{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T18:31:26Z","timestamp":1773858686680,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,3]],"date-time":"2007-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1178150400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Biometeorol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-007-0100-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,2]],"date-time":"2007-05-02T10:55:45Z","timestamp":1178103345000},"page":"69-84","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":165,"title":["An initial assessment of the bioclimatic comfort in an outdoor public space in Lisbon"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Sandra","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Henrique","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"100_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7788(02)00085-3","volume":"35","author":"KS Ahmed","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ahmed KS (2003) Comfort in urban spaces: defining the boundaries of outdoor thermal comfort for the tropical urban environments. Energy Build 35:103\u2013110","journal-title":"Energy Build"},{"key":"100_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-005-0152-1","volume":"84","author":"M-J Alcoforado","year":"2006","unstructured":"Alcoforado M-J, Andrade H (2006) Nocturnal urban heat island in Lisbon (Portugal): main features and modelling attempts. Theor Appl Climatol 84:151\u2013159","journal-title":"Theor Appl Climatol"},{"key":"100_CR3","unstructured":"Alcoforado M-J (1992) Lisbon\u2019s regional and local climate. Thermal contrasts and rhythms. Memories of CEG (in Portuguese with English summary). University of Lisbon"},{"key":"100_CR4","unstructured":"Alcoforado M-J, Matzarakis A (2007) Urban climate and planning in different climatic zones. WMO Technical note (in press)"},{"key":"100_CR5","volume-title":"Outdoor human comfort and its assessment. American society of civil engineers","author":"American Society of Civil Engineers (ACSE)","year":"2004","unstructured":"American Society of Civil Engineers (ACSE) (2004) Outdoor human comfort and its assessment. American society of civil engineers. ACSE, Reston"},{"key":"100_CR6","unstructured":"Andrade H (2003) Human bioclimate and air temperature in Lisbon (in Portuguese with English summary). PhD thesis. University of Lisbon, Department of Geography, Lisbon"},{"key":"100_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrade H, Alcoforado M-J (2007) Microclimatic variation of thermal comfort in a district of Lisbon (Telheiras) at night. Theor Appl Climatol (in press)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-007-0321-5"},{"key":"100_CR8","unstructured":"ASHRAE (1966) Thermal comfort conditions. ASHRAE standard 55.66, New York"},{"key":"100_CR9","volume-title":"Applied climatology, principles and practices","author":"A Auliciems","year":"1997","unstructured":"Auliciems A (1997) Comfort, clothing and health. In: Thompson RD, Perry A (eds) Applied climatology, principles and practices. Routledge, London"},{"key":"100_CR10","first-page":"61","volume-title":"Advances in bioclimatology 5. Human bioclimatology","author":"A Auliciems","year":"1997","unstructured":"Auliciems A, De Dear R (1997) Thermal adaptation and variable indoor climate control. In: Auliciems A (ed) Advances in bioclimatology 5. Human bioclimatology. Springer, Queensland pp\u00a061\u201386"},{"key":"100_CR11","unstructured":"Besancenot JP (2001) Climate and health. Medicine and society\u2014territories and economy of health (in French with English summary). Presses Universitaires de France, Paris"},{"key":"100_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01212621","volume":"37","author":"K Blazejczyk","year":"1993","unstructured":"Blazejczyk K, Nilson H, Holm\u00e9r I (1993) Solar heat load on man. Int J Biometeorol 37:125\u2013132","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"key":"100_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1177\/1097196304044396","volume":"28","author":"B Blocken","year":"2004","unstructured":"Blocken B, Carmeliet J (2004) Pedestrian wind environment around buildings: literature review and practical examples. J Thermal Env Bldg Sci 28:107\u2013159","journal-title":"J Thermal Env Bldg Sci"},{"key":"100_CR14","volume-title":"Multiple definitions of open space. Open space issues in expanding urban environments: an integrated assessment for the municipalities of Tucson and Vail, Prima County, Arizona","author":"L Cervera","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cervera L (1999) Multiple definitions of open space. Open space issues in expanding urban environments: an integrated assessment for the municipalities of Tucson and Vail, Prima County, Arizona. University of Arizona, Tuscon"},{"key":"100_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2003.07.003","volume":"36","author":"H