{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T23:53:59Z","timestamp":1768348439895,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,21]],"date-time":"2015-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1432166400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Biometeorol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-015-0994-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,20]],"date-time":"2015-05-20T20:16:07Z","timestamp":1432152967000},"page":"1875-1889","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Advanced modelling of the transport phenomena across horizontal clothing microclimates with natural convection"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"T. S.","family":"Mayor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S.","family":"Couto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A.","family":"Psikuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"R. M.","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"994_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expthermflusci.2006.04.017","volume":"31","author":"A Ba\u00efri","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ba\u00efri A, Laraqi N, Garc\u00eda de Mar\u00eda JM (2007) Numerical and experimental study of natural convection in tilted parallelepipedic cavities for large Rayleigh numbers. Exp Thermal Fluid Sci 31(4):309\u2013324","journal-title":"Exp Thermal Fluid Sci"},{"key":"994_CR2","unstructured":"Barker RL et al (2004) Modeling of thermal protection outfits for fire exposures F01-NS50. North Caroline State."},{"key":"994_CR3","volume-title":"Heat transfer handbook","author":"A Bejan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bejan A, Kraus AD (2003) Heat transfer handbook. Wiley, Hoboken"},{"key":"994_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bogerd CP, Aerts J-M, Annaheim S, Br\u00f6de P, de Bruyne G, Flouris AD, Kuklane K, Mayor TS, Rossi RM (2015) A review on ergonomics of headgear: thermal effects. Int J Ind Ergon 45:1\u201312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2014.10.004"},{"key":"994_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Br\u00f6de P, De Bruyne G, Aerts J-M, Mayor TS, COST Action TU1101 WG4 (2014) Prediction of head sweat rates for assessing the thermal comfort of bicycle helmets. In: The 6th European conference on protective clothing (ECPC). Bruges, Belgium, p. 4","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-7648-4-S1-A85"},{"key":"994_CR6","unstructured":"\u00c7engel Y (2007) Heat and mass transfer: a practical approach, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill Education, New York"},{"issue":"2","key":"994_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S1290-0729(02)00019-4","volume":"42","author":"M Corcione","year":"2003","unstructured":"Corcione M (2003) Effects of the thermal boundary conditions at the sidewalls upon natural convection in rectangular enclosures heated from below and cooled from above. Int J Therm Sci 42(2):199\u2013208","journal-title":"Int J Therm Sci"},{"key":"994_CR8","unstructured":"Coulson JM et al (1999) Chemical engineering\u00a0volume 1\u2014fluid flow, heat transfer and mass transfer, 6th edn. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford"},{"issue":"5","key":"994_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1108\/09556221111166301","volume":"23","author":"S Couto","year":"2011","unstructured":"Couto S, Campos JBLM, Mayor TS (2011) On the performance of a mitt heating multilayer: a numerical study. Int J Cloth Sci Technol 23(5):373\u2013387","journal-title":"Int J Cloth Sci Technol"},{"key":"994_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-727X(99)00053-3","volume":"20","author":"DM Cuckovic-Dzodzo","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cuckovic-Dzodzo DM, Dzodzo MB, Pavlovic MD (1999) Laminar natural convection in a fully partitioned enclosure containing fluid with nonlinear thermophysical properties. Int J Heat Fluid Flow 20:614\u2013623","journal-title":"Int J Heat Fluid Flow"},{"key":"994_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/fld.1650030305","volume":"3","author":"G de Vahl Davis","year":"1983","unstructured":"de Vahl Davis G (1983) Natural convection of air in a square cavity: a bench mark numerical solution. Int J Numer Methods Fluids 3:249\u2013264","journal-title":"Int J Numer Methods Fluids"},{"key":"994_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding D, Tang T, Song G, MacDonald A (2010) Characterizing the performance of a single-layer fabric system through a heat and mass transfer model. Part I: heat and mass transfer model. Text