{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T08:39:39Z","timestamp":1774946379315,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDB\/05037\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05037\/2025"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UID\/06317\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/06317\/2023"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013990","name":"Universidade da Madeira","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013990","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Psychol Educ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The urgent need to reduce the substantial and persistent incidence of higher education dropout, especially during the first academic year, calls for further research to identify the core predictors of students\u2019 withdrawal intentions and actual behaviors. Specifically, more research is needed to assess whether and how students\u2019 personal resources and academic attitudes interplay in shaping this phenomenon. This study addresses these questions by examining the unexplored joint role of students\u2019 mental toughness and academic satisfaction in counteracting their intention to leave university at the end of the first year. Data from a sample of 187 first-year undergraduates at a non-residential public university, collected at three measurement points, supported the validity of both variables in predicting dropout intentions, after controlling for the effects of academic performance. The results also indicated that the effect of mental toughness in suppressing dropout intentions does not occur when students are dissatisfied with the university. The main implications of these findings are presented and discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10212-026-01069-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T05:03:45Z","timestamp":1770095025000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The role of mental toughness and academic satisfaction in suppressing first-year students\u2019 intentions to dropout of university"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3470-0887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3380-0840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Rebelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0803-2667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naira Delgado","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"1069_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aina, C., Baici, E., Casalone, G., & Pastore, F. (2018). The economics of university dropouts and delayed graduation: A survey. Discussion paper no. 11421. IZA Institute of Labor Economics, Deustche Post Foundation.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3153385"},{"key":"1069_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T","volume":"50","author":"I Ajzen","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T","journal-title":"Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes"},{"key":"1069_CR3","unstructured":"Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (2005). The Influence of Attitudes on Behavior. In D. Albarrac\u00edn, B. T. Johnson, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), The handbook of attitudes (pp. 173\u2013221). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers."},{"issue":"1","key":"1069_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1177\/15210251211063611","volume":"26","author":"PR \u00c1lvarez-P\u00e9rez","year":"2021","unstructured":"\u00c1lvarez-P\u00e9rez, P. R., L\u00f3pez-Aguilar, D., Gonz\u00e1lez-Morales, M. O., & Pe\u00f1a-V\u00e1zquez, R. (2021). Academic engagement and dropout intention in undergraduate university students. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 26(1), 108\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15210251211063611","journal-title":"Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice"},{"issue":"3","key":"1069_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1177\/15210251221133374","volume":"26","author":"T Baalmann","year":"2024","unstructured":"Baalmann, T., Br\u00f6mmelhaus, A., H\u00fclsemann, J., Feldhaus, M., & Speck, K. (2024). The impact of parents, intimate relationships, and friends on students\u2019 dropout intentions. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 26(3), 923\u2013947. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15210251221133374","journal-title":"Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice"},{"key":"1069_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-orgpsych-120920-053933","volume":"10","author":"AB Bakker","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Sanz-Vergel, A. (2023). Job demands\u2013resources theory: Ten years later. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 10, 25\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-orgpsych-120920-053933","journal-title":"Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"1069_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-024-09940-8","volume":"36","author":"AB Bakker","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bakker, A. B., & Mostert, K. (2024). Study demands\u2014resources theory: Understanding student well-being in higher education. Educational Psychology Review, 36(3), Article 92. