{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T15:15:27Z","timestamp":1776352527092,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["2021.06289.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.06289.BD"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant RT690446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant RT690446"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005727","name":"Universidade de Coimbra","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005727","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-025-05279-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T12:57:24Z","timestamp":1768568244000},"page":"1141-1156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ciprofloxacin resistance enhances biofilm formation and modulates virulence in Acinetobacter baumannii: Insights into the role of efflux pumps and quorum sensing"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9077-483X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9rgio G.","family":"Mendes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5297-7337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia I.","family":"Combo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4282-1865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thibault","family":"Allain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1375-1781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"M\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8879-5113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Domingues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1205-5936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andre G.","family":"Buret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7479-8540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela J.","family":"Da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"5279_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01891-8","volume":"10","author":"L Daruka","year":"2025","unstructured":"Daruka L, Czikkely MS, Szili P et al (2025) EskAPE pathogens rapidly develop resistance against antibiotics in development in vitro. Nat Microbiol 10:313\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41564-024-01891-8","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"5279_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00016-10","volume":"74","author":"J Davies","year":"2010","unstructured":"Davies J, Davies D (2010) Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 74:417\u2013433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/MMBR.00016-10","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"5279_CR3","unstructured":"FAO, OIE, WHO, UNEP (2021) Antimicrobial resistance and the United Nations sustainable development cooperation framework.\u00a0https:\/\/openknowledge.fao.org\/items\/a26ba181-bb0f-41d5-a257-74f41a79ed73. Accessed 10 September 2024"},{"key":"5279_CR4","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill J (2014) Antimicrobial resistance: Tackling a crisis for the health and wealth of nations.\u00a0https:\/\/amr-review.org\/sites\/default\/files\/AMR%20Review%20Paper%20-%20Tackling%20a%20crisis%20for%20the%20health%20and%20wealth%20of%20nations_1.pdf. Accessed 10 September 2024"},{"key":"5279_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-023-04677-8","volume":"42","author":"SG Mendes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mendes SG, Combo SI, Allain T et al (2023) Co-regulation of biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii: from mechanisms to therapeutic strategies. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 42:1405\u20131423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-023-04677-8","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"5279_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","volume":"399","author":"CJ Murray","year":"2022","unstructured":"Murray CJ, Ikuta KS, Sharara F et al (2022) Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet 399:629\u2013655. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"5279_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4272-0","volume":"19","author":"H Zeighami","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zeighami H, Valadkhani F, Shapouri R et al (2019) Virulence characteristics of multidrug resistant biofilm forming Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from intensive care unit patients. BMC Infect Dis 19:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-019-4272-0","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"5279_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.34171\/mjiri.34.24","volume":"34","author":"B Sobouti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sobouti B, Mirshekar M, Fallah S et al (2020) Pan drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii causing nosocomial infections among burnt children. Med J Islam Repub Iran 34:1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34171\/mjiri.34.24","journal-title":"Med J Islam Repub Iran"},{"key":"5279_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1086\/595977","volume":"30","author":"R Valencia","year":"2009","unstructured":"Valencia R, Arroyo LA, Conde M et al (2009) Nosocomial outbreak of infection with pan\u2013drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a tertiary care university hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 30:257\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/595977","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"5279_CR10","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024) WHO bacterial priority pathogens list, 2024.\u00a0https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/376776\/9789240093461-eng.pdf. Accessed 12 September 2024"},{"key":"5279_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcma.2017.07.012","volume":"81","author":"M Jamal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jamal M, Ahmad W, Andleeb S et al (2018) Bacterial biofilm and associated infections. J Chin Med Assoc 81:7\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcma.2017.07.012","journal-title":"J Chin Med Assoc"},{"key":"5279_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1086\/533452","volume":"197","author":"LB Rice","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rice LB (2008) Federal funding for the study of antimicrobial resistance in nosocomial pathogens: no ESKAPE. J Infect Dis 197:1079\u20131081. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/533452","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"5279_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5418.1318","volume":"284","author":"JW Costerton","year":"1999","unstructured":"Costerton JW, Stewart PS, Greenberg EP (1999) Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections. Science 284:1318\u20131322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.284.5418.1318. (1979)","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"5279_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.37.6.1771-1776.1999","volume":"37","author":"H Ceri","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ceri H, Olson ME, Stremick C et al (1999) The calgary biofilm device: new technology for rapid determination of antibiotic susceptibilities of bacterial biofilms. J Clin Microbiol 37:1771\u20131776. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.37.6.1771-1776.1999","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"5279_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.06.002","volume":"26","author":"J Yan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yan J, Bassler BL (2019) Surviving as a community: antibiotic tolerance and persistence in bacterial biofilms. Cell Host Micr 26:15\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2019.06.002","journal-title":"Cell Host Micr"},{"key":"5279_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0809.020063","volume":"8","author":"RM Donlan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Donlan RM (2002) Biofilms: microbial life on surfaces. Emerg Infect Dis 8:881\u2013890. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid0809.020063","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"5279_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.43566","volume":"26","author":"RS Rao","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rao RS, Karthika RU, Singh SP et al (2008) Correlation between biofilm production and multiple drug resistance in imipenem resistant clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii. Indian J Med Microbiol 26:333\u2013337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0255-0857.43566","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"5279_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.04.039","volume":"108","author":"AM Bardbari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bardbari AM, Arabestani MR, Karami M et al (2017) Correlation between ability of biofilm formation with their responsible genes and MDR patterns in clinical and environmental Acinetobacter baumannii isolates. Microb Pathog 108:122\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.04.039","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"5279_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24814","volume":"37","author":"S Khoshnood","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khoshnood S, Sadeghifard N, Mahdian N et al (2023) Antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation capacity among Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from patients with burns and ventilator-associated pneumonia. J Clin Lab Anal 37:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcla.24814","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"key":"5279_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/ijm\/1009049","volume":"2025","author":"K Javadi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Javadi K, Ghaemian P, Baziboron M, Pournajaf A (2025) Investigating the link between biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii. Int J Microbiol 2025:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/ijm\/1009049","journal-title":"Int J Microbiol"},{"key":"5279_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-53441-1","volume":"14","author":"AM Aboelenin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aboelenin AM, El-Mowafy M, Saleh NM et al (2024) Ciprofloxacin- and levofloxacin-loaded nanoparticles efficiently suppressed fluoroquinolone resistance and biofilm formation in Acinetobacter baumannii. Sci Rep 14:1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-53441-1","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5279_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238195","volume":"15","author":"MA Mohammed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mohammed MA, Ahmed MT, Anwer BE et al (2020) Propranolol, chlorpromazine and diclofenac restore susceptibility of extensively drug-resistant (XDR)-Acinetobacter baumannii to fluoroquinolones. PLoS ONE 15:1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0238195","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5279_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01400-20","volume":"65","author":"V Naidu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Naidu V, Shah B, Kamath KS et al (2021) Identification of a novel ciprofloxacin tolerance gene, aciT, which contributes to filamentation in Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 65:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.01400-20","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"5279_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S182180","volume":"11","author":"J Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang J, Zhao C, Chen H et al (2018) A multicenter epidemiology study on the risk factors and clinical outcomes of nosocomial intra-abdominal infections in China: results from the Chinese antimicrobial resistance surveillance of nosocomial infections (CARES) 2007\u20132016. Infect Drug Resist 11:2311\u20132319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IDR.S182180","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"5279_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.mb-0003-2014","volume":"3","author":"D-G Ha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ha D-G, O\u2019Toole GA (2015) C-di-GMP and its effects on biofilm formation and dispersion: a Pseudomonas Aeruginosa review. Microbiol Spectr 3:1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/microbiolspec.mb-0003-2014","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"5279_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/1478-3975\/abdc0e","volume":"18","author":"GCL Wong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wong GCL, Antani JD, Lele PP et al (2021) Roadmap on emerging concepts in the physical biology of bacterial biofilms: from surface sensing to community formation. Phys Biol 18:1\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1478-3975\/abdc0e","journal-title":"Phys Biol"},{"key":"5279_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s13353-015-0309-2","volume":"57","author":"KI Wolska","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wolska KI, Grudniak AM, Rudnicka Z, Markowska K (2016) Genetic control of bacterial biofilms. J Appl Genet 57:225\u2013238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13353-015-0309-2","journal-title":"J Appl Genet"},{"key":"5279_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00802","volume":"11","author":"C Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu C, Sun D, Zhu J et al (2020) The regulation of bacterial biofilm formation by cAMP-CRP: a mini-review. Front Microbiol 11:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00802","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"5279_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.99194","volume":"13","author":"H Liao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liao H, Yan X, Wang C et al (2024) Cyclic di-GMP as an antitoxin regulates bacterial genome stability and antibiotic persistence in biofilms. Elife 13:1\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.99194","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"5279_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-019-0108-3","volume":"5","author":"A Penesyan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Penesyan A, Nagy SS, Kjelleberg S et al (2019) Rapid microevolution of biofilm cells in response to antibiotics. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 5:1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41522-019-0108-3","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"5279_CR31","unstructured":"European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (2024) EUCAST reading guide for broth microdilution V 5.0. https:\/\/www.eucast.org\/ast_of_bacteria\/mic_determination"},{"key":"5279_CR32","unstructured":"European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) (2020) EUCAST disk diffusion method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Europ Soc Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, pp 1\u201321"},{"key":"5279_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1008848","volume":"16","author":"JJ Harrison","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harrison JJ, Almblad H, Irie Y et al (2020) Elevated exopolysaccharide levels in Pseudomonas aeruginosa flagellar mutants have implications for biofilm growth and chronic infections. PLoS Genet 16:1\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.1008848","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"5279_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-023-00375-7","volume":"9","author":"E Razvi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Razvi E, Whitfield GB, Reichhardt C et al (2023) Glycoside hydrolase processing of the Pel polysaccharide alters biofilm biomechanics and Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 9:1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41522-023-00375-7","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"5279_CR35","first-page":"51","volume":"2","author":"S Hendiani","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hendiani S, Abdi-Ali A, Mohammadi P (2014) Comparison of two methods for quantification of Acinetobacter baumannii biofilm formation. Biol J Microorganism 2:51\u201356","journal-title":"Biol J Microorganism"},{"key":"5279_CR36","first-page":"86","volume":"66","author":"ME Olson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Olson ME, Howard C, Morck DW et al (2002) Biofilm bacteria: formation and comparative susceptibility to antibiotics. Can J Vet Res 66:86\u201391","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res"},{"key":"5279_CR37","unstructured":"Innovotech Inc (2019) MBEC Assay\u00ae For high-throughput antimicrobial susceptibility testing of biofilms - Procedural manual version 2.1. Innovotech, Inc., Edmonton, AB"},{"key":"5279_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S199993","volume":"12","author":"T Navidifar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Navidifar T, Amin M, Rashno M (2019) Effects of sub-inhibitory concentrations of meropenem and tigecycline on the expression of genes regulating pili, efflux pumps and virulence factors involved in biofilm formation by Acinetobacter baumannii. Infect Drug Resist 12:1099\u20131111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IDR.S199993","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"5279_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.06566-11","volume":"50","author":"MJ McConnell","year":"2012","unstructured":"McConnell MJ, P\u00e9rez-Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez A, P\u00e9rez-Romero P et al (2012) Quantitative real-time PCR for detection of Acinetobacter baumannii colonization in the hospital environment. J Clin Microbiol 50:1412\u20131414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.06566-11","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"5279_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02161-12","volume":"57","author":"SD Saroj","year":"2013","unstructured":"Saroj SD, Rather PN (2013) Streptomycin inhibits quorum sensing in Acinetobacterbaumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57:1926\u20131929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.02161-12","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"6","key":"5279_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2014.34.6.433","volume":"34","author":"A Ardebili","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ardebili A, Lari AR, Talebi M (2014) Correlation of ciprofloxacin resistance with the AdeABC efflux system in Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates. Ann Lab Med 34(6):433\u2013438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3343\/alm.2014.34.6.433","journal-title":"Ann Lab Med"},{"key":"5279_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5812\/archcid.59644","volume":"13","author":"Z Moazzen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moazzen Z, Eslami G, Hashemi A, Nojookambari NY (2018) Efflux pump inhibitor carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) effect on the minimum inhibitory concentration of ciprofloxacin in Acinetobacter baumannii strains. Arch Clin Infect Dis 13:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5812\/archcid.59644","journal-title":"Arch Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"5279_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2020.151412","volume":"310","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhu Y, Lu J, Zhao J et al (2020) Complete genome sequence and genome-scale metabolic modelling of Acinetobacter baumannii type strain ATCC 19606. Int J Med Microbiol 310:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijmm.2020.151412","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"5279_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30753-3","volume":"18","author":"E Tacconelli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tacconelli E, Carrara E, Savoldi A et al (2018) Discovery, research, and development of new antibiotics: the WHO priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and tuberculosis. Lancet Infect Dis 18:318\u2013327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30753-3","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"5279_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.09.009","volume":"106","author":"S Karakonstantis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Karakonstantis S, Gikas A, Astrinaki E, Kritsotakis EI (2020) Excess mortality due to pandrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections in hospitalized patients. J Hosp Infect 106:447\u2013453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.09.009","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"5279_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06873-0","volume":"625","author":"C Zampaloni","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zampaloni C, Mattei P, Bleicher K et al (2024) A novel antibiotic class targeting the lipopolysaccharide transporter. Nature 625:566\u2013571. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-023-06873-0","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"5279_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06799-7","volume":"625","author":"KS Pahil","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pahil KS, Gilman MSA, Baidin V et al (2024) A new antibiotic traps lipopolysaccharide in its intermembrane transporter. Nature 625:572\u2013577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-023-06799-7","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"5279_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03695.x","volume":"18","author":"Y Smani","year":"2012","unstructured":"Smani Y, L\u00f3pez-Rojas R, Dom\u00ednguez-Herrera J et al (2012) In vitro and in vivo reduced fitness and virulence in ciprofloxacin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Clin Microbiol Infect 18:1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03695.x","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"5279_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2014.04.007","volume":"22","author":"LS Redgrave","year":"2014","unstructured":"Redgrave LS, Sutton SB, Webber MA, Piddock LJV (2014) Fluoroquinolone resistance: mechanisms, impact on bacteria, and role in evolutionary success. Trends Microbiol 22:438\u2013445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tim.2014.04.007","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"5279_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2174\/1874285801711010053","volume":"11","author":"S Singh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Singh S, Singh SK, Chowdhury I, Singh R (2017) Understanding the mechanism of bacterial biofilms resistance to antimicrobial agents. Open Microbiol J 11:53\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1874285801711010053","journal-title":"Open Microbiol J"},{"key":"5279_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00483","volume":"7","author":"L Qi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Qi L, Li H, Zhang C et al (2016) Relationship between antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation, and biofilm-specific resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii. Front Microbiol 7:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00483","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"5279_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1179\/1973947813Y.0000000159","volume":"27","author":"LR Rodrigues Perez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rodrigues Perez LR (2015) Acinetobacter baumannii displays inverse relationship between meropenem resistance and biofilm production. J Chemother 27:13\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/1973947813Y.0000000159","journal-title":"J Chemother"},{"key":"5279_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10030373","author":"I Kyriakidis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kyriakidis I, Vasileiou E, Pana ZD, Tragiannidis A (2021) Acinetobacter baumannii antibiotic resistance mechanisms. Pathogens. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens10030373","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"5279_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrp.2011.11.040","volume":"2","author":"S Park","year":"2011","unstructured":"Park S, Lee KM, Yoo YS et al (2011) Alterations of gyrA, gyrB, and parC and activity of efflux pump in fluoroquinolone-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2:164\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrp.2011.11.040","journal-title":"Osong Public Health Res Perspect"},{"key":"5279_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00906-18","volume":"62","author":"M P\u00e9rez-Varela","year":"2018","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Varela M, Corral J, Aranda J, Barb\u00e9 J (2018) Functional characterization of AbaQ, a novel efflux pump mediating quinolone resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 62:1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.00906-18","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"5279_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00430-16","volume":"7","author":"GE Richmond","year":"2016","unstructured":"Richmond GE, Evans LP, Anderson MJ et al (2016) The Acinetobacter baumannii two-component system AdeRS regulates genes required for multidrug efflux, biofilm formation, and virulence in a strain-specific manner. mBio 7:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mBio.00430-16","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"5279_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4817","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00877-15","volume":"59","author":"X He","year":"2015","unstructured":"He X, Lu F, Yuan F et al (2015) Biofilm formation caused by clinical Acinetobacter baumannii isolates is associated with overexpression of the AdeFGH efflux pump. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 59:4817\u20134825. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.00877-15","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"5279_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3386","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01929-07","volume":"190","author":"C Niu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Niu C, Clemmer KM, Bonomo RA, Rather PN (2008) Isolation and characterization of an autoinducer synthase from Acinetobacter baumannii. J Bacteriol 190:3386\u20133392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JB.01929-07","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"5279_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4061","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.6528","volume":"15","author":"Y Dou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dou Y, Song F, Guo F et al (2017) Acinetobacter baumannii quorum-sensing signalling molecule induces the expression of drug-resistance genes. Mol Med Rep 15:4061\u20134068. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/mmr.2017.6528","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"5279_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.05913-11","volume":"80","author":"KA Brossard","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brossard KA, Campagnari AA (2012) The Acinetobacter baumannii biofilm-associated protein plays a role in adherence to human epithelial cells. Infect Immun 80:228\u2013233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/IAI.05913-11","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"5279_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.005814","volume":"294","author":"LA Ronish","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ronish LA, Lillehoj E, Fields JK et al (2019) The structure of PilA from Acinetobacter baumannii AB5075 suggests a mechanism for functional specialization in Acinetobacter type IV pili. J Biol Chem 294:218\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.RA118.005814","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"5279_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e46984","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046984","volume":"7","author":"AY Peleg","year":"2012","unstructured":"Peleg AY, de Breij A, Adams MD et al (2012) The success of Acinetobacter species; genetic, metabolic and virulence attributes. PLoS ONE 7:e46984","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10096-025-05279-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10096-025-05279-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10096-025-05279-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T14:34:11Z","timestamp":1776350051000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10096-025-05279-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["5279"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-025-05279-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0934-9723","1435-4373"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0934-9723","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-4373","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare they have no financial interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Financial interests"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}