{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T22:44:29Z","timestamp":1769381069485,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]],"date-time":"2021-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614816000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]],"date-time":"2021-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009068","name":"Universit\u00e4t Bern","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009068","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virchows Arch"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>After the defeat at the battle of Waterloo on June 18, 1815, Napoleon Bonaparte was sent into exile to the Island of St. Helena where he died 6 years later on May 5, 1821. One day after his death, Napoleon\u2019s personal physician, Dr. Francesco Antommarchi, performed the autopsy in the presence of Napoleon\u2019s exile companions and the British medical doctors. Two hundred years later, mysteries still surround the cause of his death and different hypotheses have been postulated in the medical and historical literature. The main reasons seem to be the presence of several autopsy reports, their interpretation and perhaps the greed for thrill and mystery. Therefore, for the bicentenary of Napoleon\u2019s death, an international consortium of gastrointestinal pathologists assembled to analyse Napoleon\u2019s autopsy reports based on the level of medical evidence and to investigate if the autopsy reports really do not allow a final statement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-021-03061-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]],"date-time":"2021-03-04T15:02:49Z","timestamp":1614870169000},"page":"1055-1060","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The gastric disease of Napoleon Bonaparte: brief report for the bicentenary of Napoleon\u2019s death on St. Helena in 1821"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"479","author":[{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Lugli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Dawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Fl\u00e9jou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Kirsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rachel S.","family":"van der Post","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Vieth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Magali","family":"Svrcek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"3061_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/192103a0","volume":"192","author":"S Forshufvud","year":"1961","unstructured":"Forshufvud S, Smith H, Wassen A (1961) Arsenic content of Napoleon I\u2019s hair probably taken immediately after his death. Nature 192:103\u2013105","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"8","key":"3061_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1177\/014107680409700812","volume":"97","author":"F Mari","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mari F, Bertol E, Fineschi V, Karch SB (2004) Channelling the Emperor: what really killed Napoleon? J R Soc Med 97(8):397\u2013399","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"3061_CR3","unstructured":"Goldcher A (2012) Napol\u00e9on Ier. L\u2019ultime autopsie. SPM Editions, Paris"},{"key":"3061_CR4","volume-title":"Cahiers de Sainte-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","author":"H Bertrand","year":"1951","unstructured":"Bertrand H (1951) Cahiers de Sainte-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne. Editions Albin Michel, Paris"},{"key":"3061_CR5","unstructured":"Marchand L (2003) M\u00e9moires de Marchand. Premier valet de chambre et \u00e9x\u00e9cuteur testamentaire de l\u2019empereur Napol\u00e9on. Publi\u00e9s par Jean Bourguignon et le commandant Henri Lachouque. Tallandier Editions, Paris"},{"key":"3061_CR6","unstructured":"Montholon MLG (1847) R\u00e9cits de la captivit\u00e9 de l\u2019empereur Napol\u00e9on a Sainte-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne. Paulin, Librairie-Editeur, Paris"},{"key":"3061_CR7","unstructured":"Hindmarsh JT, Corso PE (2007) The death of Napoleon: the last campaign. Xlibris, Bloomington, Indiana, USA"},{"key":"3061_CR8","unstructured":"Saint-Denis LE (1926) Souvenirs du Mameluck Ali sur l\u2019empereur Napol\u00e9on. Payot, Paris"},{"issue":"4","key":"3061_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1051\/medsci\/2006224434","volume":"22","author":"R Jeandel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jeandel R, Bastien J (2006) Antonmarchi, last physician of Napoleon: requiem for a forger. Autopsy report published in 1825 is a plagiarism! Med Sci (Paris) 22(4):434\u2013436","journal-title":"Med Sci (Paris)"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"3061_CR10","first-page":"19","volume":"24","author":"C Clemenza","year":"2008","unstructured":"Clemenza C, Fiorini E, Guerra L, Herborg C, Labra M, Orvini E, Piazzoli A, Previtali E, Puggioni F, Santagostino A (2008) Misure con attivazione neutronica sulla presenza di arsenico nei capelli di Napoleone Bonaparte e di suoi famigliari. Il nuovo saggiatore 24(1-2):19\u201330","journal-title":"Il nuovo saggiatore"},{"issue":"11","key":"3061_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.07.013","volume":"48","author":"H Dawson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dawson H, Novotny A, Becker K, Reim D, Langer R, Gullo I, Svrcek M, Niess JH, Tutuian R, Truninger K, Diamantis I, Blank A, Zlobec I, Riddell RH, Carneiro F, Flejou JF, Genta RM, Lugli A (2016) Macroscopy predicts tumor progression in gastric cancer: A retrospective patho-historical analysis based on Napoleon Bonaparte\u2019s autopsy report. Dig Liver Dis 48(11):1378\u20131385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dld.2016.07.013","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"3061_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marchetti D, Cittadini F, De Giovanni N (2020) Did poisoning play a role in Napoleon\u2019s death? A systematic review. 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An imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers, London"}],"container-title":["Virchows Archiv"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00428-021-03061-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00428-021-03061-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00428-021-03061-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T02:02:47Z","timestamp":1636336967000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00428-021-03061-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["3061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00428-021-03061-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0945-6317","1432-2307"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0945-6317","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-2307","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 January 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 February 2021","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 February 2021","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 March 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The present manuscript is a retrospective medico-historical brief commentary (review) based on already existing data in the medico-historical literature. This brief commentary does not involve humans and\/or animals and does not have implications for general welfare or public health. Therefore, no approval by an Internal Review Board\/Ethics committee was required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}