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This study presents a comprehensive characterisation of Azorean lavas with diverse textures and mineral compositions, developing new empirical models to predict their engineering parameters. A total of 113 blocks, from basalts to trachytes, were collected from S. Miguel Island (Azores, Portugal) and analysed for index properties (porosity, density,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    -wave velocity), strength (uniaxial compressive and tensile), and elastic moduli. Triaxial tests under confinement further yielded cohesion and friction angle parameters based on the Mohr\u2013Coulomb and Hoek\u2013Brown criteria. Open porosity (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>eff<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    ) was the principal control on mechanical behaviour. Low-\u00a0to\u00a0medium-porosity lavas (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>ef<\/jats:italic>\n                      f\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u200915%) showed variable unconfined compressive strength (30\u2013156\u00a0MPa), while high-porosity lavas (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>eff<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009&gt;\u200915%) were less competent (17\u201357\u00a0MPa). Samples with\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>eff<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009&gt;\u200912.5\u2009\u00b1\u20092.5% displayed a plastic deformation at 10\u00a0MPa confinement. Low- to medium-porosity basalts and trachyandesites exhibited medium-to-high strength, whereas trachytes accommodated more deformation. Water saturation caused an average 3% reduction in tensile strength and a decrease in density, independent of lava type or texture. Cohesion (5\u201317\u00a0MPa) and friction angles (28\u201355\u00b0) of the studied lavas provide a more complete mechanical database on Azorean volcanic rocks. Statistically significant empirical equations were derived to estimate strength parameters from key properties, such as\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>eff<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    . These models, applicable from basalts to trachytes, are a predictive tool for future geotechnical applications in the Azores Archipelago.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-026-05348-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T07:08:14Z","timestamp":1770880094000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Engineering Properties of Lava Rocks from S. Miguel Island: Insights from Laboratory Testing and New Empirical Correlations"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7118-1262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Lu\u00edsa","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6386-619X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1354-8636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matilde","family":"Costa e Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9187-252X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Pappalardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6990-7610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vittorio","family":"Zanon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"5348_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrmge.2020.10.003","volume":"13","author":"A Abdelaziz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abdelaziz A, Grasselli G (2021) How believable are published laboratory data? 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