{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T09:04:09Z","timestamp":1775034249956,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012352","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012352","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virchows Arch"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) of the lung encompass neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) composed of typical (TC) and atypical (AC) carcinoids and full-fledged carcinomas (NECs) inclusive of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) and small cell carcinoma (SCLC). NETs and NECs are thought to represent distinct and separate lesions with neither molecular overlap nor common developmental continuum. Two perspectives were addressed regarding the morphologic and molecular classification of lung NENs: (i) a supervised approach by browsing the traditional classification, the relevant gene alterations, and their clinical implications; and (ii) an unsupervised approach, by reappraising neoplasms according to risk factors and natural history of disease to construct an interpretation model relied on biological data. We herein emphasize lights and shadows of the current classification of lung NENs and provide an alternative outlook on these tumors focused on what we currently know about the biological determinants and the natural history of disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-020-03015-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T04:42:27Z","timestamp":1611204147000},"page":"5-19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Morphologic and molecular classification of lung neuroendocrine neoplasms"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"478","author":[{"given":"Jasna","family":"Metovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Barella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Bianchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Hofman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Veronique","family":"Hofman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Myriam","family":"Remmelink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Izidor","family":"Kern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Pattini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Angelica","family":"Sonzogni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Veronesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Harari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fabien","family":"Forest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Papotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4725-4692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Pelosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"3015_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1002\/cncy.22177","volume":"127","author":"H Abe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abe H, Takase Y, Sadashima E, Fukumitsu C, Murata K, Ito T, Kawahara A, Naito Y, Akiba J (2019) Insulinoma-associated protein 1 is a novel diagnostic marker of small cell lung cancer in bronchial brushing and cell block cytology from pleural effusions: validity and reliability with cutoff value. Cancer Cytopathol 127:598\u2013605","journal-title":"Cancer Cytopathol"},{"key":"3015_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3407","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11276-9","volume":"10","author":"N Alcala","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alcala N, Leblay N, Gabriel AAG, Mangiante L, Hervas D, Giffon T, Sertier AS, Ferrari A, Derks J, Ghantous A, Delhomme TM, Chabrier A, Cuenin C, Abedi-Ardekani B, Boland A, Olaso R, Meyer V, Altmuller J, Le Calvez-Kelm F, Durand G, Voegele C, Boyault S, Moonen L, Lemaitre N, Lorimier P, Toffart AC, Soltermann A, Clement JH, Saenger J, Field JK, Brevet M, Blanc-Fournier C, Galateau-Salle F, Le Stang N, Russell PA, Wright G, Sozzi G, Pastorino U, Lacomme S, Vignaud JM, Hofman V, Hofman P, Brustugun OT, Lund-Iversen M, Thomas de Montpreville V, Muscarella LA, Graziano P, Popper H, Stojsic J, Deleuze JF, Herceg Z, Viari A, Nuernberg P, Pelosi G, Dingemans AMC, Milione M, Roz L, Brcic L, Volante M, Papotti MG, Caux C, Sandoval J, Hernandez-Vargas H, Brambilla E, Speel EJM, Girard N, Lantuejoul S, McKay JD, Foll M, Fernandez-Cuesta L (2019) Integrative and comparative genomic analyses identify clinically relevant pulmonary carcinoid groups and unveil the supra-carcinoids. Nat Commun 10:3407","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"3015_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1309\/QYV05VGEGKUL2RTT","volume":"123","author":"DL Aslan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Aslan DL, Gulbahce HE, Pambuccian SE, Manivel JC, Jessurun J (2005) Ki-67 immunoreactivity in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms in specimens with extensive crush artifact. Am J Clin Pathol 123:874\u2013878","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"3015_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1159\/000493980","volume":"108","author":"E Baudin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baudin E, Hayes AR, Scoazec JY, Filosso PL, Lim E, Kaltsas G, Frilling A, Chen J, Kos-Kudla B, Gorbunova V, Wiedenmann B, Nieveen van Dijkum E, Cwikla JB, Falkerby J, Valle JW, Kulke MH, Caplin ME, Participants EMAB, Participants EMAB (2019) Unmet medical needs in pulmonary neuroendocrine (carcinoid) neoplasms. Neuroendocrinology 108:7\u201317","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"3015_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1053\/hupa.2003.8","volume":"34","author":"MB Beasley","year":"2003","unstructured":"Beasley MB, Lantuejoul S, Abbondanzo S, Chu WS, Hasleton PS, Travis WD, Brambilla E (2003) The P16\/cyclin D1\/Rb pathway in neuroendocrine tumors of the lung. Hum Pathol 34:136\u2013142","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"3015_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdv041","volume":"26","author":"ME