{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T02:01:30Z","timestamp":1767837690690,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750723200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022965","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["885"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["885"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022965","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje SENA","award":["SGPS 13144-2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGPS 13144-2024"]}]},{"name":"Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje SENA","award":["SGPS 13144-2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGPS 13144-2024"]}]},{"name":"Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje SENA","award":["SGPS 13144-2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGPS 13144-2024"]}]},{"name":"Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje SENA","award":["SGPS 13144-2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGPS 13144-2024"]}]},{"name":"FCT \u2013 Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/04129\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04129\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT \u2013 Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/04129\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04129\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Agroforest Syst"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Silvopastoral systems (SPS) are recognized for their potential to sequester carbon (C) and mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in livestock production. However, the extent to which small-scale dairy farms in the Andean region can offset emissions through SPS remains unclear. This study assessed the C capture of SPS to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions in small-scale dairy farms in Colombia's Andean-Amazon region. The average annual carbon increment (AACI) in living biomass (above and below ground) was evaluated in woodlots (WL), live fences (LF), and topsoil of pastures (TP) at plot and farm levels. The carbon footprint (CFP) was calculated using a cradle-to-gate approach with biophysical allocation for fat and protein corrected milk (FPCM) and expressed per product (MgCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -eq MgFPCM\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and area (MgCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -eq\u00b7yr\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0ha\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) across 30 farms categorized by high, medium, and low SPS coverage. At plot level, AACI values were 4.54\u2009\u00b1\u20090.57\u00a0Mg\u00b7C\u00b7ha\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00b7yr\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    (LF), 3.20\u2009\u00b1\u20090.61\u00a0Mg\u00b7C\u00b7ha\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00b7yr\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    (WL), and 0.24\u2009\u00b1\u20090.08\u00a0Mg\u00b7C\u00b7ha\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00b7yr\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    (TP). At farm-level AACI was 4.43\u2009\u00b1\u20090.96, 1.28\u2009\u00b1\u20090.41, and 0.24\u2009\u00b1\u20090.08\u00a0Mg\u00b7C\u00b7ha\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00b7yr\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    for high, medium, and low SPS coverages respectively. Between 78 and 86% of AACI was attributed to\n                    <jats:italic>Eucalyptus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:italic>globulus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (LF). CFP per product averaged 1.24\u2009\u00b1\u20090.16 MgCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -eq MgFPCM\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Total emissions per farm averaged 28.27\u2009\u00b1\u20092.58 MgCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -eq\u00b7yr\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    and per area 3.35\u2009\u00b1\u20090.32 MgCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -eq\u00b7yr\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0ha\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    , with no differences across SPS coverages. Carbon balance was negative regardless of SPS coverage. The mitigation potential of SPS were 63%, 26%, and 4% for high, medium, and low SPS coverage. The required area to offset emissions ranged from 11.5\u00a0ha\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    considering the soil AACI to 1.2\u201310.2\u00a0ha\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    based on the AACI of SPS. Small dairy farms (9.11\u2009\u00b1\u20090.75\u00a0ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) in the Andean-Amazon region can mitigate total emissions using a SPS coverage over 13% together with optimized feeding practices, lactation and weaning periods.