Chen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chen H, Ooka R, Harayama K, Kato S, Li X (2004) Study on outdoor thermal environment of apartment block in Shenzhen, China with coupled simulation of convection, radiation and conduction. Energy Build 36:1247\u20131258","journal-title":"Energy Build"},{"key":"100_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-003-0177-z","volume":"48","author":"CR Freitas De","year":"2003","unstructured":"de Freitas CR (2003) Tourism climatology: evaluating environmental information for decision making and business planning in the recreation and tourism sector. Int J Biometeorol 48:45\u201354","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"key":"100_CR17","volume-title":"Thermal comfort","author":"PO Fanger","year":"1972","unstructured":"Fanger PO (1972) Thermal comfort. McGraw-Hill, New York"},{"key":"100_CR18","unstructured":"Garcia ER, Cejudo JM, Lopez RVV, Dominguez SA, F\u00e9lix JLM, Macho JJG (1991) Control Climatico en Espacios Abiertos. El Proyecto Expo\u201992. Secretaria General Tecnica del CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain"},{"key":"100_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7788(02)00082-8","volume":"35","author":"B Givoni","year":"2003","unstructured":"Givoni B, Noguchi M, Saaroni H, Pochter O, Yaacov Y, Feller N, Becker S (2003) Outdoor comfort research issues. Energy Build 35:77\u201386","journal-title":"Energy Build"},{"key":"100_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-7788(88)90040-0","volume":"11","author":"P H\u00f6ppe","year":"1988","unstructured":"H\u00f6ppe P (1988) Comfort requirements in indoor climate. Energy Build 11:249\u2013257","journal-title":"Energy Build"},{"key":"100_CR21","unstructured":"H\u00f6ppe P (1992) A new procedure for the determination of the mean radiative temperature outdoors (in German with English summary). Wetter Leben 44:147\u2013151"},{"key":"100_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s004840050118","volume":"43","author":"P H\u00f6ppe","year":"1999","unstructured":"H\u00f6ppe P (1999) The physiological equivalent temperature\u2014a universal index for the biometeorological assessment of the thermal environment. Int J Biometeorol 43:71\u201375","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"key":"100_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7788(02)00017-8","volume":"34","author":"P H\u00f6ppe","year":"2002","unstructured":"H\u00f6ppe P (2002) Different aspects of assessing indoor and outdoor thermal comfort. Energy Build 34:661\u2013665","journal-title":"Energy Build"},{"key":"100_CR24","volume-title":"Ergonomics of the thermal environment: estimation of metabolic heat production","author":"ISO","year":"1990","unstructured":"ISO (1990) Ergonomics of the thermal environment: estimation of metabolic heat production. International Standards Organisation, Geneva"},{"key":"100_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02263308","volume":"29","author":"G Jendritzky","year":"1981","unstructured":"Jendritzky G, N\u00fcbler W (1981) A model analysing the urban thermal environment in physiologically significant terms. Arch Meteorol Geophys Bioclimatol Ser B 29:313\u2013326","journal-title":"Arch Meteorol Geophys Bioclimatol Ser B"},{"key":"100_CR26","unstructured":"Kalkstein LS (1997) Climate and human mortality: relationships and mitigating measures. In: Auliciems A (ed) Advances in bioclimatology, 5. Human bioclimatology. Springer, Queensland, pp\u00a0161\u2013177"},{"key":"100_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-006-0024-0","volume":"50","author":"I Knes","year":"2006","unstructured":"Knes I, Thorsson S (2006) Influences of culture and environmental attitude on thermal, emotional and perceptual evaluations of a public square. Int J Biometeorol 50:258\u2013268","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"key":"100_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-004-0218-2","volume":"49","author":"J Kysely","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kysely J (2004) Mortality and displaced mortality during heat waves in the Czech Republic. Int J Biometeorol 49:91\u201397","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"key":"100_CR29","unstructured":"Lopes A (2003) Changes in Lisbon\u2019s urban climate as a consequence of urban growth (in Portuguese with English summary). Wind, surface UHI and energy budget. PhD Thesis. University of Lisbon, Department of Geography"},{"key":"100_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s004840050119","volume":"43","author":"A Matzarakis","year":"1999","unstructured":"Matzarakis A, Mayer H, Iziomon E (1999) Applications of a universal thermal index: physiological equivalent temperature. Int J Biometeorol 43:76\u201384","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"key":"100_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matzarakis A, Rutz F, Mayer H (2007) Modelling radiation fluxes in simple and complex environments: application of the Rayman model. Int J Biometeorol. 