{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T20:35:59Z","timestamp":1770669359904,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Legal Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-025-03454-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T08:21:30Z","timestamp":1740644490000},"page":"1707-1719","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Bone age and dental age to assess criminal responsibility: Part II"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9164-7189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiana","family":"Palmela Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Salvado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"3454_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330350309","volume":"35","author":"M Anderson","year":"1971","unstructured":"Anderson M (1971) Use of the Greulich-Pyle \u201cAtlas of skeletal development of the hand and wrist\u201d in a clinical context. Am J Phys Anthropol 35:347\u2013352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.1330350309","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"3454_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-010-0448-2","volume":"124","author":"M Kellinghaus","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kellinghaus M, Schulz R, Vieth V, Schmidt S, Pfeiffer H, Schmeling A (2010) Enhanced possibilities to make statements on the ossification status of the medial clavicular epiphysis using an amplifed staging scheme in evaluating thin-slice CT scans. Int J Legal Med 124:321\u2013325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-010-0448-2","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3454_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s004149900102","volume":"113","author":"A Schmeling","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schmeling A, Reisinger W, Loreck D, Vendura K, Markus W, Geserick G (2000) Efects of ethnicity on skeletal maturation: consequences for forensic age estimations. Int J Legal Med 113:253\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s004149900102","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3454_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-003-0404-5","volume":"118","author":"A Schmeling","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schmeling A, Schulz R, Reisinger W, Muhler M, Wernecke KD, Geserick G (2004) Studies on the time frame for ossifcation of the medial clavicular epiphyseal cartilage in conventional radiography. Int J Legal Med 118:5\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-003-0404-5","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3454_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0000000000000472","volume":"40","author":"V Santoro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Santoro V, Marini C, Fuzio G, Introna F, De Donno A (2019) A comparison of 3 established skeletal age estimation methods in an African group from benin and an italian group from Southern Italy. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 40(2):125\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PAF.0000000000000472","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"3454_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dembetembe KA, Morris AG (2012) Is Greulich-Pyle age estimation applicable for determining maturation in male Africans? S Afr J Sci 108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/sajs.v108i9\/10.1036","DOI":"10.4102\/sajs.v108i9\/10.1036"},{"key":"3454_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2147\/RRFMS.S75140","volume":"5","author":"D Franklin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Franklin D, Flavel A, Noble J, Swift L, Karkhanis S (2015) Forensic age estimation in living individuals: methodological consideration in the context of medico-legal practice. Res Rep Forensic Med Sci 5:53\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/RRFMS.S75140","journal-title":"Res Rep Forensic Med Sci"},{"key":"3454_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13061042","volume":"13","author":"L Martrille","year":"2023","unstructured":"Martrille L, Papadodima S, Venegoni C, Molinari N, Gibelli D, Baccino E, Cattaneo C (2023) Age estimation in 0\u20138-Year-Old children in France: comparison of one skeletal and five dental methods. Diagnostics 13:1042. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics13061042","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"3454_CR9","unstructured":"C\u00d3DIGO PENAL \u2014 aprovado pelo Decreto-Lei n.\u00ba 400\/82, de 23 de setembro, revisto e publicado pelo Decreto-Lei n.\u00ba 48\/95, de 15 de mar\u00e7o, atualizado at\u00e9 \u00e0 Lei n.\u00ba 4\/2024, de 15 de janeiro."},{"key":"3454_CR10","unstructured":"Decreto Lei n\u00ba 166 de 14 de setembro (1999) Di\u00e1rio da Rep\u00fablica: I-A S\u00e9rie, No 215."