Res J 81(4):398\u2013411","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517510388547"},{"key":"994_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding D, Tang T, Song G, MacDonald A (2011) Characterizing the performance of a single-layer fabric system through a heat and mass transfer model. Part II: thermal and evaporative resistances. Text Res J 81(9):945\u2013958","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517510395994"},{"key":"994_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibson P (2009) Modeling heat and mass transfer from fabric-covered cylinders. J Eng Fibers Fabrics 4(1)","DOI":"10.1177\/155892500900400102"},{"key":"994_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/0017-9310(75)90179-9","volume":"18","author":"KG Hollands","year":"1975","unstructured":"Hollands KG, Raithby GD, Konicek L (1975) Correlation equations for free convection heat transfer in horizontal layers of air and water. Int J Heat Mass Tranf 18:879\u2013884","journal-title":"Int J Heat Mass Tranf"},{"key":"994_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hollands KG, Unny TE, Raithby GD, Konicek L (1976) Free convective heat transfer across inclined air layers. J Heat Transf 98(2):189\u2013193","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3450517"},{"issue":"2","key":"994_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s00231-011-0876-7","volume":"48","author":"L Khezzar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Khezzar L, Siginer D, Vinogradov I (2011) Natural convection in inclined two dimensional rectangular cavities. Heat Mass Transf 48(2):227\u2013239","journal-title":"Heat Mass Transf"},{"key":"994_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim IY, Lee C, Li P, Corner BD, Paquette S (2002) Investigation of air gaps entrapped in protective clothing systems. Fire Mater 26:121\u2013126","DOI":"10.1002\/fam.790"},{"key":"994_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0017-9310(99)00362-2","volume":"43","author":"B Lartigue","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lartigue B, Lorente S, Bourret B (2000) Multicellular natural convection in a high aspect ratio cavity: experimental and numerical results. Int J Heat Mass Transf 43:3157\u20133170","journal-title":"Int J Heat Mass Transf"},{"key":"994_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leal L (2007) Advanced transport phenomena: fluid mechanics and convective transport processes. Cambridge University Press, New York","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511800245"},{"issue":"16","key":"994_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2005.02.026","volume":"48","author":"JR Lee","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lee JR, Ha MY (2005) A numerical study of natural convection in a horizontal enclosure with a conducting body. Int J Heat Mass Transf 48(16):3308\u20133318","journal-title":"Int J Heat Mass Transf"},{"issue":"12","key":"994_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517512436830","volume":"82","author":"J Li","year":"2012","unstructured":"Li J, Lu Y, Li X (2012) Effect of relative humidity coupled with air gap on heat transfer of flame-resistant fabrics exposed to flash fires. Text Res J 82(12):1235\u20131243","journal-title":"Text Res J"},{"key":"994_CR23","volume-title":"A heat transfer textbook","author":"VJ Lienhard","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lienhard VJ, Lienhard J IV (2003) A heat transfer textbook, 3rd edn. Phlogiston, Cambridge","edition":"3"},{"key":"994_CR24","unstructured":"Mayor TS, Couto S, Psikuta A, Rossi RM (2014a) A numerical analysis on the transport phenomena across horizontal clothing microclimates. In: The 6th European conference on protective clothing (ECPC). Bruges, Belgium, p. 34"},{"key":"994_CR25","unstructured":"Mayor TS, Couto S, Psikuta A, Rossi RM (2014b) Transport phenomena in clothing wavy microclimates\u2014a numerical study. In: Scientific conference for smart and functional textiles, well-being, thermal comfort in clothing, design, thermal manikins and modelling (Ambience14 & 10i3m). Tampere, Finland"},{"key":"994_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayor TS, Oliveira D, Rossi RM, Annaheim S (2015) Numerical simulation of the transport phenomena in tilted clothing microclimates. In: XVI international conference on environmental ergonomics (ICEE\u201915). Portsmouth, UK","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-7648-4-S1-A68"},{"key":"994_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Min K, Son Y, Kim C, Lee Y, Hong K (2007) Heat and moisture transfer from skin to environment through