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Nutritional strategies that favor positive bone remodeling balance are of clinical interest. Jarlsberg cheese contains\n                      <jats:italic>Propionibacterium freudenreichii (PF)<\/jats:italic>\n                      , which produces vitamin K\u2082 and 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (DHNA), compounds with potential favorable effects on bone health.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this 24-week sex-stratified randomized-controlled trial, 60 young physically active adults engaged in endurance training were allocated to daily intake of either Jarlsberg cheese or a nutritionally comparable control cheese without PF.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>The primary outcome was change in serum total osteocalcin (tOC). Secondary outcomes were changes in carboxylated osteocalcin (cOC), procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP), cross-linked C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX), P1NP\/CTX ratio, lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD), and trabecular bone score (TBS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      After 24\u00a0weeks, serum tOC was significantly higher in the Jarlsberg group than in controls (38.0 vs. 26.8\u00a0ng\/mL,\n                      <jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u00a00.01). cOC and P1NP\/CTX ratio increased in favor of the Jarlsberg group (\n                      <jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u00a00.03). Lumbar spine BMD increased in the Jarlsberg group (mean change 0.012\u00a0g\/cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u00a00.03), with a greater increase than in controls (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.05), and TBS showed a positive trend in the Jarlsberg group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Daily intake of cheese-containing PF was associated with favorable changes in bone turnover markers and increase in lumbar spine BMD. These findings suggest that PF-fermented cheese may support bone metabolism in young individuals exposed to reduced hormonal protection and high bone turnover.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Protocol number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>XCS-Jarlsberg\/IIA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NCT 06688032.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-026-01761-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T09:46:05Z","timestamp":1791539165000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Propionibacterium cheese and bone turnover in active young adults: a randomized-controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3430-9068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helge Einar","family":"Lundberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stig","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Therese Fostervold","family":"Mathisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tove Tveitan","family":"Borgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorunn","family":"Sundgot-Borgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"1761_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-018-4704-5","volume":"30","author":"JA Kanis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kanis JA, Cooper C, Rizzoli R, Reginster JY, Scientific Advisory Board of the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis (ESCEO) and the Committees of Scientific Advisors and National Societies of the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) (2019) European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. 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