{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T20:50:31Z","timestamp":1761339031612,"version":"3.35.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,1]],"date-time":"2008-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1217548800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Port Econ J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10258-008-0030-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,5]],"date-time":"2008-08-05T12:03:46Z","timestamp":1217937826000},"page":"125-153","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The contributions of technical and allocative efficiency to the economic performance of European railways"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Antonio","family":"Couto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"30_CR1","volume-title":"Jane\u2019s world railways\u2014railway systems","year":"1995","unstructured":"Abbott J (ed) (1995) Jane\u2019s world railways\u2014railway systems, 36th edn. Jane\u2019s, Surrey","edition":"36"},{"key":"30_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4076(77)90052-5","volume":"6","author":"D Aigner","year":"1977","unstructured":"Aigner D, Lovell CA, et al (1977) Formulation and estimation of stochastic frontier production function models. J Econom 6:21\u201337","journal-title":"J Econom"},{"key":"30_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00160047","volume":"1","author":"PW Bauer","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bauer PW (1990) Decomposing TFP growth in the presence of cost inefficiency, nonconstant returns to scale, and technological progress. J Prod Anal 1:287\u2013299","journal-title":"J Prod Anal"},{"issue":"2","key":"30_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8292.00114","volume":"70","author":"G Bognetti","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bognetti G, Fazioli R (1999) Liberalization problems and prospects in European railways. Ann Public Coop Econ 70(2):303\u2013318","journal-title":"Ann Public Coop Econ"},{"key":"30_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1080\/000368496328623","volume":"28","author":"B Bosco","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bosco B (1996) Excess-input expenditure estimated by means of an input-distance function: the case of public railways. Appl Econ 28:491\u2013497","journal-title":"Appl Econ"},{"issue":"1","key":"30_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2307\/2098421","volume":"XXXIII","author":"RR Braeutigam","year":"1984","unstructured":"Braeutigam RR, Daughety AF, et al (1984) A firm specific analysis of economies of density in the U.S. industry. J Ind Economics XXXIII(1):3\u201320","journal-title":"J Ind Economics"},{"key":"30_CR7","unstructured":"Brinkhoff T (2002) The principal agglomerations of the world. www.citypopulation.de"},{"key":"30_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4076(94)01614-6","volume":"66","author":"BW Brown","year":"1995","unstructured":"Brown BW, Walker MB (1995) Stochastic specification in random production models of cost-minimizing firms. J Econom 66:175\u2013205","journal-title":"J Econom"},{"key":"30_CR9","first-page":"459","volume":"35","author":"P Cantos","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cantos P, Maudos J (2001) Regulation and efficiency: the case of European railways. Transp Res Part A 35:459\u2013472","journal-title":"Transp Res Part A"},{"key":"30_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005127513206","volume":"16","author":"P Cantos","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cantos P, Pastor JM, et al (1999) Productivity, efficiency and technical change in the European railways: a non-parametric approach. Transportation 16:337\u2013357","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"30_CR11","first-page":"5","volume":"2","author":"Y Crozet","year":"2004","unstructured":"Crozet Y (2004) European railway infrastructure: towards a convergence of infrastructure charging? Int J Transp Management 2:5\u201315","journal-title":"Int J Transp Management"},{"key":"30_CR12","unstructured":"ECIS (1996) The state of European infrastructure. European Centre for Infrastructure Studies, Rotterdam, pp 1\u2013275"},{"key":"30_CR13","unstructured":"ESRI (2002) ArcAtlas: our earth\u2014snow cover. www.nationalgeographic.com"},{"key":"30_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.2307\/2343100","volume":"120","author":"MJ Farrell","year":"1957","unstructured":"Farrell MJ (1957) The measurement of productive efficiency. J R Stat Soc Series A 120:253\u2013290","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Series A"},{"key":"30_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01065366","volume":"5","author":"M Filippini","year":"1993","unstructured":"Filippini M, Maggi R (1993) Efficiency and regulation in the case of Swiss