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Among Chlamydiaceae, <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic> causes widespread ocular and urogenital infections in humans. Like many bacterial pathogens, all Chlamydiae manipulate host cells by injecting them with type III secretion effector proteins. We previously characterized the <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> effector CteG, which localizes at the host cell Golgi and plasma membrane during distinct phases of the chlamydial infectious cycle. Here, we show that CteG is a Chlamydiaceae-specific effector with over 60 homologs phylogenetically categorized into two distinct clades (CteG I and CteG II) and exhibiting several inparalogs and outparalogs. Notably, <jats:italic>cteG<\/jats:italic> I homologs are syntenic to <jats:italic>C. trachomatis cteG<\/jats:italic>, whereas <jats:italic>cteG<\/jats:italic> II homologs are syntenic among themselves but not with <jats:italic>C. trachomatis cteG<\/jats:italic>. This indicates a complex evolution of <jats:italic>cteG<\/jats:italic> homologs, which is unique among <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> effectors, marked by numerous events of gene duplication and loss. Despite relatively modest sequence conservation, nearly all tested CteG I and CteG II proteins were identified as type III secretion substrates using <jats:italic>Yersinia<\/jats:italic> as a heterologous bacterial host. Moreover, most of the type III secreted CteG I and CteG II homologs were delivered by <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> into host cells, where they localized at the Golgi region and cell periphery. Overall, this provided insights into the evolution of bacterial effectors and revealed a Chlamydiaceae family of type III secreted proteins that underwent substantial divergence during evolution while conserving the capacity to localize at specific host cell compartments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-024-00798-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T05:01:22Z","timestamp":1721019682000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Identification of homologs of the Chlamydia trachomatis effector CteG reveals a family of Chlamydiaceae type III secreted proteins that can be delivered into host cells"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"213","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6650-7371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas Serrano","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria","family":"da Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"In\u00eas Pacheco","family":"Leal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9449-7908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Pequito","family":"Lu\u00eds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2103-1060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0420-4970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5592-8397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds Jaime","family":"Mota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"798_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2020.05.020","author":"A Collingro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Collingro A, Kostlbacher S, Horn M (2020) Chlamydiae in the Environment. 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