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Diurnal raptors occupy high trophic levels in terrestrial food webs, and thus can regulate the presence of mesopredators. We studied superpredation (the killing and eating of another predator) in four large European raptors. We gathered 121 dietary studies, totalling 161,456 prey for the Goshawk <jats:italic>Accipiter gentilis<\/jats:italic> L., Golden Eagle <jats:italic>Aquila chrysaetos<\/jats:italic> L., Bonelli's Eagle <jats:italic>Aquila fasciata<\/jats:italic> Vieillot, and Eagle Owl <jats:italic>Bubo bubo<\/jats:italic> L. Results showed that superpredation: (1) is a widespread interaction in large raptors, but it can vary according to the top predator species; (2) is not an important energetic resource for large raptors, but rather seems mostly related to diet diversification when the main prey decreases; (3) is spatially clustered reflecting habitat heterogeneity, but shows no temporal or large\u2010scale spatial trends; and (4) it is associated with lower breeding success of the top predator species. These findings support the food stress hypothesis as the main driving force behind increases in superpredation and IGP in raptors, with the decrease in breeding performance as a side effect. Superpredation by large raptors deserves future research to understand its effects on mesopredators, because on one hand it might contribute to promote biodiversity, while on the other hand, it can sometimes represent an additional risk for small populations of endangered mesopredators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10144-010-0199-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,10]],"date-time":"2010-03-10T03:14:09Z","timestamp":1268190849000},"page":"175-185","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Superpredation patterns in four large European raptors"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservation Biology Estaci\u00f3n Biol\u00f3gica de Do\u00f1ana, CSIC c\/ Americo Vespucio s\/n 41092 Seville Spain"},{"name":"Laboratory of Ornithology (LabOr), Department of Biology University of \u00c9vora N\u00facleo da Mitra 7002\u2010554 \u00c9vora Portugal"},{"name":"Mediterranean Landscapes and Ecosystems Research Group, ICAAM, Institute of Mediterranean Agricultural and Environmental Sciences University of \u00c9vora N\u00facleo da Mitra 7002\u2010554 \u00c9vora Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sara Maria","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biology, Centre of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences University of Lisbon Campo Grande 1749\u2010016 Lisbon Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Eduardo","family":"Raba\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Ornithology (LabOr), Department of Biology University of \u00c9vora N\u00facleo da Mitra 7002\u2010554 \u00c9vora Portugal"},{"name":"Mediterranean Landscapes and Ecosystems Research Group, ICAAM, Institute of Mediterranean Agricultural and Environmental Sciences University of \u00c9vora N\u00facleo da Mitra 7002\u2010554 \u00c9vora Portugal"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Penteriani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservation Biology Estaci\u00f3n Biol\u00f3gica de Do\u00f1ana, CSIC c\/ Americo Vespucio s\/n 41092 Seville Spain"},{"name":"Finnish Museum of Natural History, Zoological Museum University of Helsinki 00014 Helsinki Finland"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/06-1515.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/07-1508.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-2046(03)00026-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2004.00613.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2404755"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","unstructured":"BivandR(2009)spdep: spatial dependence: weighting schemes statistics and models.R package version 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