{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T18:15:15Z","timestamp":1778091315919,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,23]],"date-time":"2008-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1201046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Appl Physiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-008-0676-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,22]],"date-time":"2008-01-22T10:32:31Z","timestamp":1200997951000},"page":"139-149","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["The influence of stroke mechanics into energy cost of elite swimmers"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Tiago M.","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"R. J.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"K. L.","family":"Keskinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J. P.","family":"Vilas-Boas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"676_CR1","first-page":"222","volume-title":"Mechanics and energetics of animal locomotion","author":"McN Alexander","year":"1977","unstructured":"Alexander McN (1977) Swimming. In: Alexander McN, Goldspink G (eds) Mechanics and energetics of animal locomotion. Wiley, New York, pp 222\u2013254"},{"key":"676_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01484","volume":"208","author":"McN Alexander","year":"2005","unstructured":"Alexander McN (2005) Models and the scaling of energy costs for locomotion. J Exp Biol 208:1645\u20131652","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"676_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-837450","volume":"26","author":"TM Barbosa","year":"2005","unstructured":"Barbosa TM, Keskinen KL, Fernandes RJ, Cola\u00e7o P, Carmo C, Vilas-Boas JP (2005) Relationship between energetic, stroke determinants and velocity in butterfly stroke. Int J Sports Med 26:841\u2013846","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"676_CR4","first-page":"192","volume-title":"Biomechanics and medicine in swimming X","author":"TM Barbosa","year":"2006","unstructured":"Barbosa TM, Lima F, Portela A, Novais D, Machado L, Cola\u00e7o P, Gon\u00e7alves P, Fernandes RJ, Keskinen KL, Vilas-Boas JP (2006) Relationships between energy cost, swimming velocity and speed fluctuation in competitive swimming strokes. In: Vilas-Boas JP, Alves F, Marques A (eds) Biomechanics and medicine in swimming X. Port J Sport Sci, Porto, pp 192\u2013194"},{"key":"676_CR5","first-page":"183","volume-title":"Swimming science V","author":"J Cabri","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cabri J, Annemans L, Clarys J, Bollens E, Publie J (1988) The relation of stroke frequency, force and EMG in front crawl tethered swimming. In: Ungerechts B, Wilke K, Reischle K (eds) Swimming science V. Human Kinetics Books, Illinois, pp 183\u2013189"},{"key":"676_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050435","volume":"78","author":"C Cappeli","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cappeli C, Pendergast D, Termin B (1998) Energetics of swimming at maximal speed in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 78:385\u2013393","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"676_CR7","first-page":"104","volume":"17","author":"S Chengalur","year":"1992","unstructured":"Chengalur S, Brown P (1992) An analysis of male and female olympic swimmers in the 200\u00a0m events. Can J Sport Sci 17:104\u2013109","journal-title":"Can J Sport Sci"},{"key":"676_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1997.85.1.167","volume":"85","author":"D Chollet","year":"1997","unstructured":"Chollet D, Pelayo P, Delaplace C, Tourny C, Sidney M (1997) Stroking characteristic variations in the 100-m freestyle for male swimmers of differing skill. Percept Motor Skills 85:167\u2013177","journal-title":"Percept Motor Skills"},{"key":"676_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1025849","volume":"6","author":"D Costill","year":"1985","unstructured":"Costill D, Kovaleski J, Porter D, Fielding R, King D (1985) Energy expenditure during front crawl swimming: predicting success in middle-distance events. Int J Sports Med 6:266\u2013270","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"676_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-197901130-00011","volume":"11","author":"A Craig","year":"1979","unstructured":"Craig A, Pendergast D (1979) Relationships of stroke rate, distance per stroke and velocity in competitive swimming. Med Sci Sports Exerc 