Caplin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Caplin ME, Baudin E, Ferolla P, Filosso P, Garcia-Yuste M, Lim E, Oberg K, Pelosi G, Perren A, Rossi RE, Travis WD, participants Ecc (2015) Pulmonary neuroendocrine (carcinoid) tumors: European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society expert consensus and recommendations for best practice for typical and atypical pulmonary carcinoids. Ann Oncol 26:1604\u20131620","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"3015_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20181155","volume":"216","author":"HJ Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen HJ, Poran A, Unni AM, Huang SX, Elemento O, Snoeck HW, Varmus H (2019) Generation of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells and SCLC-like tumors from human embryonic stem cells. J Exp Med 216:674\u2013687","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"3015_CR8","first-page":"209ra153","volume":"5","author":"Clinical Lung Cancer Genome P, Network Genomic M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Clinical Lung Cancer Genome P, Network Genomic M (2013) A genomics-based classification of human lung tumors. Sci Transl Med 5:209ra153","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"3015_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9761826","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9761826","volume":"2018","author":"I Eldessouki","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eldessouki I, Gaber O, Namad T, Wang J, Morris JC, Abdel Karim N (2018) Small or non-small cell lung cancer based therapy for treatment of large cell neuroendocrine cancer of the lung? University of Cincinnati Experience. J Oncol 2018:9761826","journal-title":"J Oncol"},{"key":"3015_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-017-2130-2","volume":"471","author":"A Fabbri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fabbri A, Cossa M, Sonzogni A, Bidoli P, Canova S, Cortinovis D, Abbate MI, Calabrese F, Nannini N, Lunardi F, Rossi G, La Rosa S, Capella C, Tamborini E, Perrone F, Busico A, Capone I, Valeri B, Pastorino U, Albini A, Pelosi G (2017) Thymus neuroendocrine tumors with CTNNB1 gene mutations, disarrayed ss-catenin expression, and dual intra-tumor Ki-67 labeling index compartmentalization challenge the concept of secondary high-grade neuroendocrine tumor: a paradigm shift. Virchows Arch 471:31\u201347","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"3015_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-016-2062-2","volume":"470","author":"A Fabbri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fabbri A, Cossa M, Sonzogni A, Papotti M, Righi L, Gatti G, Maisonneuve P, Valeri B, Pastorino U, Pelosi G (2017) Ki-67 labeling index of neuroendocrine tumors of the lung has a high level of correspondence between biopsy samples and surgical specimens when strict counting guidelines are applied. Virchows Arch 470:153\u2013164","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"3015_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3518","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4518","volume":"5","author":"L Fernandez-Cuesta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fernandez-Cuesta L, Peifer M, Lu X, Sun R, Ozretic L, Seidal D, Zander T, Leenders F, George J, Muller C, Dahmen I, Pinther B, Bosco G, Konrad K, Altmuller J, Nurnberg P, Achter V, Lang U, Schneider PM, Bogus M, Soltermann A, Brustugun OT, Helland A, Solberg S, Lund-Iversen M, Ansen S, Stoelben E, Wright GM, Russell P, Wainer Z, Solomon B, Field JK, Hyde R, Davies MP, Heukamp LC, Petersen I, Perner S, Lovly C, Cappuzzo F, Travis WD, Wolf J, Vingron M, Brambilla E, Haas SA, Buettner R, Thomas RK (2014) Frequent mutations in chromatin-remodelling genes in pulmonary carcinoids. Nat Commun 5:3518","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"3015_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2016.09.001","volume":"30","author":"G Ferone","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ferone G, Song JY, Sutherland KD, Bhaskaran R, Monkhorst K, Lambooij JP, Proost N, Gargiulo G, Berns A (2016) SOX2 is the determining oncogenic switch in promoting lung squamous cell carcinoma from different cells of origin. Cancer Cell 30:519\u2013532","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"3015_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.338228.120","volume":"34","author":"G Ferone","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ferone G, Lee M, Sage J, Berns A (2020) Cells of origin of lung cancers: lessons from mouse studies. Genes Dev 34:1017\u20131032","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"3015_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2015.08.018","volume":"185","author":"K Fujino","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fujino K, Motooka Y, Hassan WA, Ali Abdalla MO, Sato Y, Kudoh S, Hasegawa K, Niimori-Kita K, Kobayashi H, Kubota I, Wakimoto J, Suzuki M, Ito T (2015) Insulinoma-associated protein 1 is a crucial regulator of neuroendocrine differentiation in lung cancer. Am J Pathol 185:3164\u20133177","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"3015_CR16","first-page":"5393","volume":"10","author":"K Fujino","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fujino K, Yasufuku K, Kudoh S, Motooka Y, Sato Y, Wakimoto J, Kubota I, Suzuki M, Ito K (2017) INSM1 is the best marker for the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors: comparison with CGA, SYP and CD56. Int J. Clin Exp Pathol 10:5393\u20135405","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pathol"},{"key":"3015_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2017.11.004","volume":"13","author":"AF Gazdar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gazdar AF (2018) Morphologic and other forms of heterogeneity in small Cell lung cancer: what can we learn from them? J Thorac Oncol 