. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0007114517000915","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"4115_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2022-0059","volume":"47","author":"SE Jarvis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jarvis SE, Nguyen M, Malik VS (2022) Association between adherence to plant-based dietary patterns and obesity risk: a systematic review of prospective cohort studies. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 47:1115\u20131133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/apnm-2022-0059","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"key":"4115_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31788-4","volume":"393","author":"W Willett","year":"2019","unstructured":"Willett W, Rockstr\u00f6m J, Loken B et al (2019) Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT\u2013Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems. Lancet 393:447\u2013492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31788-4","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4115_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-024-00890-0","volume":"21","author":"G Masip","year":"2024","unstructured":"Masip G, Nielsen DE (2024) Relationships between the Planetary Health Diet Index, its food groups, and polygenic risk of obesity in the CARTaGENE cohort. Nutr Metab 21:116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12986-024-00890-0","journal-title":"Nutr Metab"},{"key":"4115_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3691","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113691","volume":"13","author":"LT Cacau","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cacau LT, Bense\u00f1or IM, Goulart AC et al (2021) Adherence to the planetary health diet index and obesity indicators in the Brazilian longitudinal study of adult health (ELSA-Brasil). Nutrients 13:3691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13113691","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"4115_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab369","volume":"115","author":"A Stubbendorff","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stubbendorff A, Sonestedt E, Ramne S et al (2022) Development of an EAT-Lancet index and its relation to mortality in a Swedish population. Am J Clin Nutr 115:705\u2013716. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab369","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"4115_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.12.001","volume":"139","author":"R Vargas-Quesada","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vargas-Quesada R, Monge-Rojas R, Romero-Z\u00fa\u00f1iga JJ et al (2025) Adherence to the EAT-Lancet diet and its association with micronutrient intake in the urban population of eight Latin American countries. Nutr Res N Y N 139:136\u2013148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.12.001","journal-title":"Nutr Res N Y N"},{"key":"4115_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13707","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13707","volume":"25","author":"C Reger","year":"2024","unstructured":"Reger C, Leitzmann MF, Rohrmann S et al (2024) Sustainable diets and risk of overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev Off J Int Assoc Study Obes 25:e13707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/obr.13707","journal-title":"Obes Rev Off J Int Assoc Study Obes"},{"key":"4115_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.138739","volume":"446","author":"H Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu H, Guo X, Jiang K et al (2024) Dietary polyphenols regulate appetite mechanism via gut-brain axis and gut homeostasis. Food Chem 446:138739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.138739","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"4115_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3139","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2130160","volume":"64","author":"M Akhlaghi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Akhlaghi M (2024) The role of dietary fibers in regulating appetite, an overview of mechanisms and weight consequences. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 64:3139\u20133150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10408398.2022.2130160","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"4115_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnmrs.2014.09.001","volume":"83","author":"L Brennan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brennan L (2014) NMR-based metabolomics: From sample preparation to applications in nutrition research. Prog Nucl Magn Reson Spectrosc 83:42\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pnmrs.2014.09.001","journal-title":"Prog Nucl Magn Reson Spectrosc"},{"key":"4115_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13596","volume":"293","author":"S Noerman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Noerman S, Landberg R (2023) Blood metabolite profiles linking dietary patterns with health\u2014Toward precision nutrition. J Intern Med 293:408\u2013432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joim.13596","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"4115_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11050317","volume":"11","author":"C Papandreou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Papandreou C, Garc\u00eda-Gavil\u00e1n J, Camacho-Barcia L et al (2021) Circulating metabolites associated with body fat and lean mass in adults with overweight\/obesity. Metabolites 11:317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo11050317","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"4115_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1002\/osp4.63","volume":"2","author":"H Zhao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhao H, Shen J, Djukovic D et al (2016) Metabolomics-identified metabolites associated with body mass index and prospective weight gain among Mexican American women. Obes Sci Pract 2:309\u2013317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/osp4.63","journal-title":"Obes Sci Pract"},{"key":"4115_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-023-01281-w","volume":"47","author":"V-P