11:278\u2013283","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"676_CR11","first-page":"265","volume-title":"Swimming III","author":"A Craig","year":"1979","unstructured":"Craig A, Boomer W, Gibbons J (1979) Use of stroke rate, distance per stroke, and velocity relationships during training for competitive swimming. In: Terauds J, Bedingfield E (eds) Swimming III. University Park Press, Baltimore, pp 265\u2013274"},{"key":"676_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198512000-00001","volume":"17","author":"A Craig","year":"1985","unstructured":"Craig A, Skehan P, Pawelczyk J, Boomer W (1985) Velocity, stroke rate and distance per stroke during elite swimming competition. Med Sci Sports Exerc 17:625\u2013634","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"676_CR13","first-page":"17","volume-title":"Biomechanics and medicine in swimming","author":"G Groot de","year":"1988","unstructured":"de Groot G, van Ingen Schenau G (1988) Fundamental mechanics applied to swimming: technique and propelling efficiency. In: Hollander AP, Huijing PA, de Groot G (eds) Biomechanics and medicine in swimming. Human Kinetics, Illinois, pp 17\u201329"},{"key":"676_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1025736","volume":"7","author":"P di Prampero","year":"1986","unstructured":"di Prampero P (1986) The energy cost of human locomotion on land and in water. Int J Sports Med 7:55\u201372","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"676_CR15","first-page":"249","volume-title":"Swimming medicine IV","author":"P di Prampero","year":"1978","unstructured":"di Prampero P, Pendergast D, Wilson D, Rennie D (1978) Blood lactatic acid concentrations in high velocity swimming. In: Eriksson B, Furberg B (eds) Swimming medicine IV. University Park Press, Baltimore, pp 249\u2013261"},{"key":"676_CR16","volume-title":"Neuromechanical basis of kinesiology","author":"R Enoka","year":"1988","unstructured":"Enoka R (1988) Neuromechanical basis of kinesiology. Human Kinetics, Illinois"},{"key":"676_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-43274","volume":"24","author":"RJ Fernandes","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fernandes RJ, Cardoso CS, Soares SM, Ascens\u00e3o A, Cola\u00e7o PJ, Vilas-Boas JP (2003) Time limit and VO2 slow component at intensities corresponding to VO2max in swimmers. Int J Sports Med 24:576\u2013581","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"676_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandes RJ, Keskinen KL, Cola\u00e7o P, Querido AJ, Machado LJ, Morais PA, Marinho DA, Vilas-Boas JP (2008) Time limit at VO2max velocity in elite crawl swimmers. Int J Sports Med (in press)","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-965113"},{"key":"676_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198602000-00011","volume":"18","author":"S Grimston","year":"1986","unstructured":"Grimston S, Hay J (1986) Relationship among anthropometric and stroking characteristics of college swimmers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 18:60\u201368","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"676_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-972662","volume":"18","author":"C Hausswirth","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hausswirth C, Bigard A, Le Chevalier J (1997) The Cosmed K4 telemetry system as an accurate device for oxygen uptake measurements during exercise. Int J Sports Med 18:449\u2013453","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"676_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.18.3.257","volume":"18","author":"J Hay","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hay J (2002) Cycle rate, length and speed of progression in human locomotion. J Appl Biomech 18:257\u2013270","journal-title":"J Appl Biomech"},{"key":"676_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410701332515","volume":"26","author":"P Hellard","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hellard P, Dekerle J, Avalos M, Caudal N, Knopp M, Hausswirth C (2008) Kinematic measures and stroke rate variability in elite female 200-m swimmers in the four swimming techniques: Athens 2004 Olympic semi-finalists and French National 2004 Championship semi-finalist. J Sports Sci 26:35\u201346","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"676_CR23","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Biomechanics and medicine in swimming","author":"P Huijing","year":"1983","unstructured":"Huijing