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10457-025-01233-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T03:09:05Z","timestamp":1750734545000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Carbon balance in dairy cattle silvopastoral production systems in Colombia\u2019s Andean-Amazon region"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"99","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7312-9866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry","family":"Mavisoy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6627-9372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian Rolando Riascos","family":"Vallejos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9841-8242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edwin Castro","family":"Rinc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2766-2939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Pablo","family":"Narv\u00e1ez-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lorieth","family":"Rosas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9731-8933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"del Socorro Guerra Acosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0198-268X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adri\u00e1n Antonio Riascos","family":"Salcedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Disney Magali Aguillon","family":"Alban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Chingal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6101-9210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Fangueiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7810-3988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 M.","family":"de Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"1233_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2018.03.015","volume":"417","author":"N Amazonas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Amazonas N, Forrester D, Silva C, Almeida D, Rodrigues R, Brancalion P (2018) High diversity mixed plantation of Eucalyptus and native trees an interfase betwen production and restoration for the tropics. For Ecol Manag 417:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foreco.2018.03.015","journal-title":"For Ecol Manag"},{"key":"1233_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2024.1363994","volume":"8","author":"HJ Andrade","year":"2024","unstructured":"Andrade HJ, Vega A, Mart\u00ednez-Salinas A, Villanueva C, Jim\u00e9nez-Trujillo JA, Betanzos-Simon JE, P\u00e9rez E, Ibrahim M, Sep\u00falveda L, CJ (2024) The carbon footprint of livestock farms under conventional management and silvopastoral systems in Jalisco, Chiapas, and Campeche (Mexico). Front Sustain Food Syst 8:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fsufs.2024.1363994","journal-title":"Front Sustain Food Syst"},{"key":"1233_CR3","unstructured":"Araujo-Carrillo GA, Var\u00f3n-Ram\u00edrez VM, G\u00f3mez-Latorre DA, S\u00e1nchez RL, Guzm\u00e1n HL, Fonseca GEK, Morales SMJ, Ordo\u00f1ez N, Rodr\u00edguez LM, Ospina AOL, Lozano CNE, Medina PBC, Acosta ST, Ort\u00edz VCK, Gutierrez J, Bol\u00edvar AG, Pedroza DC (2021) Colombia: Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration Potential National Map Executive summary. http:\/\/54.229.242.119\/GloSIS\/"},{"key":"1233_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2016.09.029","volume":"285","author":"P Barr\u00e9","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barr\u00e9 P, Durand H, Chenu C, Meunier P, Montagne D, Castel G, Billiou D, Souc\u00e9marianadin L, C\u00e9cillon L (2017) Geological control of soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks at the landscape scale. Geoderma 285:50\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geoderma.2016.09.029","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"issue":"5","key":"1233_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13593-022-00834-z","volume":"42","author":"R Brook","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brook R, Forster E, Styles D, Mazzetto AM, Arndt C, Esquivel MJ, Chadwick D (2022) Silvopastoral systems for offsetting livestock emissions in the tropics: a case study of a dairy farm in Costa Rica. Agron Sustain Dev 