13:148\u2013150","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"3015_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2017.87","volume":"17","author":"AF Gazdar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gazdar AF, Bunn PA, Minna JD (2017) Small-cell lung cancer: what we know, what we need to know and the path forward. Nat Rev Cancer 17:725\u2013737","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"3015_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14664","volume":"524","author":"J George","year":"2015","unstructured":"George J, Lim JS, Jang SJ, Cun Y, Ozretic L, Kong G, Leenders F, Lu X, Fernandez-Cuesta L, Bosco G, Muller C, Dahmen I, Jahchan NS, Park KS, Yang D, Karnezis AN, Vaka D, Torres A, Wang MS, Korbel JO, Menon R, Chun SM, Kim D, Wilkerson M, Hayes N, Engelmann D, Putzer B, Bos M, Michels S, Vlasic I, Seidel D, Pinther B, Schaub P, Becker C, Altmuller J, Yokota J, Kohno T, Iwakawa R, Tsuta K, Noguchi M, Muley T, Hoffmann H, Schnabel PA, Petersen I, Chen Y, Soltermann A, Tischler V, Choi CM, Kim YH, Massion PP, Zou Y, Jovanovic D, Kontic M, Wright GM, Russell PA, Solomon B, Koch I, Lindner M, Muscarella LA, la Torre A, Field JK, Jakopovic M, Knezevic J, Castanos-Velez E, Roz L, Pastorino U, Brustugun OT, Lund-Iversen M, Thunnissen E, Kohler J, Schuler M, Botling J, Sandelin M, Sanchez-Cespedes M, Salvesen HB, Achter V, Lang U, Bogus M, Schneider PM, Zander T, Ansen S, Hallek M, Wolf J, Vingron M, Yatabe Y, Travis WD, Nurnberg P, Reinhardt C, Perner S, Heukamp L, Buttner R, Haas SA, Brambilla E, Peifer M, Sage J, Thomas RK (2015) Comprehensive genomic profiles of small cell lung cancer. Nature 524:47\u201353","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3015_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03099-x","volume":"9","author":"J George","year":"2018","unstructured":"George J, Walter V, Peifer M, Alexandrov LB, Seidel D, Leenders F, Maas L, Muller C, Dahmen I, Delhomme TM, Ardin M, Leblay N, Byrnes G, Sun R, De Reynies A, McLeer-Florin A, Bosco G, Malchers F, Menon R, Altmuller J, Becker C, Nurnberg P, Achter V, Lang U, Schneider PM, Bogus M, Soloway MG, Wilkerson MD, Cun Y, McKay JD, Moro-Sibilot D, Brambilla CG, Lantuejoul S, Lemaitre N, Soltermann A, Weder W, Tischler V, Brustugun OT, Lund-Iversen M, Helland A, Solberg S, Ansen S, Wright G, Solomon B, Roz L, Pastorino U, Petersen I, Clement JH, Sanger J, Wolf J, Vingron M, Zander T, Perner S, Travis WD, Haas SA, Olivier M, Foll M, Buttner R, Hayes DN, Brambilla E, Fernandez-Cuesta L, Thomas RK (2018) Integrative genomic profiling of large-cell neuroendocrine carcinomas reveals distinct subtypes of high-grade neuroendocrine lung tumors. Nat Commun 9:1048","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"3015_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2012.06.012","volume":"39","author":"C Gridelli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gridelli C, Rossi A, Airoma G, Bianco R, Costanzo R, Daniele B, Chiara GD, Grimaldi G, Irtelli L, Maione P, Morabito A, Piantedosi FV, Riccardi F (2013) Treatment of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumours: state of the art and future developments. Cancer Treat Rev 39:466\u2013472","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"key":"3015_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2016.11.2222","volume":"12","author":"AE Hendifar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hendifar AE, Marchevsky AM, Tuli R (2017) Neuroendocrine tumors of the lung: current challenges and advances in the diagnosis and management of well-differentiated disease. J Thorac Oncol 12:425\u2013436","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"3015_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horie M, Miyashita N, Mattsson JSM, Mikami Y, Sandelin M, Brunnstrom H, Micke P, Nagase T, Saito A (2018) An integrative transcriptome analysis reveals a functional role for thyroid transcription factor-1 in small cell lung cancer. J Pathol","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5109"},{"key":"3015_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.21576","volume":"102","author":"T Ibe","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ibe T, Shimizu K, Nakano T, Kakegawa S, Kamiyoshihara M, Nakajima T, Kaira K, Takeyoshi I (2010) High-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung shows increased thymidylate synthase expression compared to other histotypes. J Surg Oncol 102:11\u201317","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"3015_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2018.0079","volume":"16","author":"GP Kalemkerian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kalemkerian GP, Loo BW, Akerley W, Attia A, Bassetti M, Boumber Y, Decker R, Dobelbower MC, Dowlati A, Downey RJ, Florsheim C, Ganti AKP, Grecula JC, Gubens MA, Hann CL, Hayman JA, Heist RS, Koczywas M, Merritt RE, Mohindra N, Molina J, Moran CA, Morgensztern D, Pokharel S, Portnoy DC, Rhodes D, Rusthoven C, Sands J, Santana-Davila R, Williams CC, Hoffmann KG, Hughes M (2018) NCCN guidelines insights: small cell lung cancer, Version 2.2018. J Natl Compr Cancer Netw 16:1171\u20131182","journal-title":"J Natl Compr Cancer Netw"},{"key":"3015_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konala VM, Madhira BR, Ashraf S, Graziano S (2020) Use of immunotherapy in extensive-stage small cell lung cancer. Oncology:1\u20136","DOI":"10.1159\/000508516"},{"key":"3015_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2004.023044","volume":"58","author":"K Kontogianni","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kontogianni K, Nicholson AG, Butcher D, Sheppard MN (2005) CD56: a useful tool for the diagnosis of small cell lung carcinomas on biopsies with extensive crush artefact. J Clin Pathol 58:978\u2013980","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"3015_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpdhp.2018.02.002","volume":"24","author":"S La Rosa","year":"2018","unstructured":"La Rosa S, Simbolo M, Franzi F, Uccella