P, Hollander AP, de Groot G (1983) Efficiency and specificity of training in swimming: an editorial. In: Hollander AP, Huijing P, de Groot G (eds) Biomechanics and medicine in swimming. Human Kinetics Publishers, Illinois, pp 1\u20136"},{"key":"676_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsb.6.2.187","volume":"6","author":"P Kennedy","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kennedy P, Brown P, Chengalur S, Nelson R (1990) Analysis of male and female olympic swimmers in the 100\u00a0meter events. Int J Sports Biomech 6:187\u2013197","journal-title":"Int J Sports Biomech"},{"key":"676_CR25","first-page":"839","volume-title":"Biomechanics XI-B","author":"KL Keskinen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Keskinen KL, Komi PV (1988a) The stroking characteristics in four different exercises in freestyle swimming. In: de Groot G, Hollander AP, Huijing P, van Ingen Schenau G (eds) Biomechanics XI-B. Free University Press, Amsterdam, pp 839\u2013843"},{"key":"676_CR26","first-page":"285","volume-title":"Swimming science V","author":"KL Keskinen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Keskinen KL, Komi PV (1988b) Interaction between aerobic\/anaerobic loading and biomechanical performance in freestyle swimming. In: Ungerechts B, Wilke K, Reischle K (eds) Swimming science V. Human Kinetics Books, Illinois, pp 285\u2013293"},{"key":"676_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.9.3.219","volume":"9","author":"KL Keskinen","year":"1993","unstructured":"Keskinen KL, Komi PV (1993) Stroking characteristic of front crawl swimming during exercise. J Appl Biomech 9:219\u2013226","journal-title":"J Appl Biomech"},{"key":"676_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0838.2003.00319.x","volume":"13","author":"KL Keskinen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Keskinen KL, Rodr\u00edguez FA, Keskinen OP (2003) Respiratory snorkel and valve system for breath-by-breath gas analysis in swimming. Scand J Med Sci Sports 13:322\u2013329","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"676_CR29","first-page":"52","volume-title":"Biomechanics and medicine in swimming X","author":"P-L Kjendle","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kjendle P-L, Haljand R, Fjortoft O, Stallman RK (2006) Stroke frequency strategies of international and national swimmers in 100-m races. In: Vilas-Boas JP, Alves F, Marques A (eds) Biomechanics and medicine in swimming X. Port J Sport Sci, Porto, pp 52\u201354"},{"key":"676_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199203000-00013","volume":"24","author":"P Klentrou","year":"1992","unstructured":"Klentrou P, Montpetit R (1992) Energetics of backstroke swimming in males and females. Med Sci Sports Exerc 24:371\u2013375","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"Suppl.","key":"676_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.1139\/h2004-055","volume":"29","author":"LP Laffite","year":"2004","unstructured":"Laffite LP, Vilas-Boas JP, Demarle A, Silva J, Fernandes R, Billat V (2004) Changes in physiological and stroke parameters during a maximal 400-m free swimming test in elite swimmers. Can J Appl Physiol 29(Suppl.):S17-S31","journal-title":"Can J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"676_CR32","first-page":"144","volume-title":"Biomechanics and medicine in swimming X","author":"L Machado","year":"2006","unstructured":"Machado L, Querido A, Keskinen KL, Fernandes RJ, Vilas-Boas JP (2006) Mathematical modelling of the slow component of oxygen kinetics in front crawl. In: Vilas-Boas JP, Alves F, Marques A (eds) Biomechanics and medicine in swimming X. Port J Sport Sci, Porto, pp 144\u2013146"},{"key":"676_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.37.5.445","volume":"37","author":"C Maiolo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Maiolo C, Melchiorri G, Lacopino L, Masala S, De Lorenzo A (2003) Physical activity energy expenditure measured using a portable telemetric device in comparison with a mass spectrometer. Br J Sports Med 37:445\u2013447","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"676_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-13816","volume":"22","author":"J McLaughlin","year":"2001","unstructured":"McLaughlin J, King G, Howley E, Bassett D, Ainsworth B (2001) Validation of the COSMED K4 b2 portable metabolic system. Int J Sports Med 22:280\u2013284","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"676_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1998.0424","volume":"265","author":"A