42(5):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13593-022-00834-z","journal-title":"Agron Sustain Dev"},{"issue":"02","key":"1233_CR6","first-page":"118","volume":"04","author":"MA Cairns","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cairns MA, Helmer EH, Baumgardner GA (1997) Root biomass allocation in the world\u2019s upland forests. J Trop Ethnobiol 04(02):118\u2013129","journal-title":"J Trop Ethnobiol"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"1233_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2004.03.030","volume":"196","author":"FL Carpenter","year":"2004","unstructured":"Carpenter FL, Nichols JD, Sandi E (2004) Early growth of native and exotic trees planted on degraded tropical pasture. For Ecol Manage 196(2\u20133):367\u2013378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foreco.2004.03.030","journal-title":"For Ecol Manage"},{"key":"1233_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rama.2021.09.006","volume":"80","author":"F Casanova-Lugo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Casanova-Lugo F, Villanueva-L\u00f3pez G, Alcudia-Aguilar A, Nahed-Toral J, Medrano-P\u00e9rez OR, Jim\u00e9nez-Ferrer G, Alay\u00f3n-Gamboa JA, Aryal DR (2022) Effect of Tree Shade on the Yield of Brachiaria brizantha Grass in Tropical Livestock Production Systems in Mexico. Rangel Ecol Manage 80:31\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rama.2021.09.006","journal-title":"Rangel Ecol Manage"},{"key":"1233_CR9","unstructured":"Char\u00e1 J, Reyes E, Peri P, Otte J, Arce E, Schneider F (2020). Sistemas silvopastoriles y su contribuci\u00f3n al uso eficiente de los recursos y a los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible: Evidencia desde Am\u00e9rica Latina. http:\/\/www.fao.org\/publications\/es"},{"issue":"4","key":"1233_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2009.01285.x","volume":"12","author":"J Chave","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chave J, Coomes D, Jansen S, Lewis SL, Swenson NG, Zanne AE (2009) Towards a worldwide wood economics spectrum. Ecol Lett 12(4):351\u2013366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2009.01285.x","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"issue":"10","key":"1233_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3177","DOI":"10.1111\/GCB.12629","volume":"20","author":"J Chave","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chave J, R\u00e9jou-M\u00e9chain M, B\u00farquez A, Chidumayo E, Colgan MS, Delitti WBC, Duque A, Eid T, Fearnside PM, Goodman RC, Henry M, Mart\u00ednez-Yr\u00edzar A, Mugasha WA, Muller-Landau HC, Mencuccini M, Nelson BW, Ngomanda A, Nogueira EM, Ortiz-Malavassi E, Vieilledent G (2014) Improved allometric models to estimate the aboveground biomass of tropical trees. Glob Change Biol 20(10):3177\u20133190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/GCB.12629","journal-title":"Glob Change Biol"},{"key":"1233_CR12","unstructured":"CIPAV, CIAT, FEDEGAN, & TNC (2021) Acci\u00f3n de mitigaci\u00f3n nacionalmente apropiada NAMA de la ganader\u00eda sostenible de Colombia. https:\/\/cipav.org.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Reporte-NAMA-Bovina-de-Colombia.pdf"},{"issue":"4","key":"1233_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12113","volume":"19","author":"MF Cotrufo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cotrufo MF, Wallenstein MD, Boot CM, Denef K, Paul E (2013) The Microbial Efficiency-Matrix Stabilization (MEMS) framework integrates plant litter decomposition with soil organic matter stabilization: Do labile plant inputs form stable soil organic matter? Glob Change Biol 19(4):988\u2013995. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gcb.12113","journal-title":"Glob Change Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1233_CR14","first-page":"335","volume":"38","author":"P Cruz","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cruz P, Sierra J, Wilson JR, Dulormne M, Tournebize R (1999) Effects of shade on the growth and mineral nutrition of tropical grasses in silvopastoral systems. Ann Arid Zone 38(4):335\u2013361","journal-title":"Ann Arid Zone"},{"key":"1233_CR15","unstructured":"Di Renzo J, Balzarani M, Robledo C, Casanoves F, Gonzalez L, Tablada E (2008) InfoStat, Software Estad\u00edstico. https:\/\/www.infostat.com.ar\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"1233_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.17138\/TGFT(11)169-182","volume":"11","author":"CA Dos Santos","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dos Santos CA, De Oliveira AF, Moreira EDS, Gon\u00e7alves LC, Viana MCM, Neto