51:323\u2013334","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-006-0061-8"},{"key":"100_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00866252","volume":"38","author":"H Mayer","year":"1987","unstructured":"Mayer H, H\u00f6ppe P (1987) Thermal comfort on man in different urban environments. Theor Appl Climatol 38:43\u201349","journal-title":"Theor Appl Climatol"},{"key":"100_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s004840100094","volume":"45","author":"GR McGregor","year":"2001","unstructured":"McGregor GR (2001) The meteorological sensitivity of ischemic heart disease mortality events in Birmingham, UK. Int J Biometeorol 45:133\u2013142","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"key":"100_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s004840050112","volume":"43","author":"GR McGregor","year":"1999","unstructured":"McGregor GR, Walters S, Wordley J (1999) Daily hospital respiratory admissions and winter air mass types, Birmingham, UK. Int J Biometeorol 43:21\u201330","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"key":"100_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-006-0040-0","volume":"51","author":"TM M\u00e4kinen","year":"2006","unstructured":"M\u00e4kinen TM, Raatikka V-P, Rytk\u00f6nen M, Jokelainen J, Rintam\u00e4ki H, Ruuhela RS, Hassi J (2006) Factors affecting outdoor exposure in winter: population-based study. Int J Biometeorol 51:27\u201336","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"key":"100_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-006-0031-1","volume":"50","author":"P Nastos","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nastos P, Matzarakis A (2006) Weather impacts on the respiratory infections in Athens, Greece. Int J Biometeorol 50:358\u2013369","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"key":"100_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2005.05.031","volume":"41","author":"M Nikolopoulou","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nikolopoulou M, Lykoudis S (2006) Thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces: analysis across different European countries. Build Environ 41:1455\u20131470","journal-title":"Build Environ"},{"key":"100_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7788(02)00084-1","volume":"35","author":"M Nikolopoulou","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nikolopoulou M, Steemers K (2003) Thermal comfort and psychological adaptation as a guide for designing urban spaces. Energy Build 35:95\u2013101","journal-title":"Energy Build"},{"key":"100_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0038-092X(00)00093-1","volume":"70","author":"M Nikolopoulou","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nikolopoulou M, Baker N, Steemers K (2001) Thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces: understanding the human parameter. Sol Energy 70:227\u2013235","journal-title":"Sol Energy"},{"key":"100_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203302620","volume-title":"Human thermal environments","author":"KC Parsons","year":"1993","unstructured":"Parsons KC (1993) Human thermal environments. Taylor & Francis, London"},{"key":"100_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7788(02)00009-9","volume":"34","author":"KC Parsons","year":"2002","unstructured":"Parsons KC (2002) The effects of gender, acclimation state, the opportunity to adjust clothing and physical disability on requirements for thermal comfort. Energy Build 34:593\u2013599","journal-title":"Energy Build"},{"key":"100_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-3628(73)90008-X","volume":"8","author":"AD Penwarden","year":"1973","unstructured":"Penwarden AD (1973) Acceptable wind speeds in towns. Build Sci 8:259\u2013267","journal-title":"Build Sci"},{"key":"100_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-1323(78)90026-4","volume":"13","author":"AD Penwarden","year":"1978","unstructured":"Penwarden AD, Grigg PF, Rayment R (1978) Measurements of wind drag on people standing in a wind tunnel. Build Environ 13:75\u201384","journal-title":"Build Environ"},{"key":"100_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-002-0142-2","volume":"47","author":"U Schlink","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schlink U, Fritz GJ, Herbarth O, Richter M (2002) Longitudinal modelling of respiratory symptoms in children. Int J Biometeorol 47:35\u201348","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"key":"100_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-1323(02)00209-3","volume":"38","author":"J Spagnolo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Spagnolo J, DeDear R (2003) A field study of thermal comfort in outdoor and semi-outdoor environments in subtropical Sydney, Australia. Build Environ 38:721\u2013738","journal-title":"Build Environ"},{"key":"100_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jweia.2006.06.011","volume":"94","author":"T Stathopoulos","year":"2006","unstructured":"Stathopoulos T (2006) Pedestrian level winds and outdoor human comfort. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 94:769\u2013780","journal-title":"J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn"},{"key":"100_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2003.09.001","volume":"39","author":"T Stathopoulos","year":"2004","unstructured":"Stathopoulos T, Wu H, Zacharias J (2004) Outdoor human comfort in an urban climate. Build Environ 39:297\u2013305","journal-title":"Build Environ"},{"key":"100_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-2046(02)00076-2","volume":"61","author":"M Svenson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Svenson M, Eliasson I (2002) Diurnal air temperatures in built-up areas in relation to urban planning. Landsc Urban Plan 61:37\u201354","journal-title":"Landsc Urban Plan"},{"key":"100_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-003-0189-8","volume":"48","author":"S Thorsson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Thorsson S, Lindqvist M, Lindqvist S (2004) Thermal bioclimatic conditions and patterns of behaviour in an urban park in G\u00f6teborg, Sweden. Int J Biometeorol 48:149\u2013156","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"key":"100_CR50","volume-title":"The asthmatic child in the allergy world. Service of Imunoallergology, Hospital of Dona Estef\u00e2nia, Eurom\u00e9dice, Ed","author":"A Todo-Bom","year":"2003","unstructured":"Todo-Bom A (2003) Os alerg\u00e9nios ambientais\u2014p\u00f3lens e fungos. In: Pinto JR, Almeida MM (eds) The asthmatic child in the allergy world. Service of Imunoallergology, Hospital of Dona Estef\u00e2nia, Eurom\u00e9dice, M\u00e9dicas, Lisbon"},{"key":"100_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/00140136608964361","volume":"9","author":"CR Underwood","year":"1966","unstructured":"Underwood CR, Ward EJ (1966) The solar radiation area of man. Ergon 9:155\u2013168","journal-title":"Ergon"},{"key":"100_CR52","volume-title":"Environmental meteorology, methods for the human-biometeorological evaluation of climate and air quality for urban and regional planning at regional level","author":"VDI","year":"1998","unstructured":"VDI (1998) Environmental meteorology, methods for the human-biometeorological evaluation of climate and air quality for urban and regional planning at regional level. VDI, Dusseldorf"},{"key":"100_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-006-0035-x","volume":"50","author":"MA Vigotti","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vigotti MA, Muggeo VMR, Cusimano R (2006) The effect of birthplace on heat tolerance and mortality in Milan, Italy, 1980\u20131989. Int J Biometeorol 50:335\u2013341","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"key":"100_CR54","unstructured":"Westerberg U, Linden E, Nilsson H (2006) Perceived windiness in urban spaces. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Urban Climate, 12\u201316 June 2006, G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"},{"key":"100_CR55","volume-title":"Statistical methods in the atmospheric sciences","author":"DS Wilks","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wilks DS (1995) Statistical methods in the atmospheric sciences. Academic, San Diego"},{"key":"100_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916501332008","volume":"33","author":"J Zacharias","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zacharias J, Stathopoulos T, Wu H (2001) Microclimate and downtown open space activity. Environ Behav 33:296\u2013315","journal-title":"Environ Behav"},{"key":"100_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916503262545","volume":"36","author":"J Zacharias","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zacharias J, Stathopoulos T, Wu H (2004) Spatial behaviour in San Francisco\u2019s plazas\u2014the effects of microclimate, other people, and environmental design. Environ Behav 36:638\u2013658","journal-title":"Environ Behav"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Biometeorology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00484-007-0100-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00484-007-0100-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00484-007-0100-0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]],"date-time":"2019-05-28T21:28:26Z","timestamp":1559078906000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00484-007-0100-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,3]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,10]]}},"alternative-id":["100"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00484-007-0100-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-7128","1432-1254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-7128","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,3]]}}}