M\u00e4kinen","year":"2023","unstructured":"M\u00e4kinen V-P, Kettunen J, Lehtim\u00e4ki T et al (2023) Longitudinal metabolomics of increasing body-mass index and waist-hip ratio reveals two dynamic patterns of obesity pandemic. Int J Obes 2005 47:453\u2013462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41366-023-01281-w","journal-title":"Int J Obes 2005"},{"key":"4115_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23720","volume":"31","author":"L Pan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pan L, Shi K, Lv J et al (2023) Association of dietary patterns, circulating lipid profile, and risk of obesity. Obesity 31:1445\u20131454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/oby.23720","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"4115_CR22","unstructured":"Heistaro S (2008) Methodology report: Health 2000 survey. National Public health Institute, B26\/2008, Helsinki, Finland. https:\/\/urn.fi\/URN:NBN:fi-fe201204193320. Accessed 19 Feb 2025"},{"key":"4115_CR23","unstructured":"Lundqvist A, M\u00e4ki-Opas T (2016) Health 2011 Survey - Methods. National Institute for Health and Welfare 8\/2016, Helsinki, Finland https:\/\/urn.fi\/URN:ISBN:978-952-302-669-8. Accessed 19 Feb 2025"},{"key":"4115_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2010.01.014","volume":"54","author":"H Konttinen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Konttinen H, M\u00e4nnist\u00f6 S, Sarlio-L\u00e4hteenkorva S et al (2010) Emotional eating, depressive symptoms and self-reported food consumption. A population-based study. Appetite 54:473\u2013479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2010.01.014","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"4115_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114518001344","volume":"120","author":"N Kanerva","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kanerva N, Harald K, M\u00e4nnist\u00f6 S et al (2018) Adherence to the healthy Nordic diet is associated with weight change during 7 years of follow-up. Br J Nutr 120:101\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0007114518001344","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"4115_CR26","volume-title":"Kansallinen FINRISKI 2012 -terveystutkimus - Osa I: Tutkimuksen toteutus ja menetelm\u00e4t","author":"K Borodulin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Borodulin K, Saarikoski L, Lund L et al (2013) Kansallinen FINRISKI 2012 -terveystutkimus - Osa I: Tutkimuksen toteutus ja menetelm\u00e4t, vol 22\/2013. Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. https:\/\/urn.fi\/URN:ISBN:978-952-302-053-5 Accessed 19 Feb 2025"},{"key":"4115_CR27","unstructured":"Borodulin K, S\u00e4\u00e4ksj\u00e4rvi K (2019) FinHealth 2017 Study \u2013 Methods. Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, 17\/2019, Helsinki, Finland. https:\/\/urn.fi\/URN:ISBN:978-952-343-449-3. Accessed 20 Feb 2025"},{"key":"4115_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(95)00551-x","volume":"49","author":"S M\u00e4nnist\u00f6","year":"1996","unstructured":"M\u00e4nnist\u00f6 S, Virtanen M, Mikkonen T, Pietinen P (1996) Reproducibility and validity of a food frequency questionnaire in a case-control study on breast cancer. J Clin Epidemiol 49:401\u2013409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0895-4356(95)00551-x","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"4115_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2006.01.002","volume":"59","author":"L Paalanen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Paalanen L, M\u00e4nnist\u00f6 S, Virtanen MJ et al (2006) Validity of a food frequency questionnaire varied by age and body mass index. J Clin Epidemiol 59:994\u20131001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2006.01.002","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"4115_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511004296","volume":"107","author":"NE Kaartinen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kaartinen NE, Tapanainen H, Valsta LM et al (2012) Relative validity of a FFQ in measuring carbohydrate fractions, dietary glycaemic index and load: exploring the effects of subject characteristics. Br J Nutr 107:1367\u20131375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0007114511004296","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"4115_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980010001096","volume":"13","author":"H Reinivuo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Reinivuo H, Hirvonen T, Ovaskainen M-L et al (2010) Dietary survey methodology of FINDIET 2007 with a risk assessment perspective. Public Health Nutr 13:915\u2013919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1368980010001096","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"4115_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29219\/fnr.v67.9107","author":"T Suikki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Suikki T, Maukonen M, Kaartinen NE et al (2023) Associations of EAT-Lancet planetary health diet or Finnish nutrition recommendations with changes in obesity measures: a follow-up study in adults. Food Nutr Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29219\/fnr.v67.9107","journal-title":"Food Nutr Res"},{"key":"4115_CR33","unstructured":"Tolonen H, Koponen P, Aromaa (2008) A Recommendations for the health examination surveys in Europe, B21\/2008. The National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland. https:\/\/urn.fi\/URN:ISBN:978-951-740-838-7"},{"key":"4115_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx239","volume":"47","author":"K Borodulin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Borodulin K, Tolonen H, Jousilahti P et al (2018) Cohort profile: the national FINRISK study. Int J Epidemiol 47:696\u2013696. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyx239","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"4115_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36231-7","volume":"14","author":"H Julkunen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Julkunen H, Cicho\u0144ska A, Tiainen M et al (2023) Atlas of plasma NMR biomarkers for health and disease in 118,461 individuals from the UK Biobank. Nat Commun 14:604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-023-36231-7","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"4115_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGENETICS.114.000216","volume":"8","author":"P Soininen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Soininen P, Kangas AJ, W\u00fcrtz P et al (2015) Quantitative serum nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics in cardiovascular epidemiology and genetics. Circ Cardiovasc Genet 8:192\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCGENETICS.114.000216","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Genet"},{"key":"4115_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx016","volume":"186","author":"P W\u00fcrtz","year":"2017","unstructured":"W\u00fcrtz P, Kangas AJ, Soininen P et al (2017) Quantitative serum nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics in large-scale epidemiology: a primer on -omic technologies. Am J Epidemiol 186:1084\u20131096. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwx016","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"4115_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1017\/S002966511900106X","volume":"79","author":"L Brennan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brennan L, Gibbons H (2020) Sex matters: a focus on the impact of biological sex on metabolomic profiles and dietary interventions. Proc Nutr Soc 79:205\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S002966511900106X","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"4115_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173","volume":"51","author":"RM Baron","year":"1986","unstructured":"Baron RM, Kenny DA (1986) The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J Pers Soc Psychol 51:1173\u20131182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"4115_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.3758\/brm.40.3.879","volume":"40","author":"KJ Preacher","year":"2008","unstructured":"Preacher KJ, Hayes AF (2008) Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behav Res Methods 40:879\u2013891. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/brm.40.3.879","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"4115_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031816-044628","volume":"39","author":"A Zajacova","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zajacova A, Lawrence EM (2018) The relationship between education and health: reducing disparities through a contextual approach. Annu Rev Public Health 39:273\u2013289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031816-044628","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"4115_CR42","unstructured":"Koponen P, Borodulin K, Lundqvist A et al (2018) Terveys, toimintakyky ja hyvinvointi Suomessa: FinTerveys 2017 -tutkimus. https:\/\/urn.fi\/URN:ISBN:978-952-343-105-8. Accessed 6 May 2025"},{"key":"4115_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bvae176","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvae176","volume":"8","author":"K Autret","year":"2024","unstructured":"Autret K, Bekelman TA (2024) Socioeconomic Status and Obesity. J Endocr Soc 8:bvae176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jendso\/bvae176","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"key":"4115_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8620","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26441-1","volume":"8","author":"T Akbaraly","year":"2018","unstructured":"Akbaraly T, W\u00fcrtz P, Singh-Manoux A et al (2018) Association of circulating metabolites with healthy diet and risk of cardiovascular disease: analysis of two cohort studies. Sci Rep 8:8620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-26441-1","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4115_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02653-1","volume":"20","author":"EY-W Yu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yu EY-W, Ren Z, Mehrkanoon S et al (2022) Plasma metabolomic profiling of dietary patterns associated with glucose metabolism status: the Maastricht study. BMC Med 20:450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-022-02653-1","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"4115_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000408","volume":"20","author":"EE Canfora","year":"2017","unstructured":"Canfora EE, Blaak EE (2017) Acetate: a diet-derived key metabolite in energy metabolism: good or bad in context of obesity and glucose homeostasis? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 20:477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000408","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"4115_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1897212","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1897212","volume":"13","author":"A Nogal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nogal A, Valdes AM, Menni C (2021) The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between gut microbiota and diet in cardio-metabolic health. Gut Microbes 13:1897212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19490976.2021.1897212","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"4115_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081943","volume":"11","author":"MA Gonz\u00e1lez Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez Hern\u00e1ndez MA, Canfora EE, Jocken JWE, Blaak EE (2019) The short-chain fatty acid acetate in body weight control and insulin sensitivity. Nutrients 11:1943. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu11081943","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"4115_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.14740\/jem.v0i0.943","volume":"14","author":"RJ Qasem","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qasem RJ, Aljada A (2024) Systemic acetate is a potential biomarker of metabolic health and therapeutic response: a pilot cross-sectional investigation. J Endocrinol Metab 14:166\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14740\/jem.v0i0.943","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"4115_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.10.005","volume":"41","author":"F Rosqvist","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rosqvist F, Frid\u00e9n M, Vessby J et al (2022) Circulating fatty acids from high-throughput metabolomics platforms as potential biomarkers of dietary fatty acids. Clin Nutr 41:2637\u20132643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.10.005","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"4115_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxy183","volume":"148","author":"X Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu X, Li Y, Tobias DK et al (2018) Changes in types of dietary fats influence long-term weight change in US women and men. J Nutr 148:1821\u20131829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/nxy183","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"4115_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6207","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2019-00160","volume":"104","author":"F Rosqvist","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rosqvist F, Kullberg J, St\u00e5hlman M et al (2019) Overeating saturated fat promotes fatty liver and ceramides compared with polyunsaturated fat: a randomized trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 104:6207\u20136219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2019-00160","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"4115_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-0071","volume":"41","author":"PK Luukkonen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Luukkonen PK, S\u00e4devirta S, Zhou Y et al (2018) Saturated fat is more metabolically harmful for the human liver than unsaturated fat or simple sugars. Diabetes Care 41:1732\u20131739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc18-0071","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4115_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2018.02.012","volume":"58","author":"K Albracht-Schulte","year":"2018","unstructured":"Albracht-Schulte K, Kalupahana NS, Ramalingam L et al (2018) Omega-3 fatty acids in obesity and metabolic syndrome: a mechanistic update. J Nutr Biochem 58:1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2018.02.012","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"4115_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-1622","volume":"63","author":"F Rosqvist","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rosqvist F, Iggman D, Kullberg J et al (2014) Overfeeding polyunsaturated and saturated fat causes distinct effects on liver and visceral fat accumulation in humans. Diabetes 63:2356\u20132368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db13-1622","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"4115_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.08.013","volume":"42","author":"M Frid\u00e9n","year":"2023","unstructured":"Frid\u00e9n M, Mora AM, Lind L et al (2023) Diet composition, nutrient substitutions and circulating fatty acids in relation to ectopic and visceral fat depots. Clin Nutr Edinb Scotl 42:1922\u20131931. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.08.013","journal-title":"Clin Nutr Edinb Scotl"},{"key":"4115_CR57","volume-title":"Biochemistry, Essential Amino Acids","author":"MJ Lopez","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lopez MJ, Mohiuddin SS (2025) Biochemistry, Essential Amino Acids. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL)"},{"key":"4115_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622391","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.622391","volume":"7","author":"M Rondanelli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rondanelli M, Nichetti M, Peroni G et al (2021) Where to find leucine in food and how to feed elderly with sarcopenia in order to counteract loss of muscle mass: practical advice. Front Nutr 7:622391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2020.622391","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"4115_CR59","unstructured":"Valsta L, Kaartinen N, Tapanainen H et al (2018) Ravitsemus Suomessa \u2013 FinRavinto 2017 -tutkimus. Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, 12\/2018, Helsinki, Finland. https:\/\/urn.fi\/URN:ISBN:978-952-343-238-3. Accessed 15 May 2025"},{"key":"4115_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-021-02790-y","volume":"61","author":"S Dietrich","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dietrich S, Trefflich I, Ueland PM et al (2022) Amino acid intake and plasma concentrations and their interplay with gut microbiota in vegans and omnivores in Germany. Eur J Nutr 61:2103\u20132114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00394-021-02790-y","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"4115_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-013-1493-1","volume":"45","author":"W Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang W, Wu Z, Dai Z, Yang Y, Wang J, Wu G (2013) Glycine metabolism in animals and humans: implications for nutrition and health. Amino Acids 45:463\u2013477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00726-013-1493-1","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"4115_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carter MM, Zeng X, Ward CP et al (2025) A gut pathobiont regulates circulating glycine and host metabolism in a twin study comparing vegan and omnivorous diets. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.01.08.25320192","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.01.08.25320192"},{"key":"4115_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.128520","volume":"141","author":"L Qin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Qin L, Xun P, Bujnowski D et al (2011) Higher branched-chain amino acid intake is associated with a lower prevalence of being overweight or obese in middle-aged east Asian and western adults12. J Nutr 141:249\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/jn.110.128520","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"4115_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061788","volume":"12","author":"PCE Fitzgerald","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fitzgerald PCE, Manoliu B, Herbillon B et al (2020) Effects of L-Phenylalanine on Energy Intake and Glycaemia\u2014Impacts on Appetite Perceptions, Gastrointestinal Hormones and Gastric Emptying in Healthy Males. Nutrients 12:1788. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12061788","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"4115_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101393","volume":"57","author":"F Xiao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xiao F, Guo F (2022) Impacts of essential amino acids on energy balance. Mol Metab 57:101393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101393","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"4115_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-024-01263-6","volume":"56","author":"BH Choi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Choi BH, Hyun S, Koo S-H (2024) The role of BCAA metabolism in metabolic health and disease. Exp Mol Med 56:1552\u20131559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s12276-024-01263-6","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"4115_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418681","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/418681","volume":"2015","author":"N Mohorko","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mohorko N, Petelin A, Jurdana M et al (2015) Elevated serum levels of cysteine and tyrosine: early biomarkers in asymptomatic adults at increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome. BioMed Res Int 2015:418681. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/418681","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"4115_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2015.09.022","volume":"116","author":"S Tyrovolas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tyrovolas S, Koyanagi A, Stickley A, Haro JM (2016) Weight perception, satisfaction, control, and low energy dietary reporting in the US adult population: results from the national health and nutrition examination survey 2007\u20132012. J Acad Nutr Diet 116:579\u2013589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jand.2015.09.022","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"issue":"3","key":"4115_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e233","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(23)00006-2","volume":"7","author":"T Beal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Beal T, Ortenzi F, Fanzo J (2023) Estimated micronutrient shortfalls of the EAT\u2013Lancet planetary health diet. Lancet Planet Health 7(3):e233\u2013e237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2542-5196(23)00006-2","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"4115_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e544","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(23)00129-8","volume":"7","author":"M Springmann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Springmann M (2023) Eating a nutritionally adequate diet is possible without wrecking long-term health, the planet, or the pocket. Lancet Planet Health 7(7):e544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2542-5196(23)00129-8","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"4115_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e545","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(23)00130-4","volume":"7","author":"T Beal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Beal T, Ortzenzi F (2023) Eating a nutritionally adequate diet is possible without wrecking long-term health, the planet, or the pocket\u2013authors\u2019 reply. Lancet Planet Health 7(7):e545. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2542-5196(23)00130-4","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"4115_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2023.03.029","volume":"117","author":"F Berthy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Berthy F, Brunin J, All\u00e9s B et al (2023) Higher adherence to the EAT-Lancet reference diet is associated with higher nutrient adequacy in the NutriNet-Sant\u00e9 cohort: a cross-sectional study. Am J Clin Nutr 117(6):1174\u20131185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2023.03.029","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"4115_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1800384","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201800384","volume":"63","author":"MM Ulaszewska","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ulaszewska MM, Weinert CH, Trimigno A et al (2019) Nutrimetabolomics: an integrative action for metabolomic analyses in human nutritional studies. Mol Nutr Food Res 63:1800384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mnfr.201800384","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"4115_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-021-01491-z","volume":"20","author":"AL Cunningham","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cunningham AL, Stephens JW, Harris DA (2021) A review on gut microbiota: a central factor in the pathophysiology of obesity. Lipids Health Dis 20:65. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12944-021-01491-z","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00394-026-04115-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00394-026-04115-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00394-026-04115-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:11:23Z","timestamp":1791378683000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00394-026-04115-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4115"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00394-026-04115-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1436-6207","1436-6215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1436-6207","type":"print"},{"value":"1436-6215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest. All authors have contributed revising the manuscript and approved the final version and are alone responsible for the content.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All studies were conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. The research protocols were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa (Health 2000: 407\/E3\/2000, Health 2011: 45\/13\/03\/00\/11, DILGOM2007: 229\/EO\/2006, DILGOM 2014: 332\/13\/03\/00\/13, FINRISK 2012: 162\/13\/03\/11, FinHealth 2017: 37\/13\/03\/00\/2016). All participants signed written informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"269"}}