MMG, Lana \u00c2MQ (2023) Influence of shade on productivity and nutritional value of Urochloa decumbens in silvopastoral systems using different spatial arrangements of eucalyptus cultivars. Trop Grassl-Forrajes Trop 11(2):169\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17138\/TGFT(11)169-182","journal-title":"Trop Grassl-Forrajes Trop"},{"key":"1233_CR17","unstructured":"FAO (2022) FAOSTAT. Crops and Livestock Products. https:\/\/www.fao.org\/faostat\/en\/#data\/QCL"},{"key":"1233_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4060\/cc8210es","author":"FAO","year":"2023","unstructured":"FAO (2023) Avances y desaf\u00edos en la ganader\u00eda de Am\u00e9rica Latina y el Caribe. Medidas De Mitigaci\u00f3n Apropiadas Para Cada Pa\u00eds. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4060\/cc8210es","journal-title":"Medidas De Mitigaci\u00f3n Apropiadas Para Cada Pa\u00eds"},{"key":"1233_CR19","unstructured":"FAO (2024) FAO-GLOSIS. Food and Agriculture Organization. https:\/\/data.apps.fao.org\/glosis\/?lang=en"},{"key":"1233_CR20","unstructured":"FAO, & GDP (2018) Climate change and the global dairy cattle sector. The role of the dairy sector in a low-carbon future."},{"key":"1233_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/J.AGEE.2017.11.032","volume":"254","author":"D Feliciano","year":"2018","unstructured":"Feliciano D, Ledo A, Hillier J, Nayak DR (2018a) Which agroforestry options give the greatest soil and above ground carbon benefits in different world regions? Agr Ecosyst Environ 254:117\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.AGEE.2017.11.032","journal-title":"Agr Ecosyst Environ"},{"key":"1233_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2017.11.032","volume":"254","author":"D Feliciano","year":"2018","unstructured":"Feliciano D, Ledo A, Hillier J, Nayak DR (2018b) Which agroforestry options give the greatest soil and above ground carbon benefits in different world regions? Agric Ecosyst Environ 254:117\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.agee.2017.11.032","journal-title":"Agric Ecosyst Environ"},{"key":"1233_CR23","unstructured":"Gerber P, Velliega T, Dietze K, Falucci A, Gianni G, Mounsey J, Maiorano L, Opio C, Sironi D, Thieme O, Weiler V (2010) Greenhouse gas emissions from the dairy sector a life cycle assessment. http:\/\/www.foodsec.org\/docs\/GAUL_DISCLAIMER.pdf"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1233_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2011.03.012","volume":"139","author":"P Gerber","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gerber P, Vellinga T, Opio C, Steinfeld H (2011) Productivity gains and greenhouse gas emissions intensity in dairy systems. Livest Sci 139(1\u20132):100\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.livsci.2011.03.012","journal-title":"Livest Sci"},{"key":"1233_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10457-024-00958-z","volume":"1","author":"R Gonz\u00e1lez-Quintero","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Quintero R, Sierra-Alarc\u00f3n AM, Benavides-Cruz JC, Mayorga-Mogoll\u00f3n OL (2024) The contribution of local shrubs to the carbon footprint reduction of traditional dairy systems in Cundinamarca, Colombia. Agrofor Syst 1:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10457-024-00958-z","journal-title":"Agrofor Syst"},{"key":"1233_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2021.103303","volume":"195","author":"R Gonz\u00e1lez-Quintero","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Quintero R, van Wijk MT, Ruden A, G\u00f3mez M, Pantevez H, Castro-Llanos F, Notenbaert A, Arango J (2022) Yield gap analysis to identify attainable milk and meat productivities and the potential for greenhouse gas emissions mitigation in cattle systems of Colombia. Agric Syst 195:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.agsy.2021.103303","journal-title":"Agric Syst"},{"key":"1233_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2005.06.011","volume":"111","author":"C Harvey","year":"2005","unstructured":"Harvey C, Villanueva C, Villacis J, Chac\u00f3n M, Mu\u00f1oz D, L\u00f3pez M, Ibrahim M, G\u00f3mez R, Taylor R, Mart\u00ednez J, Navas A, Saenz J, S\u00e1nchez D, Medina A, Vilchez B, Hern\u00e1ndez B, Perez A, Ruiz F, L\u00f3pez F, Sinclair F (2005) Contribution of live fences to the ecological integrity of agricultural landacapes. Ecosyst Environ 111:200\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.agee.2005.06.011","journal-title":"Ecosyst Environ"},{"key":"1233_CR28","unstructured":"ICA (2022) Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario - ICA. Censo Pecuario Nacional. https:\/\/www.ica.gov.co\/areas\/pecuaria\/servicios\/epidemiologia-veterinaria\/censos-2016\/censo-2018"},{"key":"1233_CR29","unstructured":"IDF (2015) A common carbon footprint approach for the dairy sector. The IDF guide to standard life cycle assessment methodology. International Dairy Federation, 1\u201370. www.fil-idf.org"},{"key":"1233_CR30","unstructured":"INCODER, & IGAC (2015) Levantamiento de suelos, capacidad de uso de las tierras y cobertura terrestre a escala 1:25.000 del \u00e1rea plana del Distrito de Adecuaci\u00f3n de Tierras de Sibundoy, Departamento del Putumayo, pp 1\u2013798"},{"key":"1233_CR31","unstructured":"IPCC (2007) Climate Change 2007, The physical science basis. The working group I contribution to the IPCC fourth assessment report. In: Geophys Res Lett 32(6). https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/assessment-report\/ar4\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"1233_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1127\/0941-2948\/2006\/0130","volume":"15","author":"M Kottek","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kottek M, Grieser J, Beck C, Rudolf B, Rubel F (2006) World Map of the K\u00f6ppen-Geiger climate classification updated. Meteorol Z 15(3):259\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1127\/0941-2948\/2006\/0130","journal-title":"Meteorol Z"},{"key":"1233_CR33","unstructured":"Krug T, Kurz WA, Ogle S, Raison J, Schoene D, Ravindranath Nagmeldin Elhassan NG, Heath LS, Higuchi N, Kainja S, Matsumoto M, Jos\u00e9 Sanz S\u00e1nchez M, Somogyi Z, Carle JB, Murthy IK (2006) IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventory - Chapter 4, Forest Land. https:\/\/www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp\/public\/2006gl\/pdf\/4_Volume4\/V4_04_Ch4_Forest_Land.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"1233_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s10457-005-5831-5","volume":"68","author":"MC Le\u00f3n","year":"2006","unstructured":"Le\u00f3n MC, Harvey CA (2006) Live fences and landscape connectivity in a neotropical agricultural landscape. Agrofor Syst 68(1):15\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10457-005-5831-5","journal-title":"Agrofor Syst"},{"issue":"211","key":"1233_CR35","first-page":"1","volume":"2019","author":"H Lorenz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lorenz H, Reinsch T, Hess S, Taube F (2019) Is low-input dairy farming more climate friendly? A meta analysis of the carbon footprints of different production systems. CleanerProduction 2019(211):1\u201310","journal-title":"CleanerProduction"},{"issue":"2","key":"1233_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13593-018-0497-3","volume":"38","author":"KF Mancera","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mancera KF, Zarza H, de Buen LL, Garc\u00eda AAC, Palacios FM, Galindo F (2018) Integrating links between tree coverage and cattle welfare in silvopastoral systems evaluation. Agronomy Sustain Dev 38(2):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13593-018-0497-3","journal-title":"Agronomy Sustain Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"1233_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s10457-025-01151-6","volume":"99","author":"H Mavisoy","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mavisoy H, Castro Rinc\u00f3n E, Riascos Vallejos AR, Narv\u00e1ez-Herrera JP, Rosas L, del Guerra Acosta AS, Riascos Salcedo AA, Aguillon Alban DM, Chingal C, de Almeida AM, Fangueiro D (2025) Carbon stocks, technological development, and milk yields of dairy cattle silvopastoral production systems in the Andean-amazon region of Colombia. Agrofor Syst 99(2):49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10457-025-01151-6","journal-title":"Agrofor Syst"},{"key":"1233_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10457-023-00912-5","author":"H Mavisoy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mavisoy H, Vallejos ARR, Narv\u00e1ez-Herrera JP, S\u00e1nchez \u00c1, Fangueiro D, de Almeida AM (2023) Using silvopastoral systems for the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from livestock in the Colombian Amazon. Agrofor Syst. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10457-023-00912-5","journal-title":"Agrofor Syst"},{"issue":"12","key":"1233_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9713","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2022-22117","volume":"105","author":"AM Mazzetto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mazzetto AM, Falconer S, Ledgard S (2022) Mapping the carbon footprint of milk production from cattle: A systematic review. J Dairy Sci 105(12):9713\u20139725. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2022-22117","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"1233_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8847","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2022-22153","volume":"106","author":"A Mech","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mech A, Devi GL, Sivaram M, Sirohi S, Dhali A, Kolte AP, Malik PK, Veeranna RK, Niketha L, Bhatta R (2023) Assessment of carbon footprint of milk production and identification of its major determinants in smallholder dairy farms in Karnataka, India. J Dairy Sci 106(12):8847\u20138860. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2022-22153","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"1233_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2020.107118","volume":"303","author":"L Menichetti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Menichetti L, K\u00e4tterer T, Bolinder MA (2020) A Bayesian modeling framework for estimating equilibrium soil organic C sequestration in agroforestry systems. Agric Ecosyst Environ 303:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.agee.2020.107118","journal-title":"Agric Ecosyst Environ"},{"issue":"2","key":"1233_CR42","first-page":"1","volume":"316","author":"F Montagnini","year":"2013","unstructured":"Montagnini F, Ibrahim M, Murgueitio E (2013) Silvopastoral systems and climate change mitigation in Latin America. Bois Et For\u00eats des Tropiques SILVOPASTORALIMSE 316(2):1\u201314","journal-title":"Bois Et For\u00eats des Tropiques SILVOPASTORALIMSE"},{"key":"1233_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"OECD & FAO (2022) OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2022\u20132031. OECD. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/19991142","DOI":"10.1787\/19991142"},{"key":"1233_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-204X2007000400016","volume":"42","author":"D Paciullo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Paciullo D, Carvalho C, Aroeira L, Morenz M, Lopes F, Rosiello R (2007) Morphophysiology and nutritive value of signalgrass under natural shading and full sunlight. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasil 42:573","journal-title":"Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasil"},{"key":"1233_CR45","unstructured":"Penman J, Gytarsky M, Hiraishi T, Krug T, Kruger D, Pipatti R, Buendia L, Miwa K, Ngara T, Tanabe K, Wagner F, IPCC (2003) Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry. In Ipcc"},{"key":"1233_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2019.106569","volume":"284","author":"TS Rosenstock","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rosenstock TS, Wilkes A, Jallo C, Namoi N, Bulusu M, Suber M, Mboi D, Mulia R, Simelton E, Richards M, Gurwick N, Wollenberg E (2019) Making trees count: Measurement and reporting of agroforestry in UNFCCC national communications of non-Annex I countries. Agric Ecosyst Environ 284:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.agee.2019.106569","journal-title":"Agric Ecosyst Environ"},{"issue":"4","key":"1233_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-022-03224-5","volume":"54","author":"D Ruiz-Llontop","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ruiz-Llontop D, Velarde-Guill\u00e9n J, Fuentes E, Prudencio M, G\u00f3mez C (2022) Milk carbon footprint of silvopastoral dairy systems in the Northern Peruvian Amazon. Trop Anim Health and Prod 54(4):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11250-022-03224-5","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health and Prod"},{"key":"1233_CR48","unstructured":"SAGAN (2024) Encuesta de producci\u00f3n de leche de Nari\u00f1o y Putumayo 2023. https:\/\/sagan.com.co\/informacion-estadistica\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"1233_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1080\/17583004.2021.1951843","volume":"12","author":"BLS Schettini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schettini BLS, Jacovine LAG, de Oliveira Neto SN, Torres CMME, da Rocha SJSS, Villanova PH, de Obolari AMM, Rufino MPMX (2021) Silvopastoral systems: how to use them for carbon neutral milk production? Carbon Manag 12(4):377\u2013384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17583004.2021.1951843","journal-title":"Carbon Manag"},{"issue":"5","key":"1233_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1080\/1747423X.2018.1542463","volume":"13","author":"LC Schneider","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schneider LC, Lerner AM, McGroddy