Minetti","year":"1998","unstructured":"Minetti A (1998) The biomechanics of skipping gaits: a third locomotion paradigm? Proc R Soc Lond B 265:1227\u20131235","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B"},{"key":"676_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.1997.0407","volume":"186","author":"A Minetti","year":"1997","unstructured":"Minetti A, Alexander McN (1997) A theory of metabolic costs for bipedal gaits. J Theor Biol 186:467\u2013476","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"676_CR37","first-page":"355","volume-title":"Biomechanics and medicine in swimming IX","author":"T Nomura","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nomura T, Shimoyana Y (2003) The relationship between stroke parameters and physiological responses at the various swim speeds. In: Chatard J-C (ed) Biomechanics and medicine in swimming IX. Publications de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Saint-\u00c9tienne, Saint-\u00c9tienne, pp 355\u2013360"},{"key":"676_CR38","first-page":"208","volume-title":"Biomechanics and medicine in swimming VII","author":"T Nomura","year":"1996","unstructured":"Nomura T, Wakayoshi K, Miyashita M, Mutoh Y (1996) Physiological evaluation of the 400 m Freestyle race. In: Troup JP, Hollander AP, Strasse D, Trappe SW, Cappaert JM, Trappe TA (eds) Biomechanics and medicine in swimming VII. E & FN Spon, London, pp 208\u2013215"},{"key":"676_CR39","first-page":"355","volume-title":"Biomechanics and medicine in swimming VIII","author":"S Onodera","year":"1999","unstructured":"Onodera S, Miyachi M, Yano H, Yano L, Hoshijnma Y, Harada T (1999) Effects of buoyancy and body density on energy cost during swimming. In: Keskinen KL, Komi PV, Hollander AP (eds) Biomechanics and medicine in swimming VIII. Gummerus Printing, Jyvaskyla, pp 355\u2013358"},{"key":"676_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-003-0919-y","volume":"90","author":"D Pendergast","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pendergast D, Zamparo P, di Prampero D, Capelli C, Cerrettelli P, Termin A, Craig A, Bushnell D, Paschke D, Mellendorf J (2003) Energy balance of human locomotion in water. Eur J Appl Physiol 90:377\u2013386","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"676_CR41","first-page":"185","volume-title":"Biomechanics and medicine in swimming X","author":"DR Pendergast","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pendergast DR, Capelli C, Craig AB, di Pramperi PE, Minetti AE, Mollendorf J, Termin II, Zamparo P (2006) Biophysics in swimming. In: Vilas-Boas JP, Alves F, Marques A (eds) Biomechanics and medicine in swimming X. Port J Sport Sci, Porto, pp 185\u2013189"},{"key":"676_CR42","first-page":"177","volume-title":"Biomechanics and medicine in swimming VII","author":"S Ring","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ring S, Mader A, Wirtz W, Wilke K (1996) Energy metabolism during sprint swimming. In: Troup JP, Hollander AP, Strasse D, Trappe SW, Cappaert JM, Trappe TA (eds) Biomechanics and medicine in swimming VII. E & FN Spon, London, pp 177\u2013184"},{"key":"676_CR43","first-page":"219","volume-title":"Biomechanics and medicine in swimming VIII","author":"F Rodriguez","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rodriguez F (1999) Cardiorespiratory and metabolic field testing in swimming and water polo: from physiological concepts to practical methods. In: Keskinen KL, Komi PV, Hollander AP (eds) Biomechanics and medicine in swimming VIII. Gummerus Printing, Jyvaskyla, pp 219\u2013226"},{"key":"676_CR44","first-page":"373","volume-title":"Biomechanics and medicine in swimming IX","author":"F Rodriguez","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rodriguez F, Mader A (2003) Energy metabolism during 400 and 100\u00a0m crawl swimming: computer simulation based on free swimming measurement. In: Chatard J-C (ed) Biomechanics and medicine in swimming IX. Publications de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Saint-\u00c9tienne, Saint-\u00c9tienne, pp 373\u2013378"},{"key":"676_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez FA, Keskinen KL, Kusch M, Hoffman U (2007) Validity of a swimming snorkel for metabolic testing. Int J Sports Med (in press)","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-964973"},{"key":"676_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1126\/science.177.4045.222","volume":"177","author":"K