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NMOSD is characterized by recurrent attacks of visual, motor, and\/or sensory dysfunction that often result in severe neurological deficits. In recent years, there has been a significant progress in relapse treatment and prevention but the residual disability per attack remains high. Although symptomatic and restorative research has been limited in NMOSD, some therapeutic approaches can be inferred from published case series and evidence from multiple sclerosis literature. In this review, we will discuss established and emerging therapeutic options for symptomatic treatment and restoration of function in NMOSD. We highlight NMOSD-specific considerations and identify potential areas for future research. The review covers pharmacologic, non-pharmacologic, and neuromodulatory approaches to neuropathic pain, tonic spasms, muscle tone abnormalities, sphincter dysfunction, motor and visual impairment, fatigue, sleep disorders, and neuropsychological symptoms. In addition, we briefly discuss remyelinating agents and mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in NMOSD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10783-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,5]],"date-time":"2021-09-05T10:02:20Z","timestamp":1630836140000},"page":"1786-1801","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Symptomatic and restorative therapies in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"269","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5346-8254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hesham","family":"Abboud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Salazar-Camelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Naveen","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sarah 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It should read: given name: Edgar and family name: Carnero Contentti","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"H. Abboud is a consultant and speaker for Biogen, Genentech-Roche, Bristol Myers Squibb, Alexion, and Horizon. He receives research support from Genentech-Roche, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Bristol Myers Squibb to conduct clinical trials. M. Mealy is an employee of Horizon Therapeutics plc, Deerfield IL, (formerly Viela Bio) but her contribution to the manuscript herein does not necessarily represent the views of Horizon. A. Goodman received personal compensation for consulting from Teva and Adamas; received research support from Biogen, Genentech-Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Teva. A Salazar-Camelo, N. George, SM Planchon, and M. Matiello have nothing to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}}]}}