private railways. J Regul Econ 5:199\u2013216","journal-title":"J Regul Econ"},{"key":"30_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/01441640600979502","volume":"27","author":"G Friebel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Friebel G, Guriev S, et al (2007) Railroad restructuring in Russia and Central and Eastern Europe: one solution for all problems? Transp Rev 27:251\u2013271","journal-title":"Transp Rev"},{"key":"30_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friebel G, Ivaldi M, et al (2005) Railway (de)regulation: a European efficiency comparison: working paper report. IDEI, Toulouse (March)","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.505302"},{"key":"30_CR18","first-page":"131","volume":"21","author":"AF Friedlaender","year":"1993","unstructured":"Friedlaender AF, Berndt ER, et al (1993) Rail cost and capital adjustments in a quasi-regulated environment. J Transp Econ Policy 21:131\u2013152","journal-title":"J Transp Econ Policy"},{"key":"30_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00158773","volume":"3","author":"HJ Gathon","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gathon HJ, Perelman S (1992) Measuring technical efficiency in European railways: a panel data approach. Journal of Productivity Analysis 3:135\u2013151","journal-title":"Journal of Productivity Analysis"},{"key":"30_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(94)00133-W","volume":"80","author":"HJ Gathon","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gathon HJ, Pestieau P (1995) Decomposition efficiency into its managerial and its regulatory components: the case of European railways. Eur J Oper Res 80:500\u2013507","journal-title":"Eur J Oper Res"},{"key":"30_CR21","first-page":"111","volume":"33","author":"S Holder","year":"1999","unstructured":"Holder S (1999) Recent developments in rail infrastructure charging in the European union. J Transp Econ Policy 33:111\u2013118","journal-title":"J Transp Econ Policy"},{"key":"30_CR22","unstructured":"IMF (2001) International financial statistics. www.imf.org"},{"key":"30_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4076(82)90004-5","volume":"19","author":"JA Jowdrow","year":"1982","unstructured":"Jowdrow JA, Lovell CAK, et al (1982) On the estimation of technical inefficiency in the stochastic frontier production function model. J Econom 19:233\u2013238","journal-title":"J Econom"},{"volume-title":"An introduction to econometrics","year":"1962","key":"30_CR24","unstructured":"Klein L (ed) (1962) An introduction to econometrics. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs"},{"key":"30_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.oep.a041870","volume":"40","author":"SC Kumbhakar","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kumbhakar SC (1988a) Estimation of input-specific technical and allocative inefficiency in stochastic frontier models. Oxf Econ Pap 40:535\u2013549","journal-title":"Oxf Econ Pap"},{"issue":"4","key":"30_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.2307\/2526830","volume":"2","author":"SC Kumbhakar","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kumbhakar SC (1988b) On the estimation of technical and allocative inefficiency using stochastic frontier functions; the case of U.S. class 1 railroads. Int Econ Rev 2(4):727\u2013743","journal-title":"Int Econ Rev"},{"key":"30_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1080\/758516013","volume":"21","author":"SC Kumbhakar","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kumbhakar SC (1989) Economic performance of U.S. class I railroads: a stochastic frontier approach. Appl Econ 21:1433\u20131446","journal-title":"Appl Econ"},{"key":"30_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.oep.a042023","volume":"43","author":"S Kumbhakar","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kumbhakar S (1991) The measurement and decomposition of cost-inefficiency: the translog cost system. Oxf Econ Pap 43:667\u2013683","journal-title":"Oxf Econ Pap"},{"key":"30_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4076(95)01796-8","volume":"76","author":"SC Kumbhakar","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kumbhakar SC (1997) Modelling allocative inefficiency in a translog cost function and cost share equations: an exact relationship. J Econom 76:351\u2013356","journal-title":"J Econom"},{"key":"30_CR30","first-page":"335","volume":"126","author":"S Kumbhakar","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kumbhakar S, Tsionas E (2004) Measuring technical and allocative inefficiency in the translog cost system: a Bayesian approach. J Econom 126:335\u2013384","journal-title":"J Econom"},{"key":"30_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1198\/016214505000000150","volume":"100","author":"S Kumbhakar","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kumbhakar