Schmidt-Nielsen","year":"1972","unstructured":"Schmidt-Nielsen K (1972) Locomotion: energy cost of swimming, flying and running. Science 177:222\u2013228","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"676_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00636624","volume":"58","author":"H Smith","year":"1988","unstructured":"Smith H, Montpetit R, Perrault H (1988) The aerobic demand of backstroke swimming, and its relation to body size, stroke technique, and performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 58:182\u2013188","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"676_CR48","first-page":"9","volume":"14","author":"B Termin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Termin B, Pendergast D (2000) Training using the stroke frequency-velocity relationships to combine biomechanical and metabolic paradigms. J Swimming Res 14:9\u201317","journal-title":"J Swimming Res"},{"key":"676_CR49","first-page":"668","volume-title":"Current topics in sports medicine","author":"X Thevelein","year":"1984","unstructured":"Thevelein X, Daly D, Persyn U (1984) Measurement of total energy use in the evaluation of competitive swimmers. In: Bachl N, Prakup L, Suckert R (eds) Current topics in sports medicine. Urban & Schawarzenerg, Wien, pp 668\u2013676"},{"key":"676_CR50","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Biomechanics and medicine in swimming VI","author":"H Toussaint","year":"1992","unstructured":"Toussaint H (1992) Performance determining factors in front crawl swimming. In: MacLaren D, Reilly T, Lees A (eds) Biomechanics and medicine in swimming VI. E & FN SPON, London, pp 13\u201332"},{"key":"676_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1159\/000423715","volume-title":"Medicine and science in aquatic sports","author":"H Toussaint","year":"1994","unstructured":"Toussaint H, Hollander AP (1994) Mechanics and energetics of front crawl swimming. In: Miyashita M, Mutoh Y, Richardson A (eds) Medicine and science in aquatic sports. Karger, Bassel, pp 107\u2013116"},{"key":"676_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00690906","volume":"56","author":"H Toussaint","year":"1987","unstructured":"Toussaint H, Meulemans A, De Groot G, Hollander AP, Schreurs A, Vervoon K (1987) Respiratory valve for oxygen uptake measurement during swimming. Eur J Appl Physiol 56:363\u2013366","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"676_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.02.020","volume":"37","author":"H Toussaint","year":"2004","unstructured":"Toussaint H, Roos P, Kolmogorov S (2004) The determination of drag in front crawl swimming. J Biomech 37:1655\u20131663","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"676_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000230209.53333.31","volume":"38","author":"H Toussaint","year":"2006","unstructured":"Toussaint H, Carol A, Kranenborg H, Truijens M (2006) Effect of fatigue on stroking characteristics in an arms-only 100-m front-crawl race. Med Sci Sports Exerc 38:1635\u20131642","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"676_CR55","first-page":"3","volume-title":"International Center for Aquatic Research Annual. Studies by the International Center for Aquatic Research (1990\u20131991)","author":"J Troup","year":"1991","unstructured":"Troup J (1991) Aerobic characteristics of the four competitive strokes. In: Troup J (ed) International Center for Aquatic Research Annual. Studies by the International Center for Aquatic Research (1990\u20131991). US Swimming Press, Colorado Spring, pp 3\u20137"},{"key":"676_CR56","first-page":"271","volume-title":"Biomechanics and medicine in swimming VI","author":"J Troup","year":"1992","unstructured":"Troup J, Hollander A, Bone M, Trappe S, Barzdukas A (1992) Performance-related differenced in the anaerobic contribution of competitive freestyle swimmers. In: MacLaren D, Reilly T, Lees A (eds) Biomechanics and medicine in swimming VI. E & FN SPON, London, pp 271\u2013278"},{"key":"676_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-972957","volume":"16","author":"K Wakayoshi","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wakayoshi K, D\u2019Acquisito J, Cappert JM, Troup JP (1995) Relationship between oxygen uptake, stroke rate and swimming velocity in competitive swimming. Int J Sports Med 16:19\u201323","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"676_CR58","first-page":"152","volume-title":"Biomechanics and medicine in swimming VII","author":"K