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10648-024-09940-8","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"1069_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s11031-014-9422-5","volume":"39","author":"AB Bakker","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bakker, A. B., Sanz Vergel, A. I., & Kuntze, J. (2015). Student engagement and performance: A weekly diary study on the role of openness. Motivation and Emotion, 39(1), 49\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11031-014-9422-5","journal-title":"Motivation and Emotion"},{"issue":"2","key":"1069_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s10212-019-00433-9","volume":"35","author":"L Bardach","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bardach, L., L\u00fcftenegger, M., Oczlon, S., Spiel, C., & Schober, B. (2020). Context-related problems and university students\u2019 dropout intentions\u2014The buffering effect of personal best goals. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 35(2), 477\u2013493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10212-019-00433-9","journal-title":"European Journal of Psychology of Education"},{"key":"1069_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1007\/s10734-021-00707-6","volume":"83","author":"C Bargmann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bargmann, C., Thiele, L., & Kauffeld, S. (2022). Motivation matters: Predicting students\u2019 career decidedness and intention to drop out after the first year in higher education. Higher Education, 83, 845\u2013861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10734-021-00707-6","journal-title":"Higher Education"},{"key":"1069_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/s10212-021-00557-x","volume":"37","author":"L B\u00e4ulke","year":"2022","unstructured":"B\u00e4ulke, L., Grunschel, C., & Dresel, M. (2022). Student dropout at university: A phase-orientated view on quitting studies and changing majors. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 37, 853\u2013876. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10212-021-00557-x","journal-title":"European Journal of Psychology of Education"},{"key":"1069_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1353\/rhe.1983.0026","volume":"6","author":"JP Bean","year":"1983","unstructured":"Bean, J. P. (1983). The application of a model of turnover in work organizations to the student attrition process. The Review of Higher Education, 6, 129\u2013148.","journal-title":"The Review of Higher Education"},{"key":"1069_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bernardo, A. B. , Casanova, J. R., Galve-Gonz\u00e1lez, C., Castro-Lopez, A., Almeida, L. S. (2025). The path to graduation: Progressing and non-progressing university students. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JARHE-12-2024-0724","DOI":"10.1108\/JARHE-12-2024-0724"},{"key":"1069_CR15","unstructured":"Clough, P. J. , Earle, K. , & Sewell, D. (2002). Mental toughness: The concept and its measurement. In I. Cockerill (Ed.), Solutions in sport psychology (pp. 32\u201344). Thomson."},{"key":"1069_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2014.05.016","volume":"69","author":"L Crust","year":"2014","unstructured":"Crust, L., Earle, K., Perry, J., Earle, F., Clough, A., & Clough, P. J. (2014). Mental toughness in higher education: Relationships with achievement and progression in first-year university sports students. Personality and Individual Differences, 69, 87\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2014.05.016","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"1","key":"1069_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/02671522.2022.2089214","volume":"39","author":"M De Clercq","year":"2022","unstructured":"De Clercq, M., Parmentier, M., & Van Meenen, F. (2022). Fair enough?! Investigating the specific challenges of diverse university first-year students. Research Papers in Education, 39(1), 113\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02671522.2022.2089214","journal-title":"Research Papers in Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"1069_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.5334\/pb.409","volume":"58","author":"M De Clercq","year":"2018","unstructured":"De Clercq, M., Roland, N., Brunelle, M., Galand, B., & Frenay, M. (2018). The delicate balance to adjustment: A qualitative approach of student\u2019s transition to the first year at university. Psychologica Belgica, 58(1), 67\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5334\/pb.409","journal-title":"Psychologica Belgica"},{"key":"1069_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2018.03.005","volume":"107","author":"C Dewberry","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dewberry, C., & Jackson, D. J. R. (2018). An application of the theory of planned behavior to student retention. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 107, 100\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvb.2018.03.005","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Behavior"},{"key":"1069_CR20","first-page":"1","volume":"19","author":"ER Dickinson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dickinson, E. R., & Adelson, J. L. (2014). Exploring the limitations of measures of students\u2019 socioeconomic status (SES). Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 19, 1\u201314.","journal-title":"Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1069_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14783363.2013.807677","volume":"25","author":"LC Duque","year":"2014","unstructured":"Duque, L. C. (2014). A framework for analysing higher education performance: Students\u2019 satisfaction, perceived learning outcomes, and dropout intentions. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 25(1\u20132), 1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14783363.2013.807677","journal-title":"Total Quality Management & Business Excellence"},{"issue":"5","key":"1069_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1521\/soco.2007.25.5.582","volume":"25","author":"AH Eagly","year":"2007","unstructured":"Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (2007). The advantages of an inclusive definition of attitude. Social Cognition, 25(5), 582\u2013602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/soco.2007.25.5.582","journal-title":"Social Cognition"},{"issue":"2","key":"1069_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1007\/s10212-023-00732-2","volume":"39","author":"C Galve-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Galve-Gonz\u00e1lez, C., Bernardo, A. B., & Castro-L\u00f3pez, A. (2024). Understanding the dynamics of college transitions between courses: Uncertainty associated with the decision to drop out studies among first and second year students. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 39(2), 959\u2013978. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10212-023-00732-2","journal-title":"European Journal of Psychology of Education"},{"key":"1069_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2017.03.010","volume":"16","author":"DF Gucciardi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gucciardi, D. F. (2017). Mental toughness: Progress and prospects. Current Opinion in Psychology, 16, 17\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copsyc.2017.03.010","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Psychology"},{"key":"1069_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gucciardi, D. F. (2020). Mental toughness: Taking stock and considering new horizons. In G. Tenenbaum, R. C. Eklund, & N. Boiangin (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology: Social perspectives, cognition, and applications (4th ed., pp. 101\u2013120). Wiley. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781119568124.ch6","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119568124.ch6"},{"key":"1069_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12079","volume":"83","author":"DF Gucciardi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gucciardi, D. F., Hanton, S., Gordon, S., Mallett, C. J., & Temby, P. (2015). The concept of mental toughness: Tests of dimensionality, nomological network, and traitness. Journal of Personality, 83, 26\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jopy.12079","journal-title":"Journal of Personality"},{"key":"1069_CR28","volume-title":"Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach","author":"AF Hayes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd ed.). Guilford Publications.","edition":"2"},{"key":"1069_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104640","volume":"5","author":"SE Hobfoll","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hobfoll, S. E., Halbesleben, J., Neveu, J.-P., & Westman, M. (2018). Conservation of resources in the organizational context: The reality of resources and their consequences. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 5, 103\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104640","journal-title":"Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior"},{"key":"1069_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2023.2204312","author":"Y-C Hsieh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hsieh, Y.-C., Lu, F. J. H., Gill, D. L., Hsu, Y.-W., Wong, T.-L., & Kuan, G. (2023). Effects of mental toughness on athletic performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1612197X.2023.2204312","journal-title":"International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology"},{"key":"1069_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibsen, K., & Rosholm, M. (2024). What works? Interventions aimed at reducing student dropout in higher education. Discussion paper no. 16853. IZA Institute of Labor Economics, Deustche Post Foundation.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4759865"},{"key":"1069_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2018.05.016","volume":"65","author":"S Islam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Islam, S., Permzadian, V., Choudhury, R. J., Johnston, M., & Anderson, M. (2018). Proactive personality and the expanded criterion domain of performance: Predicting academic citizenship and counterproductive behaviors. Learning and Individual Differences, 65, 41\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lindif.2018.05.016","journal-title":"Learning and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"5","key":"1069_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1108\/ijem-01-2022-0041","volume":"36","author":"AJ Jun\u00e7a Silva","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jun\u00e7a Silva, A. J., Abreu, P., & Da Rocha Brito, S. M. (2022). The path from social and organizational resources to satisfaction: The mediating role of academic engagement and the moderating role of psychological capital. International Journal of Educational Management, 36(5), 750\u2013765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/ijem-01-2022-0041","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Management"},{"key":"1069_CR34","volume-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modeling","author":"RB Kline","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). Guilford.","edition":"4"},{"key":"1069_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543075001063","volume":"75","author":"NR Kuncel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kuncel, N. R., Cred\u00e9, M., & Thomas, L. L. (2005). The validity of self-reported grade point averages, class ranks, and test scores: A meta-analysis and review of the literature. Review of Educational Research, 75, 63\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/00346543075001063","journal-title":"Review of Educational Research"},{"key":"1069_CR36","unstructured":"Larsen, R. L., Sommersel, H. B., & Larsen, M. S. (2013). Evidence on dropout phenomena at universities. Danish Clearinghouse for Educational Research, Arrhus University."