fabrics: a mathematical model. Int J Heat Mass Transf 50(25\u201326):5292\u20135304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2007.06.016"},{"issue":"7","key":"994_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1007\/s00231-011-0963-9","volume":"48","author":"Y Morozumi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Morozumi Y, Akaki K, Tanabe N (2012) Heat and moisture transfer in gaps between sweating imitation skin and nonwoven cloth: effect of gap space and alignment of skin and clothing on the moisture transfer. Heat Mass Transf 48(7):1235\u20131245","journal-title":"Heat Mass Transf"},{"issue":"6","key":"994_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517513499431","volume":"84","author":"MP Morrissey","year":"2013","unstructured":"Morrissey MP, Rossi RM (2013) The effect of wind, body movement and garment adjustments on the effective thermal resistance of clothing with low and high air permeability insulation. Text Res J 84(6):583\u2013592","journal-title":"Text Res J"},{"key":"994_CR30","unstructured":"Neiva O, Pinho FT, Mayor TS (2011) A numerical study on the cooling power of an enhanced convection solution for footwear. In Japan-Portugal Nano-Biomedical Engineering Symposium 2011. Porto, p. 2."},{"key":"994_CR31","unstructured":"Neves SF, Campos JBLM, Mayor TS (2012) Numerical simulation study on the heat and mass transfer through multi-layer textile assemblies. In Comsol Conference Europe. Milan"},{"key":"994_CR32","unstructured":"Neves SF, Campos JBLM, Mayor TS (2014) A numerical simulation study on the thermal performance of ventilated clothes. In: The 6th European conference on protective clothing (ECPC). Bruges, Belgium, p. 13"},{"key":"994_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2014.09.038","volume":"81","author":"SF Neves","year":"2015","unstructured":"Neves SF, Campos JBLM, Mayor TS (2015a) On the determination of parameters required for numerical studies of heat and mass transfer through textiles\u2014methodologies and experimental procedures. Int J Heat Mass Transf 81:272\u2013282","journal-title":"Int J Heat Mass Transf"},{"key":"994_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neves SF, Couto S, Campos JBLM, Mayor TS (2015b) Advances in the optimisation of apparel heating products: a numerical approach to study heat\u00a0transport through a blanket with an embedded smart heating system. Accepted in Applied Thermal Engineering. doi: 10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2015.05.035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2015.05.035"},{"key":"994_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Psikuta A, Frackiewicz-Kaczmarek J, Frydrych I, Rossi RM (2012) Quantitative evaluation of air gap thickness and contact area between body and garment. Text Res J 82(14):1405\u20131413","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517512436823"},{"issue":"3","key":"994_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1007\/s00231-005-0012-7","volume":"42","author":"EH Ridouane","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ridouane EH, Hasnaoui M, Campo A (2005) Effects of surface radiation on natural convection in a Rayleigh-Benard square enclosure: steady and unsteady conditions. Heat Mass Transf 42(3):214\u2013225","journal-title":"Heat Mass Transf"},{"key":"994_CR37","unstructured":"Rocha R, Neiva O, Campos JBLM, Pinho FT, Mayor TS (2012) A cooling solution for footwear\u2014numerical analysis. In: The Fiber Society 2012 spring conference\u2014fiber research for tomorrow\u2019s applications. St. Gallen, Switzerland, pp. 230\u2013231"},{"issue":"7","key":"994_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517508093415","volume":"79","author":"CMJ Sawcyn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sawcyn CMJ, Torvi DA (2009) Improving heat transfer models of air gaps in bench top tests of thermal protective fabrics. Text Res J 79(7):632\u2013644","journal-title":"Text Res J"},{"key":"994_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott RA (ed) (2005) Textiles for protection. Woodhead, Cambridge","DOI":"10.1201\/9781439823811"},{"key":"994_CR40","volume-title":"Flow, heat and mass transfer through protective textiles","author":"MP Sobera","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sobera MP (2006) Flow, heat and mass transfer through protective textiles. Tecnische Universiteit Cz\u00e7estochowa geboren te Ilza, Polen"},{"issue":"3","key":"994_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1177\/1528083707069506","volume":"36","author":"G Song","year":"2007","unstructured":"Song G (2007) Clothing air gap layers and thermal