S, Imperatori A, Nardecchia E, Rotolo N, Dominioni L, Scarpa A, Sessa F (2018) Combined adenocarcinoma-atypical carcinoid of the lung. Targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) suggests a monoclonal origin of the two components. Diagn Histopathol 24:120\u2013123","journal-title":"Diagn Histopathol"},{"key":"3015_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-019-02612-x","volume":"475","author":"S La Rosa","year":"2019","unstructured":"La Rosa S, Volante M, Uccella S, Maragliano R, Rapa I, Rotolo N, Inzani F, Siciliani A, Granone P, Rindi G, Dominioni L, Capella C, Papotti M, Sessa F, Imperatori A (2019) ACTH-producing tumorlets and carcinoids of the lung: clinico-pathologic study of 63 cases and review of the literature. Virchows Arch 475:587\u2013597","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"3015_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4339","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-19-0214","volume":"79","author":"SV Laddha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Laddha SV, da Silva EM, Robzyk K, Untch BR, Ke H, Rekhtman N, Poirier JT, Travis WD, Tang LH, Chan CS (2019) Integrative genomic characterization identifies molecular subtypes of lung carcinoids. Cancer Res 79:4339\u20134347","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"3015_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2020.06.021","volume":"146","author":"Y Lei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lei Y, Feng H, Qiang H, Shang Z, Chang Q, Qian J, Zhang Y, Zhong R, Fan X, Chu T (2020) Clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of surgically resected combined small cell lung cancer: a retrospective study. Lung Cancer 146:244\u2013251","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"3015_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2015.11.001","volume":"32","author":"AM Marchevsky","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marchevsky AM, Wick MR (2015) Diagnostic difficulties with the diagnosis of small cell carcinoma of the lung. Semin Diagn Pathol 32:480\u2013488","journal-title":"Semin Diagn Pathol"},{"key":"3015_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29835","volume":"138","author":"L Meder","year":"2016","unstructured":"Meder L, Konig K, Ozretic L, Schultheis AM, Ueckeroth F, Ade CP, Albus K, Boehm D, Rommerscheidt-Fuss U, Florin A, Buhl T, Hartmann W, Wolf J, Merkelbach-Bruse S, Eilers M, Perner S, Heukamp LC, Buettner R (2016) NOTCH, ASCL1, p53 and RB alterations define an alternative pathway driving neuroendocrine and small cell lung carcinomas. Int J Cancer 138:927\u2013938","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"3015_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2020.03.027","volume":"145","author":"A Miyanaga","year":"2020","unstructured":"Miyanaga A, Masuda M, Motoi N, Tsuta K, Nakamura Y, Nishijima N, Watanabe SI, Asamura H, Tsuchida A, Seike M, Gemma A, Yamada T (2020) Whole-exome and RNA sequencing of pulmonary carcinoid reveals chromosomal rearrangements associated with recurrence. Lung Cancer 145:85\u201394","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"3015_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200209000-00009","volume":"26","author":"SA Nicholson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nicholson SA, Beasley MB, Brambilla E, Hasleton PS, Colby TV, Sheppard MN, Falk R, Travis WD (2002) Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC): a clinicopathologic study of 100 cases with surgical specimens. Am J Surg Pathol 26:1184\u20131197","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"3015_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.54.3846","volume":"54","author":"M Okazaki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Okazaki M, Sano Y, Soga Y, Katayama H, Sakao N, Shikatani Y, Yukumi S, Shigematsu H, Sugita A, Izutani H (2015) Combined atypical carcinoid tumour and squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Intern Med 54:1385\u20131388","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"issue":"403-416","key":"3015_CR37","volume":"179","author":"Y Ouadah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ouadah Y, Rojas ER, Riordan DP, Capostagno S, Kuo CS, Krasnow MA (2019) Rare pulmonary neuroendocrine cells are stem cells regulated by Rb, p53, and Notch. Cell 179(403-416):e423","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"3015_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-019-0745-2","volume":"12","author":"DH Owen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Owen DH, Giffin MJ, Bailis JM, Smit MD, Carbone DP, He K (2019) DLL3: an emerging target in small cell lung cancer. J Hematol Oncol 12:61","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"3015_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1177\/1066896910397883","volume":"19","author":"CL Owens","year":"2011","unstructured":"Owens CL, Fraire AE (2011) Combined carcinoid tumor and squamous cell carcinoma of lung: expanding the spectrum of combined tumors of lung. Int J Surg Pathol 19:273\u2013275","journal-title":"Int J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"3015_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2396","volume":"44","author":"M Peifer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Peifer M, Fernandez-Cuesta L, Sos ML, George J, Seidel D, Kasper LH, Plenker D, Leenders F, Sun R, Zander T, Menon R, Koker M, Dahmen I, Muller C, Di Cerbo V, Schildhaus HU, Altmuller J, Baessmann I, Becker C, de Wilde B, Vandesompele J, Bohm D, Ansen S, Gabler F, Wilkening I, Heynck S, Heuckmann JM, Lu X, Carter SL, Cibulskis K, Banerji S, Getz G, Park KS, Rauh D, Grutter C, Fischer M, Pasqualucci L, Wright G, Wainer Z, Russell P, Petersen I, Chen Y, Stoelben E, Ludwig C, Schnabel P, Hoffmann H, Muley T, Brockmann M, Engel-Riedel W, Muscarella LA, Fazio VM, Groen H, Timens W, Sietsma H, Thunnissen E, Smit E, Heideman DA, Snijders PJ, Cappuzzo F, Ligorio C, Damiani S, Field J, Solberg