},{"key":"3454_CR11","volume-title":"Principles of biomedical ethics","author":"TL Beauchamp","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beauchamp TL, Childress JF (2019) Principles of biomedical ethics, 8th edn. Oxford University Press, New York","edition":"8"},{"issue":"1","key":"3454_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15607","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-19944-5","volume":"12","author":"V Marconi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marconi V, Iommi M, Monachesi C, Faragalli A, Skrami E, Gesuita R, Ferrante L, Carle F (2022) Validity of age estimation methods and reproducibility of bone\/dental maturity indices for chronological age estimation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of validation studies. Sci Rep 12(1):15607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-19944-5","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3454_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110689","volume":"320","author":"M Cummaudo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cummaudo M, De Angelis D, Magli F, Min\u00e0 G, Merelli V, Cattaneo C (2021) Age estimation in the living: a scoping review of population data for skeletal and dental methods. Forensic Sci Int 320:110689. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110689","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"3454_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.15644\/asc57\/1\/1","volume":"57","author":"\u00d6\u00c7 G\u00fcler","year":"2023","unstructured":"G\u00fcler \u00d6\u00c7, Deniz Y, Arslan S (2023) Comparison of dental and skeletal age estimating methods in children. Acta Stomatol Croat 57(1):2\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15644\/asc57\/1\/1","journal-title":"Acta Stomatol Croat"},{"issue":"2","key":"3454_CR15","first-page":"109","volume":"35","author":"SI Kvaal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kvaal SI, Haugen M (2017) Comparisons between skeletal and dental age assessment in unaccompanied asylum seeking children. J Forensic Odontostomatol 35(2):109\u2013116","journal-title":"J Forensic Odontostomatol"},{"key":"3454_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greulich WW, Pyle SI (1959) Radiographic atlas of skeletal development of the hand and Wrist, 2nd edn. Stanford University Press","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-195909000-00030"},{"key":"3454_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.02.030","volume":"238","author":"V Pinchi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pinchi V, De Luca F, Ricciardi F, Focardi M, Piredda V, Mazzeo E, Norelli GA (2014) Skeletal age estimation for forensic purposes: a comparison of GP, TW2 and TW3 methods on an Italian sample. Forensic Sci Int 238:83\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.02.030","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"3454_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-02383-4","volume":"20","author":"YV Faustino-da-Silva","year":"2020","unstructured":"Faustino-da-Silva YV, Martinho DV, Coelho-E-Silva MJ, Valente-Dos-Santos J, Conde J, Oliveira TG, Ronque ERV, Agostinete RR, Fernandes RA, Sherar LB (2020) Reproducibility and inter-observer agreement of Greulich-Pyle protocol to estimate skeletal age among female adolescent soccer players. BMC Pediatr 20(1):494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-020-02383-4","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"3454_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110654","volume":"319","author":"T Widek","year":"2021","unstructured":"Widek T, Genet P, Ehammer T, Schwark T, Urschler M, Scheurer E (2021) Bone age estimation with the Greulich-Pyle atlas using 3T MR images of hand and wrist. Forensic Sci Int 319:110654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110654","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"3454_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ranjan V, Priya P, Shankar N, Maiti SB (2020) Comparative study of Demirjian and Cameriere methods for dental age estimation of children aged 5\u201313 year in Delhi-NCR Region. Int J Adv Res 8:722\u201330.","DOI":"10.21474\/IJAR01\/10354"},{"key":"3454_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.09.005","volume":"60","author":"AC Anast\u00e1cio","year":"2018","unstructured":"Anast\u00e1cio AC, Serras C, de Sousa V, Santos RF, Palmela Pereira C (2018) Validation of Cameriere\u2019s medical-legal age estimation method using seconds premolars in a Portuguese population. J Forensic Leg Med 60:30\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.09.005","journal-title":"J Forensic Leg Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"3454_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345630420062701","volume":"42","author":"CFA Moorrees","year":"1963","unstructured":"Moorrees CFA, Fanning EA, Hunt EE (1963) Age variation of formation stages for permanent teeth. J Dent Res 42(6):1490\u20131502","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"3454_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-008-0254-2","volume":"122","author":"A Schmeling","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schmeling A, Grundmann C, Fuhrmann A, Kaatsch HJ, Knell B, Ramsthaler F, Reisinger W, Riepert T, Ritz-Timme S, R\u00f6sing FW, R\u00f6tzscher K, Geserick G (2008) Criteria for age estimation in living individuals. Int J Legal Med 122(6):457\u2013460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-008-0254-2","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3454_CR24","unstructured":"National