Wakayoshi","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wakayoshi K, D\u2019Acquisito J, Cappert JM, Troup JP (1996) Relationship between metabolic parameters and stroking technique characteristics in front crawl. In: Troup JP, Hollander AP, Strasse D, Trappe SW, Cappaert JM, Trappe TA (eds) Biomechanics and medicine in swimming VII. E & FN Spon, London, pp 152\u2013158"},{"key":"676_CR59","first-page":"401","volume-title":"Biomechanics and medicine in swimming VIII","author":"K Wakayoshi","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wakayoshi K, Tatesada E, Ono K, Terada A, Ogita F (1999) Blood lactate response to various combinations of swimming velocity and rest period of interval training. In: Keskinen KL, Komi PV, Hollander AP (eds) Biomechanics and medicine in swimming VIII. Gummerus Printing, Jyvaskyla, pp 401\u2013406"},{"key":"676_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.55.2.521","volume":"55","author":"P Webb","year":"1971","unstructured":"Webb P (1971) The swimming energetics of trout. Oxygen consumption and swimming efficiency. J Exp Biol 55:521\u2013540","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"676_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470693797.ch8","volume-title":"Biomechanics in sport","author":"KR Williams","year":"2000","unstructured":"Williams KR (2000) The dynamic of running. In: Zatsiorsky V (ed) Biomechanics in sport. Blackwell Science, Oxford, pp 161\u2013183"},{"key":"676_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(00)00186-X","volume":"34","author":"T Yanai","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yanai T (2001) Rotational effect of buoyancy in front crawl: does it really cause the legs to sink? J Biomech 34:235\u2013243","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"676_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-006-0133-9","volume":"97","author":"P Zamparo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zamparo P (2006) Effects of age and gender on the propelling efficiency of the arm stroke. Eur J Appl Physiol 97:52\u201358","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"676_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00705078","volume":"65","author":"P Zamparo","year":"1992","unstructured":"Zamparo P, Oerini R, Orizio C, Sacher M, Ferretti G (1992) The energy of walking or running on sand. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 65:183\u2013187","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol"},{"key":"676_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00470.x","volume":"6","author":"P Zamparo","year":"1996","unstructured":"Zamparo P, Antonutto G, Capelli C, Francescato M, Girardis M, Sangoi R, Soule R, Pendergast D (1996) Effects of body density, gender and growth on underwater torque. Scan J Med Sci Sports 6:273\u2013280","journal-title":"Scan J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"676_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-004-1281-4","volume":"94","author":"P Zamparo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zamparo P, Pendergast D, Mollendorf J, Termin A, Minetti A (2005a) An energy balance of front crawl. Eur J Appl Physiol 94:134\u2013144","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"676_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-005-1337-0","volume":"94","author":"P Zamparo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zamparo P, Bonifazi M, Faina M, Milan A, Sardella F, Schena F, Capeli C (2005b) Energy cost of swimming of elite long-distance swimmers. Eur J Appl Physiol 94:697\u2013704","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Applied Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00421-008-0676-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00421-008-0676-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00421-008-0676-z","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]],"date-time":"2021-09-02T09:40:32Z","timestamp":1630575632000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00421-008-0676-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,23]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]}},"alternative-id":["676"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-008-0676-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1439-6319","1439-6327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1439-6319","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-6327","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,23]]}}}