{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T09:02:53Z","timestamp":1776934973009,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,7]],"date-time":"2015-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1428364800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-015-7721-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,6]],"date-time":"2015-04-06T00:00:26Z","timestamp":1428278426000},"page":"1424-1432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Dissociated lower limb muscle involvement in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"262","author":[{"given":"Neil G.","family":"Simon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jong Seok","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eneida","family":"Mioshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cindy S.-Y.","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Casey M.","family":"Pfluger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Robert D.","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Vucic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Swash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David","family":"Burke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Matthew C.","family":"Kiernan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"7721_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181b6bbbd","volume":"73","author":"JM Ravits","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ravits JM, La Spada AR (2009) ALS motor phenotype heterogeneity, focality, and spread: deconstructing motor neuron degeneration. Neurology 73(10):805\u2013811","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"7721_CR2","author":"NG Simon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Simon NG, Lomen-Hoerth C, Kiernan MC (2014) Patterns of clinical and electrodiagnostic abnormalities in early amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muscle Nerve. doi: 10.1002\/mus.24244","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"7721_CR3","author":"MS Devine","year":"2014","unstructured":"Devine MS, Kiernan MC, Heggie S, McCombe PA, Henderson RD (2014) Study of motor asymmetry in ALS indicates an effect of limb dominance on onset and spread of weakness, and an important role for upper motor neurons. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degen. doi: 10.3109\/21678421.2014.906617","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degen"},{"key":"7721_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(200001)23:1<138::AID-MUS22>3.0.CO;2-7","volume":"23","author":"AJ Wilbourn","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wilbourn AJ (2000) The split hand syndrome. Muscle Nerve 23:138","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"7","key":"7721_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199907)22:7<870::AID-MUS9>3.0.CO;2-O","volume":"22","author":"S Kuwabara","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kuwabara S, Mizobuchi K, Ogawara K, Hattori T (1999) Dissociated small hand muscle involvement in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis detected by motor unit number estimates. Muscle Nerve 22(7):870\u2013873","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"3","key":"7721_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00229889","volume":"89","author":"B Brouwer","year":"1992","unstructured":"Brouwer B, Ashby P (1992) Corticospinal projections to lower limb motoneurons in man. Exp Brain Res 89(3):649\u2013654","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"19","key":"7721_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000260965.20021.47","volume":"68","author":"J Ravits","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ravits J, Paul P, Jorg C (2007) Focality of upper and lower motor neuron degeneration at the clinical onset of ALS. Neurology 68(19):1571\u20131575","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"7721_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.3109\/17482960903420140","volume":"11","author":"MR Turner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Turner MR, Brockington A, Scaber J, Hollinger H, Marsden R, Shaw PJ et al (2010) Pattern of spread and prognosis in lower limb-onset ALS. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 11(4):369\u2013373","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler."},{"issue":"4 Suppl 2","key":"7721_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.4_Suppl_2.71S","volume":"47","author":"BR Brooks","year":"1996","unstructured":"Brooks BR (1996) Natural history of ALS: symptoms, strength, pulmonary function, and disability. Neurology 47(4 Suppl 2):S71\u2013S81","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"7721_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.09.143","volume":"119","author":"M Carvalho de","year":"2008","unstructured":"de Carvalho M, Dengler R, Eisen A, England JD, Kaji R, Kimura J et al (2008) Electrodiagnostic criteria for diagnosis of ALS. Clin Neurophysiol 119(3):497\u2013503","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"7721_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(99)00210-5","volume":"169","author":"JM Cedarbaum","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cedarbaum JM, Stambler N, Malta E, Fuller C, Hilt D, Thurmond B et al (1999) The ALSFRS-R: a revised ALS functional rating scale that incorporates assessments of respiratory function. BDNF ALS Study Group (Phase III). J Neurol Sci 169(1\u20132):13\u201321","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"7721_CR12","volume-title":"Aid to the examination of the peripheral nervous system","author":"Medical Research Council","year":"1976","unstructured":"Medical Research Council (1976) Aid to the examination of the peripheral nervous system. Her Majesty\u2019s Stationary Office, London"},{"key":"7721_CR13","author":"NG Simon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Simon NG, Lin CS-Y, Lee M, Howells J, Vucic S, Burke D et al (2014) Segmental motoneuronal dysfunction is a feature of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Clin Neurophysiol. doi: 10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.07.029","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"7721_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.026526","volume":"545","author":"CS Lin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lin CS, Chan JH, Pierrot-Deseilligny E, Burke D (2002) Excitability of human muscle afferents studied using threshold tracking of the H reflex. J Physiol 545(Pt 2):661\u2013669","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"7721_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20838","volume":"36","author":"JH Blok","year":"2007","unstructured":"Blok JH, Ruitenberg A, Maathuis EM, Visser GH (2007) The electrophysiological muscle scan. Muscle Nerve 36(4):436\u2013446","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"4","key":"7721_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2006.00577.x","volume":"62","author":"PG Ridall","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ridall PG, Pettitt AN, Henderson RD, McCombe PA (2006) Motor unit number estimation\u2014a Bayesian approach. Biometrics 62(4):1235\u20131250","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"7721_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20805","volume":"36","author":"RD Henderson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Henderson RD, Ridall PG, Hutchinson NM, Pettitt AN, McCombe PA (2007) Bayesian statistical MUNE method. Muscle Nerve 36(2):206\u2013213","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"2","key":"7721_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00697.2007","volume":"104","author":"CI Morse","year":"2008","unstructured":"Morse CI, Tolfrey K, Thom JM, Vassilopoulos V, Maganaris CN, Narici MV (2008) Gastrocnemius muscle specific force in boys and men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 104(2):469\u2013474","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"7721_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60944-1","volume":"369","author":"JD Mitchell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mitchell JD, Borasio GD (2007) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lancet 369:2031\u20132041","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"7721_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/74.4.443","volume":"74","author":"TE Twitchell","year":"1951","unstructured":"Twitchell TE (1951) The restoration of motor function following hemiplegia in man. Brain 74(4):443\u2013480","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"7721_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.149393","volume":"8","author":"JD Stewart","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stewart JD (2008) Foot drop: where, why and what to do? Pract Neurol 8:158\u2013169","journal-title":"Pract Neurol"},{"key":"7721_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/75.8.694","volume":"75","author":"BR Lunsford","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lunsford BR, Perry J (1995) The standing heel-rise test for ankle plantar flexion: criterion for nornal. Phys Ther 75:694\u2013698","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"7721_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.5.773","volume":"59","author":"N Scarmeas","year":"2002","unstructured":"Scarmeas N, Shih T, Stern Y, Ottman R, Rowland LP (2002) Premorbid weight, body mass, and varsity athletics in ALS. Neurology 59:773\u2013775","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"14","key":"7721_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2005.08.017","volume":"39","author":"MQ Liu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Liu MQ, Anderson FC, Pandy MG, Delp SL (2006) Muscles that support the body also modulate forward progression during walking. J Biomech 39(14):2623\u20132630","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"7721_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-005-0215-7","volume":"170","author":"G Courtine","year":"2006","unstructured":"Courtine G, Papaxanthis C, Schiepatti M (2006) Coordinated modulation of locomotor muscle synergies constructs straight ahead and curvilinear walking in humans. Exp Brain Res 170:320\u2013335","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"7721_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2011-301456","volume":"83","author":"A Eisen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Eisen A, Kuwabara S (2012) The split hand syndrome in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 83(4):399\u2013403","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"7721_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880150215","volume":"15","author":"A Eisen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Eisen A, Kim S, Pant B (1992) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): a phylogenetic disease of the corticomotoneuron? Muscle Nerve 15:219\u2013224","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"7721_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(00)00430-5","volume":"180","author":"M Weber","year":"2000","unstructured":"Weber M, Eisen A, Stewart H, Hirota N (2000) The split hand in ALS has a cortical basis. J Neurol Sci 180:66\u201370","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"7721_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2006.01477.x","volume":"13","author":"NC Voermans","year":"2006","unstructured":"Voermans NC, Schelhaas HJ, Munneke M, Zwarts MJ (2006) Dissociated small hand muscle atrophy in aging: the \u2018senile hand\u2019 is a split hand. Eur J Neurol 13:1381\u20131384","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"7721_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21107","volume":"39","author":"JS Bae","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bae JS, Sawai S, Misawa S, Kanai K, Isose S, Kuwabara S (2009) Differences in excitability properties of FDI and ADM motor axons. Muscle Nerve 39(3):350\u2013354","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"7721_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2013.00033","volume":"7","author":"HM Hudson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hudson HM, Griffin DM, Belhaj-Saif A, Cheney PD (2013) Cortical output to fast and slow muscles of the ankle in the rhesus macaque. Front Neural Circuit 7:33","journal-title":"Front Neural Circuit"},{"issue":"6","key":"7721_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(90)90002-2","volume":"76","author":"B Brouwer","year":"1990","unstructured":"Brouwer B, Ashby P (1990) Corticospinal projections to upper and lower limb spinal motoneurons in man. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurol. 76(6):509\u2013519","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurol."},{"issue":"6","key":"7721_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(94)90148-1","volume":"93","author":"J Valls-Sole","year":"1994","unstructured":"Valls-Sole J, Alvarez R, Tolosa ES (1994) Responses of the soleus muscle to transcranial magnetic stimulation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurol 93(6):421\u2013427","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"7721_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3109\/21678421.2012.734521","volume":"14","author":"P Menon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Menon P, Bae JS, Mioshi E, Kiernan MC, Vucic S (2013) Split-hand plus sign in ALS: differential involvement of the flexor pollicis longus and intrinsic hand muscles. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degen 14(4):315\u2013318","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degen"},{"issue":"541","key":"7721_CR35","first-page":"150","volume":"29","author":"JS Bae","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bae JS, Menon P, Mioshi E, Kiernan MC, Vucic S (2013) Cortical excitability differences between flexor pollicis longus and APB. Neurosci Lett 29(541):150\u2013154","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"7721_CR36","first-page":"250","volume":"15","author":"JS Bae","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bae JS, Menon P, Mioshi E, Kiernan MC, Vucic S (2014) Cortical hyperexcitability and the split-hand plus phenomenon: pathophysiological insights in ALS. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degen 15(3\u20134):250\u2013256","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degen"},{"issue":"6","key":"7721_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.24072","volume":"49","author":"P Menon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Menon P, Kiernan MC, Vucic S (2014) Cortical excitability differences in hand muscles follow a split-hand pattern in healthy controls. Muscle Nerve 49(6):836\u2013844","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"1","key":"7721_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e87124","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087124","volume":"9","author":"P Menon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Menon P, Kiernan MC, Vucic S (2014) Cortical dysfunction underlies the development of the split-hand in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PLoS One 9(1):e87124","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"7721_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3109\/17482968.2011.636050","volume":"13","author":"MR Turner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Turner MR, Kiernan MC (2012) Does interneuronal dysfunction contribute to neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? Amyotroph Lateral Scler 13(3):245\u2013250","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler"},{"issue":"6","key":"7721_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-302315","volume":"83","author":"M Swash","year":"2012","unstructured":"Swash M (2012) Why are upper motor neuron signs difficult to elicit in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 83(6):659\u2013662","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"7721_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/37.2.269","volume":"37","author":"FMR Walshe","year":"1914","unstructured":"Walshe FMR (1914) The physiological significance of the reflex phenomena in spastic paralysis of the lower limbs. Brain 37:269\u2013336","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"7721_CR42","first-page":"191","volume":"4","author":"T Isa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Isa T, Kinoshita M, Nishimura Y (2013) Role of direct vs. indirect pathways from the motor cortex to spinal motoneurons in the control of hand dexterity. Front Neurol 4:191","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"7721_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws115","volume":"135","author":"B Zaaimi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zaaimi B, Edgley SA, Soteropoulos DS, Baker SN (2012) Changes in descending motor pathway connectivity after corticospinal tract lesion in macaque monkey. Brain 135:2277\u20132289","journal-title":"Brain"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-015-7721-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00415-015-7721-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00415-015-7721-8","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,22]],"date-time":"2019-08-22T20:18:36Z","timestamp":1566505116000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00415-015-7721-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,7]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]}},"alternative-id":["7721"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-015-7721-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-5354","1432-1459"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-5354","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1459","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,7]]}}}