Ethics Committee for Clinical Research (2018) Clinical Trials Regulation and General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). CEIC, Portugal, pp 1\u201314"},{"issue":"4","key":"3454_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-024-03216-0","volume":"138","author":"CP Pereira","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pereira CP, Rodrigues A, Augusto D, Santos A, Nushi V, Santos R (2024) Dental age assessment and dental scoring systems: combined different statistical methods. Int J Legal Med 138(4):1533\u20131557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03216-0","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3454_CR26","unstructured":"Rodrigues A, Nushi V, Santos R, Salvado F, Pereira CP (2023) Dental age assessment by Portuguese scoring systems tables. Trienial I.O.F.O.S. Congress of Forensic Odonto-Stomatology, Dubrovnik"},{"issue":"5","key":"3454_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1037\/h0028106","volume":"72","author":"JL Fleiss","year":"1969","unstructured":"Fleiss JL, Cohen J, Everitt BS (1969) Large sample standard errors of kappa and weighted kappa. Psychol Bull 72(5):323\u2013327","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"3454_CR28","unstructured":"Cross CL, Daniel WW (2018) Biostatistics: a foundation for analysis in the health sciences, 11th edn. Wiley"},{"issue":"2","key":"3454_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.57805\/revstat.v17i2.266","volume":"17","author":"R Santos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Santos R, Martins JP, Felgueiras M, Ferreira L (2019) Accuracy measures for binary classification based on a quantitative variable. Spec Issue Biom, REVSTAT - Stat J 17(2):223\u2013244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57805\/revstat.v17i2.266","journal-title":"Spec Issue Biom, REVSTAT - Stat J"},{"issue":"24","key":"3454_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2024.07.008","volume":"S0025\u20137753","author":"AJ Streeter","year":"2024","unstructured":"Streeter AJ, Schmeling A, Karch A (2024) How certainty is certain enough? Challenges in the statistical methodology for forensic age assessment of living individuals. Med Clin (Barc) S0025\u20137753(24):00479\u201300482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medcli.2024.07.008","journal-title":"Med Clin (Barc)"},{"key":"3454_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2016.04.009","volume":"20","author":"V Pinchi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pinchi V, De Luca F, Focardi M, Pradella F, Vitale G, Ricciardi F, Norelli GA (2016) Combining dental and skeletal evidence in age classification: pilot study in a sample of Italian sub-adults. Leg Med (Tokyo) 20:75\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.legalmed.2016.04.009","journal-title":"Leg Med (Tokyo)"},{"issue":"3","key":"3454_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-013-0845-4","volume":"127","author":"S Schmidt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schmidt S, Nitz I, Ribbecke S, Schulz R, Pfeiffer H, Schmeling A (2013) Skeletal age determination of the hand: a comparison of methods. Int J Legal Med 127(3):691\u2013698. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-013-0845-4","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3454_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1137960","volume":"11","author":"KM Nang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nang KM, Ismail AJ, Tangaperumal A, Wynn AA, Thein TT, Hayati F, Teh YG (2023) Forensic age estimation in living children: how accurate is the Greulich-Pyle method in Sabah, East Malaysia? Front Pediatr 11:1137960. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2023.1137960","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"3454_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-024-03324-x","volume":"139","author":"N Heldring","year":"2025","unstructured":"Heldring N, Rezaie AR, Larsson A, Gahn R, Zilg B, Camilleri S, Saade A, Wesp P, Palm E, Kvist O (2025) A probability model for estimating age in young individuals relative to key legal thresholds: 15, 18 or 21-year. Int J Legal Med 139(1):197\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-024-03324-x","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"3454_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"European Asylum Support Office (EASO) (2018) EASO practical guide on age assessment. 