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The experimental setting included passive social distractors (i.e., the dog\u2019s owner and a stranger). The focus was on how the social and physical environment shapes  puppies\u2019 behaviors according to sex. The dependent variables were the number of tasks solved on an apparatus (Performance Index) and the time required to solve the first task (Speed). Sex and Stress were set as  explanatory factors, and Social Interest, FRTI interactions, other behavior, and age as covariates. The main findings were that male puppies solved the first task faster than females. On the other hand, females\u00a0displayed significantly more social interest and did so more rapidly than males. Males showed delayed task resolution. This study demonstrates sex differences in a problem-solving task in dog puppies for the first time, thus highlighting that sexually dimorphic behavioral differences in problem-solving strategies develop early on during ontogenesis.\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-022-01714-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]],"date-time":"2022-11-23T18:57:42Z","timestamp":1669229862000},"page":"791-797","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Puppies in the problem-solving paradigm: quick males and social females"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1845-9886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Pinelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4442-2948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Scandurra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Di Lucrezia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8517-9411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Aria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5304-5566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00fcn R.","family":"Semin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1176-946X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biagio","family":"D\u2019Aniello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"1714_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-020-01448-2","volume":"24","author":"M Aria","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aria M, Alterisio A, Scandurra A et al (2021) The scholar\u2019s best friend: research trends in dog cognitive and behavioral studies. 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Appl Anim Behav Sci 58:151\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0168-1591(97)00093-2","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"}],"container-title":["Animal Cognition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10071-022-01714-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10071-022-01714-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10071-022-01714-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T11:13:44Z","timestamp":1680261224000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10071-022-01714-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1714"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10071-022-01714-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1435-9448","1435-9456"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1435-9448","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-9456","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 April 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 October 2022","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 November 2022","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 November 2022","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare they have no financial interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Ethical Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d (Protocol Number 2017\/0025509). All applicable international, national, and\/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from the owners of all dogs included in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}