S, Brustugun OT, Lund-Iversen M, Sanger J, Clement JH, Soltermann A, Moch H, Weder W, Solomon B, Soria JC, Validire P, Besse B, Brambilla E, Brambilla C, Lantuejoul S, Lorimier P, Schneider PM, Hallek M, Pao W, Meyerson M, Sage J, Shendure J, Schneider R, Buttner R, Wolf J, Nurnberg P, Perner S, Heukamp LC, Brindle PK, Haas S, Thomas RK (2012) Integrative genome analyses identify key somatic driver mutations of small-cell lung cancer. Nat Genet 44:1104\u20131110","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"3015_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000149690.75462.29","volume":"29","author":"G Pelosi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pelosi G, Rodriguez J, Viale G, Rosai J (2005) Typical and atypical pulmonary carcinoid tumor overdiagnosed as small-cell carcinoma on biopsy specimens: a major pitfall in the management of lung cancer patients. Am J Surg Pathol 29:179\u2013187","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"3015_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-010-1011-8","volume":"458","author":"G Pelosi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pelosi G, Sonzogni A, Galetta D, Perrone F, Braidotti P, Manzotti M, Fabbri A, Spaggiari L, Veronesi G, Viale G (2011) Combined small-cell carcinoma of the lung with quadripartite differentiation of epithelial, neuroendocrine, skeletal muscle, and myofibroblastic type. Virchows Arch 458:497\u2013503","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"3015_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e31823815d3","volume":"7","author":"G Pelosi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pelosi G, Fabbri A, Bianchi F, Maisonneuve P, Rossi G, Barbareschi M, Graziano P, Cavazza A, Rekhtman N, Pastorino U, Scanagatta P, Papotti M (2012) DeltaNp63 (p40) and thyroid transcription factor-1 immunoreactivity on small biopsies or cellblocks for typing non-small cell lung cancer: a novel two-hit, sparing-material approach. J Thorac Oncol 7:281\u2013290","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"3015_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1177\/1066896913476750","volume":"21","author":"G Pelosi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pelosi G, Rossi G, Cavazza A, Righi L, Maisonneuve P, Barbareschi M, Graziano P, Pastorino U, Garassino M, de Braud F, Papotti M (2013) DeltaNp63 (p40) distribution inside lung cancer: a driver biomarker approach to tumor characterization. Int J Surg Pathol 21:229\u2013239","journal-title":"Int J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"3015_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-014-9320-0","volume":"25","author":"G Pelosi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pelosi G, Papotti M, Rindi G, Scarpa A (2014) Unraveling tumor grading and genomic landscape in lung neuroendocrine tumors. Endocr Pathol 25:151\u2013164","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol"},{"key":"3015_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0000000000000658","volume":"10","author":"G Pelosi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pelosi G, Fabbri A, Papotti M, Rossi G, Cavazza A, Righi L, Tamborini E, Perrone F, Settanni G, Busico A, Testi MA, Maisonneuve P, De Braud F, Garassino M, Valeri B, Sonzogni A, Pastorino U (2015) Dissecting pulmonary large-cell carcinoma by targeted next generation sequencing of several cancer genes pushes genotypic-phenotypic correlations to emerge. J Thorac Oncol 10:1560\u20131569","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"3015_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2017.1235975","volume":"10","author":"G Pelosi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pelosi G, Scarpa A, Forest F, Sonzogni A (2016) The impact of immunohistochemistry on the classification of lung tumors. Expert Rev Respir Med 10:1105\u20131121","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med"},{"key":"3015_CR48","first-page":"223","volume":"32","author":"G Pelosi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pelosi G, Pattini L, Morana G, Fabbri A, Faccinetto A, Fazio N, Valeri B, Sonzogni A (2017) Grading lung neuroendocrine tumors: controversies in search of a solution. Histol Histopathol 32:223\u2013241","journal-title":"Histol Histopathol"},{"key":"3015_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.21037\/tlcr.2017.09.04","volume":"6","author":"G Pelosi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pelosi G, Sonzogni A, Harari S, Albini A, Bresaola E, Marchio C, Massa F, Righi L, Gatti G, Papanikolaou N, Vijayvergia N, Calabrese F, Papotti M (2017) Classification of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors: new insights. Transl Lung Cancer Res 6:513\u2013529","journal-title":"Transl Lung Cancer Res"},{"key":"3015_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-018-2307-3","volume":"472","author":"G Pelosi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pelosi G, Bianchi F, Dama E, Simbolo M, Mafficini A, Sonzogni A, Pilotto S, Harari S, Papotti M, Volante M, Fontanini G, Mastracci L, Albini A, Bria E, Calabrese F, Scarpa A (2018) Most high-grade neuroendocrine tumours of the lung are likely to secondarily develop from pre-existing carcinoids: innovative findings skipping the current pathogenesis paradigm. Virchows Arch 472:567\u2013577","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"3015_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2019.1595593","volume":"19","author":"G Pelosi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pelosi G, Bianchi F, Hofman P, Pattini L, Strobel P, Calabrese F, Naheed S, Holden C, Cave J, Bohnenberger H, Dinter H, Harari S, Albini A, Sonzogni A, Papotti M, Volante M, Ottensmeier CH (2019) Recent advances in the molecular landscape of lung neuroendocrine tumors. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 19:281\u2013297","journal-title":"Expert Rev Mol Diagn"},{"key":"3015_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08629","volume":"463","author":"ED Pleasance","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pleasance ED, Stephens PJ, O\u2019Meara S, McBride DJ, Meynert A, Jones D, Lin ML, Beare D, Lau KW, Greenman C, Varela I, Nik-Zainal S, Davies HR, Ordonez GR, Mudie LJ, Latimer C, Edkins S, Stebbings L, Chen L, Jia M, Leroy C, Marshall J, Menzies A, Butler A, Teague JW, Mangion J, Sun YA, McLaughlin SF, Peckham HE, Tsung EF, Costa GL, Lee CC, Minna JD, Gazdar A, Birney E, Rhodes MD, McKernan KJ, Stratton MR, Futreal PA, Campbell PJ (2010) A small-cell lung cancer genome with complex signatures of tobacco exposure. Nature 463:184\u2013190","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3015_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-18-0979","volume":"8","author":"K Pozo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pozo K, Kelenis DP, Minna JD, Johnson JE (2018) Different originating cells underlie intertumoral heterogeneity in lung neuroendocrine tumors. Cancer Discov 8:1216\u20131218","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"3015_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.316943.118","volume":"32","author":"K Pozo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pozo K, Minna JD, Johnson JE (2018) Identifying a missing lineage driver in a subset of lung neuroendocrine tumors. Genes Dev 32:865\u2013867","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"3015_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.2174\/138161210789941793","volume":"16","author":"SY Proskuryakov","year":"2010","unstructured":"Proskuryakov SY, Gabai VL (2010) Mechanisms of tumor cell necrosis. Curr Pharm Des 16:56\u201368","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"3015_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2018.01.007","volume":"33","author":"A Puisieux","year":"2018","unstructured":"Puisieux A, Pommier RM, Morel AP, Lavial F (2018) Cellular pliancy and the multistep process of tumorigenesis. Cancer Cell 33:164\u2013172","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"3015_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3618","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-15-2946","volume":"22","author":"N Rekhtman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rekhtman N, Pietanza MC, Hellmann MD, Naidoo J, Arora A, Won H, Halpenny DF, Wang H, Tian SK, Litvak AM, Paik PK, Drilon A, Socci N, Poirier JT, Shen R, Berger MF, Moreira AL, Travis WD, Rudin CM, Ladanyi M (2016) Next-generation sequencing of pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma reveals small cell carcinoma-like and non-small cell carcinoma-like subsets. Clin Cancer Res 22:3618\u20133629","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"3015_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2017.110","volume":"31","author":"N Rekhtman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rekhtman N, Pietanza CM, Sabari J, Montecalvo J, Wang H, Habeeb O, Kadota K, Adusumilli P, Rudin CM, Ladanyi M, Travis WD, Joubert P (2018) Pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma with adenocarcinoma-like features: napsin A expression and genomic alterations. Mod Pathol 31:111\u2013121","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"3015_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1677\/ERC-10-0157","volume":"17","author":"L Righi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Righi L, Volante M, Rapa I, Tavaglione V, Inzani F, Pelosi G, Papotti M (2010) Mammalian target of rapamycin signaling activation patterns in neuroendocrine tumors of the lung. Endocr Relat Cancer 17:977\u2013987","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"key":"3015_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdp334","volume":"21","author":"L Righi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Righi L, Volante M, Tavaglione V, Bille A, Daniele L, Angusti T, Inzani F, Pelosi G, Rindi G, Papotti M (2010) Somatostatin receptor tissue distribution in lung neuroendocrine tumours: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 218 \u2018clinically aggressive\u2019 cases. Ann Oncol 21:548\u2013555","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"3015_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-13-0246","volume":"21","author":"G Rindi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rindi G, Klersy C, Inzani F, Fellegara G, Ampollini L, Ardizzoni A, Campanini N, Carbognani P, De Pas TM, Galetta D, Granone PL, Righi L, Rusca M, Spaggiari L, Tiseo M, Viale G, Volante M, Papotti M, Pelosi G (2014) Grading the neuroendocrine tumors of the lung: an evidence-based proposal. Endocr Relat Cancer 21:1\u201316","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"key":"3015_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-018-0110-y","volume":"31","author":"G Rindi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rindi G, Klimstra DS, Abedi-Ardekani B, Asa SL, Bosman FT, Brambilla E, Busam KJ, de Krijger RR, Dietel M, El-Naggar AK, Fernandez-Cuesta L, Kloppel G, McCluggage WG, Moch H, Ohgaki H, Rakha EA, Reed NS, Rous BA, Sasano H, Scarpa A, Scoazec JY, Travis WD, Tallini G, Trouillas J, van Krieken JH, Cree IA (2018) A common classification framework for neuroendocrine neoplasms: an International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and World Health Organization (WHO) expert consensus proposal. Mod Pathol 31:1770\u20131786","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"3015_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000916","volume":"41","author":"LM Rooper","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rooper LM, Sharma R, Li QK, Illei PB, Westra WH (2017) INSM1 demonstrates superior performance to the individual and combined use of synaptophysin, chromogranin and CD56 for diagnosing neuroendocrine tumors of the thoracic cavity. Am J Surg Pathol 41:1561\u20131569","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"3015_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/his.13394","volume":"72","author":"G