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In Portugal, free-ranging dogs are increasingly abundant and overlap endangered Iberian wolf territories, with reports of livestock depredation. However, the lack of awareness about dogs\u2019 possible role as predators leads to bias against wolves in cases of damages. Our goal was to assess and compare wolf and free-ranging dog\u2019s diet composition at southern wolf range in Portugal, to offer insights on dogs\u2019 predatory role on livestock and its implications for the conservation of an endangered wolf subpopulation. We assessed diet composition from 107 to 95 genetically confirmed wolf and dog scats, respectively, and complemented the analysis with data from 40 attacks on livestock with successful genetic predator assignment. Scat analysis highlighted goats as the most consumed dog prey in all analysed regions, with lagomorphs, small mammals, and wild boars as second most consumed in each region, respectively. Wolves mainly relied on goats and wild boars in the west, whereas in the central region they mostly fed on birds. The dietary overlap between both canids was very high (Pianka\u2019s index <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.93), showing potential for competition. Additionally, we found that dogs were the sole predators detected in most attacks (62%). Our findings highlight dogs\u2019 role as predators of livestock, and possibly also wild species, posing a further challenge to wolf conservation. Alongside adequate husbandry practices, we emphasise the need for a stronger enforcement of the legislation on dog ownership and an effective management of the stray population to reduce human-wolf conflict.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-023-01740-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T16:01:35Z","timestamp":1696608095000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Dog in sheep\u2019s clothing: livestock depredation by free-ranging dogs may pose new challenges to wolf conservation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6428-4845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Lino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1041-8227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Rossa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5602-1490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana M.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7541-2278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T\u00e2nia","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8879-8923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Lino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2985-1314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00e1rio","family":"Hip\u00f3lito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0497-6118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sara C.","family":"Ali\u00e1car","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Duarte","family":"Cadete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6559-7133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4570-459X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita T.","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4186-7332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds M.","family":"Rosalino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9792-9259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"1740_CR1","unstructured":"\u00c1lvares F (2011) Ecologia e conserva\u00e7\u00e3o do lobo (Canis lupus, L.) no noroeste de Portugal. 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