protective performance in single layer garment. J Ind Text 36(3):193\u2013205","journal-title":"J Ind Text"},{"key":"994_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soong CY, Tzeng PY, Chiang DC, Sheu TS (1996) Numerical study on mode-transition of natural convection in differentially heated inclined enclosures. Int J Heat Mass Transf 39:2869\u20132882","DOI":"10.1016\/0017-9310(95)00378-9"},{"issue":"8","key":"994_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1108\/09615530310501966","volume":"13","author":"MD Souza","year":"2003","unstructured":"Souza MD, Miranda RFD, Machado HA (2003) Natural convection in enclosures with variable fluid properties. Int J Numer Methods Heat Fluid Flow 13(8):1079\u20131096","journal-title":"Int J Numer Methods Heat Fluid Flow"},{"issue":"1","key":"994_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/104239159901000101","volume":"10","author":"DA Torvi","year":"1999","unstructured":"Torvi DA, Douglas Dale J, Faulkner B (1999) Influence of air gaps on bench-top test results of flame resistant fabrics. J Fire Prot Eng 10(1):1\u201312","journal-title":"J Fire Prot Eng"},{"issue":"8","key":"994_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1108\/09615530310501957","volume":"13","author":"J Vierendeels","year":"2003","unstructured":"Vierendeels J, Merci B, Dick E (2003) Benchmark solutions for the natural convective heat transfer problem in a square cavity with large horizontal temperature differences. Int J Numer Methods Heat Fluid Flow 13(8):1057\u20131078","journal-title":"Int J Numer Methods Heat Fluid Flow"},{"key":"994_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijthermalsci.2012.04.021","volume":"60","author":"V Vivek","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vivek V, Sharma AK, Balaji C (2012) Interaction effects between laminar natural convection and surface radiation in tilted square and shallow enclosures. Int J Therm Sci 60:70\u201384","journal-title":"Int J Therm Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"994_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijthermalsci.2005.07.008","volume":"45","author":"H Wang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wang H, Hamed MS (2006) Flow mode-transition of natural convection in inclined rectangular enclosures subjected to bidirectional temperature gradients. Int J Therm Sci 45(8):782\u2013795","journal-title":"Int J Therm Sci"},{"key":"994_CR48","unstructured":"Wang F, Lin LY, Ribeiro M, Ferraro S, Mayor TS, Molinaro V, Gao C, Kuklane K, Holm\u00e9r I (2011) Localized evaporative resistance: correction for body and air movement. In: Stylianos Kounalakis, Maria Koskolou (Eds), ed. XIV International conference on environmental ergonomics (ICEE\u201911). Nafplio, Greece, pp. 101\u2013102."},{"key":"994_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang F, Ferraro S,\u00a0Lin LY, Mayor TS, Molinaro V, Ribeiro M,\u00a0Gao C, Kuklane K, Holm\u00e9r I (2012) Localised boundary air layer and clothing evaporative resistances for individual body segments. Ergonomics 55(7):799\u2013812","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2012.668948"},{"issue":"1","key":"994_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1080\/00405000701692486","volume":"100","author":"H Zhang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhang H, Hu TL, Zhang JC (2009) Surface emissivity of fabric in the 8\u201314 \u03bcm waveband. J Text Inst 100(1):90\u201394","journal-title":"J Text Inst"},{"key":"994_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao M, Gao C, Wang F, Kuklane K, Holm\u00e9r I, Li J (2013) A study on local cooling of garments with ventilation fans and openings placed at different torso sites. Int J Ind Ergon 43(3):232\u2013237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2013.01.001"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Biometeorology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00484-015-0994-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00484-015-0994-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00484-015-0994-x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,25]],"date-time":"2019-08-25T10:13:58Z","timestamp":1566728038000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00484-015-0994-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,21]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["994"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00484-015-0994-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-7128","1432-1254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-7128","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,21]]}}}