Rossi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rossi G, Bertero L, Marchio C, Papotti M (2018) Molecular alterations of neuroendocrine tumours of the lung. Histopathology 72:142\u2013152","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"3015_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-019-0133-9","volume":"19","author":"CM Rudin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rudin CM, Poirier JT, Byers LA, Dive C, Dowlati A, George J, Heymach JV, Johnson JE, Lehman JM, MacPherson D, Massion PP, Minna JD, Oliver TG, Quaranta V, Sage J, Thomas RK, Vakoc CR, Gazdar AF (2019) Molecular subtypes of small cell lung cancer: a synthesis of human and mouse model data. Nat Rev Cancer 19:289\u2013297","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"3015_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.263145.115","volume":"29","author":"EA Semenova","year":"2015","unstructured":"Semenova EA, Nagel R, Berns A (2015) Origins, genetic landscape, and emerging therapies of small cell lung cancer. Genes Dev 29:1447\u20131462","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"3015_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4853","volume":"241","author":"M Simbolo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Simbolo M, Mafficini A, Sikora KO, Fassan M, Barbi S, Corbo V, Mastracci L, Rusev B, Grillo F, Vicentini C, Ferrara R, Pilotto S, Davini F, Pelosi G, Lawlor RT, Chilosi M, Tortora G, Bria E, Fontanini G, Volante M, Scarpa A (2017) Lung neuroendocrine tumours: deep sequencing of the four World Health Organization histotypes reveals chromatin-remodelling genes as major players and a prognostic role for TERT, RB1, MEN1 and KMT2D. J Pathol 241:488\u2013500","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"3015_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simbolo M, Barbi S, Fassan M, Mafficini A, Ali G, Vicentini C, Sperandio N, Corbo V, Rusev B, Mastracci L, Grillo F, Pilotto S, Pelosi G, Pelliccioni S, Lawlor RT, Tortora G, Fontanini G, Volante M, Scarpa A, Bria E (2019) Gene expression profiling of lung atypical carcinoids and large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas identifies three transcriptomic subtypes with specific genomic alterations. J Thorac Oncol","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2019.05.003"},{"key":"3015_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"LMT13","DOI":"10.2217\/lmt-2019-0005","volume":"8","author":"D Sonkin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sonkin D, Thomas A, Teicher BA (2019) Are neuroendocrine negative small cell lung cancer and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma with WT RB1 two faces of the same entity? Lung Cancer Manag 8:LMT13","journal-title":"Lung Cancer Manag"},{"key":"3015_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1053\/hupa.2001.27110","volume":"32","author":"N Sturm","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sturm N, Lantuejoul S, Laverriere MH, Papotti M, Brichon PY, Brambilla C, Brambilla E (2001) Thyroid transcription factor 1 and cytokeratins 1, 5, 10, 14 (34betaE12) expression in basaloid and large-cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the lung. Hum Pathol 32:918\u2013925","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"3015_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-12-3078","volume":"19","author":"DR Swarts","year":"2013","unstructured":"Swarts DR, Henfling ME, Van Neste L, van Suylen RJ, Dingemans AM, Dinjens WN, Haesevoets A, Rudelius M, Thunnissen E, Volante M, Van Criekinge W, van Engeland M, Ramaekers FC, Speel EJ (2013) CD44 and OTP are strong prognostic markers for pulmonary carcinoids. Clin Cancer Res 19:2197\u20132207","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"3015_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2726","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgt271","volume":"34","author":"DR Swarts","year":"2013","unstructured":"Swarts DR, Van Neste L, Henfling ME, Eijkenboom I, Eijk PP, van Velthuysen ML, Vink A, Volante M, Ylstra B, Van Criekinge W, van Engeland M, Ramaekers FC, Speel EJ (2013) An exploration of pathways involved in lung carcinoid progression using gene expression profiling. Carcinogenesis 34:2726\u20132737","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"3015_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E374","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2782","volume":"99","author":"DR Swarts","year":"2014","unstructured":"Swarts DR, Scarpa A, Corbo V, Van Criekinge W, van Engeland M, Gatti G, Henfling ME, Papotti M, Perren A, Ramaekers FC, Speel EJ, Volante M (2014) MEN1 gene mutation and reduced expression are associated with poor prognosis in pulmonary carcinoids. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99:E374\u2013E378","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"3015_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2016.12.004","volume":"12","author":"E Thunnissen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thunnissen E, Borczuk AC, Flieder DB, Witte B, Beasley MB, Chung JH, Dacic S, Lantuejoul S, Russell PA, den Bakker M, Botling J, Brambilla E, de Cuba E, Geisinger KR, Hiroshima K, Marchevsky AM, Minami Y, Moreira A, Nicholson AG, Yoshida A, Tsao MS, Warth A, Duhig E, Chen G, Matsuno Y, Travis WD, Butnor K, Cooper W, Mino-Kenudson M, Motoi N, Poleri C, Pelosi G, Kerr K, Aisner SC, Ishikawa Y, Buettner RH, Keino N, Yatabe Y, Noguchi M (2017) The use of immunohistochemistry improves the diagnosis of small cell lung cancer and its differential diagnosis. An International reproducibility study in a demanding set of cases. J Thorac Oncol 12:334\u2013346","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"3015_CR75","volume-title":"WHO classification of tumours of the lung, pleura, thymus and heart","author":"W Travis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Travis W, Brambilla E, Burke A, Marx A, Nicholson A (2015) WHO classification