},{"key":"1069_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17145183","volume":"17","author":"T Lesener","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lesener, T., Pleiss, L. S., Gusy, B., & Wolter, C. (2020). The study demands\u2013resources framework: An empirical introduction. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, Article 5183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17145183","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"1069_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01345","volume":"8","author":"Y Lin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lin, Y., Mutz, J., Clough, P. J., & Papageorgiou, K. A. (2017). Mental toughness and individual differences in learning, educational and work performance, psychological well-being, and personality: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, Article 1345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01345","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"1069_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1080\/00131911.2015.1008408","volume":"68","author":"SP McGeown","year":"2016","unstructured":"McGeown, S. P., St Clair-Thompson, H., & Clough, P. (2016). The study of non-cognitive attributes in education: Proposing the mental toughness framework. Educational Review, 68, 96\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00131911.2015.1008408","journal-title":"Educational Review"},{"key":"1069_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Meggs, J., & Sewell, P. (2022). Strategies for developing mental toughness in higher education and measuring the impact. In E. Sengupta, & P. Blessinger (Eds.), Innovative approaches in pedagogy for higher education classrooms (innovations in higher education teaching and learning (pp. 121\u2013135). Emerald. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/S2055-364120220000042009","DOI":"10.1108\/S2055-364120220000042009"},{"key":"1069_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-022-02834-4","author":"M Morelli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Morelli, M., Chirumbolo, A., Baiocco, R., & Cattelino, E. (2022). Self-regulated learning self-efficacy, motivation, and intention to drop-out: The moderating role of friendships at university. Current Psychology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-022-02834-4","journal-title":"Current Psychology"},{"key":"1069_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"OECD (2017). Education at a Glance 2017: OECD Indicators. OECD Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/eag-2017-en.","DOI":"10.1787\/eag-2017-en"},{"key":"1069_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"OECD (2022). Education at a Glance 2022: OECD Indicators. OECD Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/3197152b-en.","DOI":"10.1787\/3197152b-en"},{"key":"1069_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"OECD (2024). Education at a Glance 2024: OECD Indicators. OECD Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/c00cad36-en.","DOI":"10.1787\/c00cad36-en"},{"issue":"3","key":"1069_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1080\/0309877X.2021.1955844","volume":"46","author":"ML Pedler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pedler, M. L., Willis, R., & Nieuwoudt, J. E. (2021). A sense of belonging at university: Student retention, motivation and enjoyment. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 46(3), 397\u2013408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0309877X.2021.1955844","journal-title":"Journal of Further and Higher Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"1069_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026838","volume":"138","author":"M Richardson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Richardson, M., Abraham, C., & Bond, R. (2012). Psychological correlates of university students\u2019 academic performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 138(2), 353\u2013387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0026838","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"1069_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2020.101887","volume":"80","author":"M Robayo-Tamayo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Robayo-Tamayo, M., Blanco-Donoso, L. M., Rom\u00e1n, F. J., Carmona-Cobo, I., Moreno-Jim\u00e9nez, B., & Garrosa, E. (2020). Academic engagement: A diary study on the mediating role of academic support. Learning and Individual Differences, 80, Article 101887. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lindif.2020.101887","journal-title":"Learning and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"2","key":"1069_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.130.2.261","volume":"130","author":"SB Robbins","year":"2004","unstructured":"Robbins, S. B., Lauver, K., Le, H., Davis, D., Langley, R., & Carlstrom, A. (2004). Do psychosocial and study skill factors predict college outcomes? A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 130(2), 261\u2013288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.130.2.261","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"2","key":"1069_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.5114\/cipp\/16318","volume":"12","author":"D Rodrigues","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rodrigues, D., Rodrigues, N., & Rebelo, T. (2023). Extending the understanding of the impact of conscientiousness on individual soccer performance: Examining the mediating role of mental toughness. Current Issues in Personality Psychology, 12(2), 187\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/cipp\/16318","journal-title":"Current Issues in Personality Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1069_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-020-00740-1","volume":"41","author":"N Rodrigues","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rodrigues, N., & Rebelo, T. (2022). The bandwidth dilemma applied to trait emotional intelligence: Comparing the contribution of emotional intelligence factor with its facets for predicting global job satisfaction. Current Psychology, 41(4), 2218\u20132226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-020-00740-1","journal-title":"Current Psychology"},{"key":"1069_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Salgado, J. F. (2017). Bandwidth-fidelity dilemma. In V. Zeigler-Hill, T. Shackelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences. Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-28099-8_1280-1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-28099-8_1280-1"},{"issue":"3","key":"1069_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2007.10.007","volume":"72","author":"N Schmitt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schmitt, N., Oswald, F. L., Friede, A., Imus, A., & Merrit, S. (2008). Perceived fit with an academic environment: Attitudinal and behavioral outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 72(3), 317\u2013335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvb.2007.10.007","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"1069_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s11031-020-09822-w","volume":"44","author":"T Schnettler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schnettler, T., Bobe, J., Scheunemann, A., Fries, S., & Grunschel, C. (2020). Is it still worth it? Applying expectancy-value theory to investigate the intraindividual motivational process of forming intentions to drop out from university. Motivation and Emotion, 44(4), 491\u2013507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11031-020-09822-w","journal-title":"Motivation and Emotion"},{"issue":"4","key":"1069_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1080\/01443410.2023.2205622","volume":"43","author":"H St Clair-Thompson","year":"2023","unstructured":"St Clair-Thompson, H., & Devine, L. (2023). Mental toughness in higher education: Exploring the roles of flow and feedback. Educational Psychology, 43(4), 326\u2013343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01443410.2023.2205622","journal-title":"Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"7","key":"1069_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1080\/01443410.2016.1184746","volume":"37","author":"H St Clair-Thompson","year":"2017","unstructured":"St Clair-Thompson, H., Giles, R., McGeown, S. P., Putwain, D., Clough, P., & Perry, J. (2017). Mental toughness and transitions to high school and to undergraduate study. Educational Psychology, 37(7), 792\u2013809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01443410.2016.1184746","journal-title":"Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1069_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543045001","volume":"45","author":"V Tinto","year":"1975","unstructured":"Tinto, V. (1975). Dropout from higher education: A theoretical synthesis of recent research. Review of Educational Research, 45(1), 89\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/00346543045001","journal-title":"Review of Educational Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"1069_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2190\/4YNU-4TMB-22DJ-AN4W","volume":"8","author":"V Tinto","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tinto, V. (2006). Research and practice of student retention: What next? Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory and Practice, 8(1), 1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2190\/4YNU-4TMB-22DJ-AN4W","journal-title":"Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory and Practice"},{"issue":"1","key":"1069_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/10627197.2020.1848423","volume":"26","author":"PA Westrick","year":"2021","unstructured":"Westrick, P. A., Schmidt, F. L., Le, H., Robbins, S. B., & Radunzel, J. M. R. (2021). The road to retention passes through first year academic performance: A meta-analytic path analysis of academic performance and persistence. Educational Assessment, 26(1), 35\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10627197.2020.1848423","journal-title":"Educational Assessment"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Psychology of Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10212-026-01069-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10212-026-01069-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10212-026-01069-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T07:31:18Z","timestamp":1774942278000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10212-026-01069-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["1069"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10212-026-01069-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0256-2928","1878-5174"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0256-2928","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-5174","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 January 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 January 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 February 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The project, including this study and all its involved procedures, has previously been approved by the University of Madeira Ethics Committee (code N\u00ba P48). All participants provided their informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"22"}}