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Both groups were exposed to control, human fear, and happiness odors in a between subjects\u2019 design. The duration of all behaviors directed to the apparatus, the door, the owner, a stranger, and stress behaviors was recorded. A discriminant analysis showed that the fear odor activates consistent behavior patterns for both puppies and adult dogs. However, no behavioral differences between the control and happiness odor conditions were found in the case of puppies. In contrast, adult dogs reveal distinctive patterns for all three odor conditions. We argue that responses to human fear chemosignals systematically influence the behaviors displayed by puppies and adult dogs, which<jats:italic>could<\/jats:italic>be genetically prefigured. In contrast, the effects of happiness odors constitute cues that require learning during early socialization processes, which yield consistent patterns only in adulthood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-023-01771-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T11:05:23Z","timestamp":1680519923000},"page":"1241-1250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["When are puppies receptive to emotion-induced human chemosignals? The cases of fear and happiness"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1176-946X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biagio","family":"D\u2019Aniello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1845-9886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Pinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4442-2948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Scandurra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7644-2302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Di Lucrezia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8517-9411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Aria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5304-5566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00fcn R.","family":"Semin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"1771_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20150883","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2015.0883","volume":"12","author":"N Albuquerque","year":"2016","unstructured":"Albuquerque N, Guo K, Wilkinson A et al (2016) Dogs recognize dog and human emotions. 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