of tumours of the lung, pleura, thymus and heart. IARC Press, Lyon"},{"key":"3015_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2017.03.006","volume":"108","author":"K Tsuruoka","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tsuruoka K, Horinouchi H, Goto Y, Kanda S, Fujiwara Y, Nokihara H, Yamamoto N, Asakura K, Nakagawa K, Sakurai H, Watanabe SI, Tsuta K, Ohe Y (2017) PD-L1 expression in neuroendocrine tumors of the lung. Lung Cancer 108:115\u2013120","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"3015_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2018.04.028","volume":"79","author":"S Uccella","year":"2018","unstructured":"Uccella S, La Rosa S, Scaldaferri D, Monti L, Maragliano R, Sorrenti E, Gariboldi M, Taramelli R, Sessa F, Acquati F (2018) New insights into hypoxia-related mechanisms involved in different microvascular patterns of bronchopulmonary carcinoids and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas. Role of ribonuclease T2 (RNASET2) and HIF-1alpha. Hum Pathol 79:66\u201376","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"3015_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2015.397","volume":"113","author":"C Vollbrecht","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vollbrecht C, Werner R, Walter RF, Christoph DC, Heukamp LC, Peifer M, Hirsch B, Burbat L, Mairinger T, Schmid KW, Wohlschlaeger J, Mairinger FD (2015) Mutational analysis of pulmonary tumours with neuroendocrine features using targeted massive parallel sequencing: a comparison of a neglected tumour group. Br J Cancer 113:1704\u20131711","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"3015_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.3858\/emm.2009.41.5.039","volume":"41","author":"A Warth","year":"2009","unstructured":"Warth A, Herpel E, Krysa S, Hoffmann H, Schnabel PA, Schirmacher P, Mechtersheimer G, Blaker H (2009) Chromosomal instability is more frequent in metastasized than in non-metastasized pulmonary carcinoids but is not a reliable predictor of metastatic potential. Exp Mol Med 41:349\u2013353","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"3015_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-17-0987","volume":"8","author":"D Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang D, Denny SK, Greenside PG, Chaikovsky AC, Brady JJ, Ouadah Y, Granja JM, Jahchan NS, Lim JS, Kwok S, Kong CS, Berghoff AS, Schmitt A, Reinhardt HC, Park KS, Preusser M, Kundaje A, Greenleaf WJ, Sage J, Winslow MM (2018) Intertumoral heterogeneity in SCLC is influenced by the cell type of origin. Cancer Discov 8:1316\u20131331","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"3015_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2018.12.005","volume":"14","author":"Y Yatabe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yatabe Y, Dacic S, Borczuk AC, Warth A, Russell PA, Lantuejoul S, Beasley MB, Thunnissen E, Pelosi G, Rekhtman N, Bubendorf L, Mino-Kenudson M, Yoshida A, Geisinger KR, Noguchi M, Chirieac LR, Bolting J, Chung JH, Chou TY, Chen G, Poleri C, Lopez-Rios F, Papotti M, Sholl LM, Roden AC, Travis WD, Hirsch FR, Kerr KM, Tsao MS, Nicholson AG, Wistuba I, Moreira AL (2019) Best practices recommendations for diagnostic immunohistochemistry in lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 14:377\u2013407","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"3015_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2017.6331","volume":"14","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Wang M (2017) PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR pathway in pulmonary carcinoid tumours. Oncol Lett 14:1373\u20131378","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"3015_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.21037\/tlcr.2018.02.02","volume":"7","author":"W Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang W, Girard L, Zhang YA, Haruki T, Papari-Zareei M, Stastny V, Ghayee HK, Pacak K, Oliver TG, Minna JD, Gazdar AF (2018) Small cell lung cancer tumors and preclinical models display heterogeneity of neuroendocrine phenotypes. Transl Lung Cancer Res 7:32\u201349","journal-title":"Transl Lung Cancer Res"},{"key":"3015_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.13011","volume":"10","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou Z, Zhu L, Niu X, Shen S, Zhao Y, Zhang J, Ye J, Han-Zhang H, Liu J, Liu C, Lu S (2019) Comparison of genomic landscapes of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. Thorac Cancer 10:839\u2013847","journal-title":"Thorac Cancer"}],"container-title":["Virchows Archiv"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00428-020-03015-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00428-020-03015-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00428-020-03015-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T04:05:17Z","timestamp":1623643517000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00428-020-03015-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["3015"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00428-020-03015-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0945-6317","1432-2307"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0945-6317","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-2307","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 August 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 December 2020","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 December 2020","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 January 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This is a review article on already existing literature data; thus, no approval by Internal Review Board was required. The study does not involve humans and\/or animals for which specific approval by the ethics committee and\/or informed consent are required. Moreover, the study does not have implications for public health or general welfare.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}}]}}