S, Tsionas E (2005) The joint measurement of technical and allocative inefficiencies: an application of Bayesian inference in nonlinear random-effects models. J Am Stat Assoc 100:736\u2013747","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"30_CR32","unstructured":"Maps.com (1999) World elevation. www.maps.com"},{"key":"30_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.2307\/2525757","volume":"18","author":"W Meeusen","year":"1977","unstructured":"Meeusen W, Broeck JVD (1977) Efficient estimation of Cobb\u2013Douglas production function with composed error. Int Econ Rev 18:435\u2013444","journal-title":"Int Econ Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"30_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1080\/07350015.1985.10509463","volume":"3","author":"CJ Morrison","year":"1985","unstructured":"Morrison CJ (1985) Primal and dual capacity utilisation: an application to productivity measurement in the U.S. automobile industry. J Bus Econ Stat 3(4):312\u2013324","journal-title":"J Bus Econ Stat"},{"key":"30_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4076(86)90027-8","volume":"33","author":"CJ Morrison","year":"1986","unstructured":"Morrison CJ (1986) Productivity measurement with non-static expectations and varying capacity utilization. J Econom 33:51\u201374","journal-title":"J Econom"},{"key":"30_CR36","unstructured":"OECD (2002) OECD financial statistics. www.oecd.org\/dataoecd"},{"key":"30_CR37","unstructured":"OECD-Statistics (2001a) Measuring capital\u2014OECD Manual: measurement of capital stocks, consumption of fixed capital and capital services: 1\u2013132. www.oecd.org"},{"key":"30_CR38","unstructured":"OECD-Statistics (2001b) Measuring productivity\u2014OECD Manual: measurement of aggregate and industrial-level productivity growth. Paris: 1\u2013154. www.SourceOECD.org"},{"key":"30_CR39","first-page":"121","volume":"25","author":"TH Oum","year":"1991","unstructured":"Oum TH, Zhang Y (1991) Utilisation of quasi-fixed inputs and estimation of cost functions\u2014an application to airline costs. J Transp Econ Policy 25:121\u2013138","journal-title":"J Transp Econ Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"30_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/07350015.1991.10509834","volume":"9","author":"TH Oum","year":"1991","unstructured":"Oum TH, Tretheway MW, et al (1991) A note on capacity utilization and measurement of scale economies. J Bus Econ Stat 9(1):119\u2013123","journal-title":"J Bus Econ Stat"},{"key":"30_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1080\/000368499323788","volume":"31","author":"L Parisio","year":"1999","unstructured":"Parisio L (1999) A comparative analysis of European railroad efficiency: a cost frontier approach. Appl Econ 31:815\u2013823","journal-title":"Appl Econ"},{"key":"30_CR42","unstructured":"Preston J (1994) Does size matter? A case study of Western European railways. In: UTSG Conference, Institute for transport Studies, University of Leeds"},{"issue":"1","key":"30_CR43","first-page":"55","volume":"XXVII","author":"PC S\u00e1nchez","year":"2000","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez PC, Villarroya JM (2000) Efficiency, technical change and productivity in the European rail sector: a stochastic frontier approach. Int J Transp Economics XXVII(1):55\u201376","journal-title":"Int J Transp Economics"},{"key":"30_CR44","unstructured":"Uden MV (2001) The European railway stock lists. The European railway server. www.mercurio.iet.unipi.it"},{"issue":"2","key":"30_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1430-9134.1992.00339.x","volume":"1","author":"CA Vellturo","year":"1992","unstructured":"Vellturo CA, Berndt ER, et al (1992) Deregulation, mergers, and cost savings in Class I U.S. railroads, 1974\u20131986. J Econ Manage Strategy 1(2):339\u2013369","journal-title":"J Econ Manage Strategy"},{"key":"30_CR46","unstructured":"World Bank (2002) World development indicators. http:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/data\/"}],"container-title":["Portuguese Economic Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10258-008-0030-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10258-008-0030-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10258-008-0030-8","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T09:51:13Z","timestamp":1738317073000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10258-008-0030-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]}},"alternative-id":["30"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10258-008-0030-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1617-982X","1617-9838"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1617-982X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1617-9838"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]}}}