2nd ednhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.2847\/292263.","DOI":"10.2847\/292263"},{"key":"3454_CR36","unstructured":"Decreto Lei n\u00ba 147\/99 de 1 de Setembro. Di\u00e1rio da Rep\u00fablica n\u00ba204\/1999 \u2013 I S\u00e9rie A. Assembleia da Rep\u00fablica. Lisboa"},{"issue":"1","key":"3454_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2012.02294.x","volume":"58","author":"L Hackman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hackman L, Black S (2013) The reliability of the Greulich and Pyle atlas when applied to a modern Scottish population. J Forensic Sci 58(1):114\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2012.02294.x","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"3454_CR38","first-page":"27","volume":"41","author":"NN AlOtaibi","year":"2023","unstructured":"AlOtaibi NN, AlQahtani SJ (2023) Performance of different dental age estimation methods on Saudi children. J Forensic Odontostomatol 41(1):27\u201346","journal-title":"J Forensic Odontostomatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3454_CR39","first-page":"20","volume":"27","author":"VM Phillips","year":"2009","unstructured":"Phillips VM, Van Wyk Kotze TJ (2009) Testing standard methods of dental age estimation by moorrees, fanning and hunt and demirjian, goldstein and tanner on three south african children samples. J Forensic Odontostomatol 27(2):20\u201328","journal-title":"J Forensic Odontostomatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3454_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13689","volume":"63","author":"K Sullivan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sullivan K, Smith T, Knight J (2018) A comparison of two dental age estimation techniques in contemporary American whites: the Moorrees and Demirjian approaches. J Forensic Sci 63(4):1235\u20131240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.13689","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"3454_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.14613","volume":"66","author":"JA Garcia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garcia JA, Martin-De-Las-Heras S et al (2021) Ethical considerations in age estimation of unaccompanied minors: the best interests of the child. J Forensic Sci 66(2):444\u2013450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.14613","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"3454_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12914-022-00312-9","volume":"22","author":"MT Turk","year":"2022","unstructured":"Turk MT, Morgan JP (2022) Forensic age estimation in humanitarian settings: ensuring the best interest of the child. BMC Int Health Hum Rights 22(1):12\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12914-022-00312-9","journal-title":"BMC Int Health Hum Rights"},{"issue":"4","key":"3454_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0044","volume":"113","author":"A Schmeling","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schmeling A, Dettmeyer R, Rudolf E, Vieth V, Geserick G (2016) Forensic age estimation. Dtsch Arztebl Int J 113(4):44\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0044","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int J"},{"key":"3454_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-005-0007-4","volume":"120","author":"A Schmeling","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schmeling A, Schulz R, Danner B, Rosing FW (2006) The impact of economic progress and modernization in medicine on the ossification of hand and wrist. Int J Legal Med 120:121\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-005-0007-4","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3454_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scijus.2020.09.004","volume":"61","author":"E Sironi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sironi E, Gittelson S, Bozza S, Taroni F (2021) Minor or adult? Introducing decision analysis in forensic age estimation. Sci Justice 61(1):47\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scijus.2020.09.004","journal-title":"Sci Justice"},{"issue":"3","key":"3454_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-021-02749-y","volume":"136","author":"P Mostad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mostad P, Schmeling A, Tamsen F (2022) Mathematically optimal decisions in forensic age assessment. Int J Legal Med 136(3):765\u2013776. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-021-02749-y","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-025-03454-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00414-025-03454-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00414-025-03454-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T04:04:31Z","timestamp":1750046671000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00414-025-03454-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["3454"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-025-03454-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0937-9827","1437-1596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0937-9827","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-1596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 February 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 February 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved (reference number 218\/23) and performed in accordance with the ethical standards specified by Ethics Committee of Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human ethics and consent to participate declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. No informed consent was obtained since this was a retrospective study based on anonymized clinical records.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial number"}},{"value":"All authors have participated in this study and declare no conflict\u00a0of\u00a0interest.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}