M, Rudel T (2018) Assessing carbon sequestration of silvopastoral tropical landscapes using optical remote sensing and field measurements. J Land Use Sci 13(5):455\u2013472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1747423X.2018.1542463","journal-title":"J Land Use Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"1233_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3886","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.3136","volume":"29","author":"L Shi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shi L, Feng W, Xu J, Kuzyakov Y (2018) Agroforestry systems: Meta-analysis of soil carbon stocks, sequestration processes, and future potentials. Land Degrad Dev 29(11):3886\u20133897. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ldr.3136","journal-title":"Land Degrad Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1233_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/su14010320","volume":"14","author":"AM Silva-Olaya","year":"2022","unstructured":"Silva-Olaya AM, Olaya-Montes A, Polan\u00eda-Hincapi\u00e9 KL, Cherubin MR, Duran-Bautista EH, Ortiz-Morea FA (2022) Silvopastoral systems enhance soil health in the amazon region. Sustainability (Switzerland) 14(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su14010320","journal-title":"Sustainability (Switzerland)"},{"key":"1233_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Singaravadivelan A, Sachin PB, Harikumar S, Vijayakumar P, Vindhya MV, Farhana FMB, Rameesa KK, Mathew J (2023) Life cycle assessment of greenhouse gas emission from the dairy production system\u2014review. In: Tropical Animal Health and Production, Vol. 55, Issue 5. Springer Science and Business Media B.V. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11250-023-03748-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-023-03748-4"},{"key":"1233_CR54","unstructured":"Smurfit-Kappa (2009) Departamento de Investigaci\u00f3n Forestal Smurfit Kappa Colombia. Silvicultura y Productividad. https:\/\/repositorio.unal.edu.co\/bitstream\/handle\/unal\/69838\/AdrianaTovar.2018.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y"},{"issue":"1","key":"1233_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s10457-009-9247-5","volume":"78","author":"L Soto-Pinto","year":"2010","unstructured":"Soto-Pinto L, Anzueto M, Mendoza J, Ferrer GJ, de Jong B (2010) Carbon sequestration through agroforestry in indigenous communities of Chiapas, Mexico. Agrofor Syst 78(1):39\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10457-009-9247-5","journal-title":"Agrofor Syst"},{"issue":"5","key":"1233_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1007\/s10457-023-00949-6","volume":"98","author":"JC Su\u00e1rez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Su\u00e1rez JC, Segura M, Andrade HJ (2024) Agroforestry systems affect soil organic carbon stocks and fractions in deforested landscapes of Amazonia. Agrofor Syst 98(5):1139\u20131151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10457-023-00949-6","journal-title":"Agrofor Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"1233_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2012.08.012","volume":"31","author":"G Thoma","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thoma G, Jolliet O, Wang Y (2013) A biophysical approach to allocation of life cycle environmental burdens for fluid milk supply chain analysis. Int Dairy J 31(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.idairyj.2012.08.012","journal-title":"Int Dairy J"},{"key":"1233_CR58","unstructured":"UPRA (2021) Plan maestro de reconversi\u00f3n productiva agropecuaria de la cadena l\u00e1ctea, Regi\u00f3n Suroccidente"},{"issue":"1","key":"1233_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-021-03021-6","volume":"54","author":"J Velarde-Guill\u00e9n","year":"2022","unstructured":"Velarde-Guill\u00e9n J, Arndt C, G\u00f3mez CA (2022) Carbon footprint in Latin American dairy systems. Trop Anim Health Prod 54(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11250-021-03021-6","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"1233_CR60","unstructured":"Wong C (1991) Shade Tolerance of Tropical Forages. In: ACIAR (ed), Forages for plantation crops. Procedings of a workshop 1991st ed, pp 64\u201369. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/237548415"},{"key":"1233_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29987","volume":"6","author":"RJ Zomer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zomer RJ, Neufeldt H, Xu J, Ahrends A, Bossio D, Trabucco A, Van Noordwijk M, Wang M (2016) Global Tree Cover and Biomass Carbon on Agricultural Land: The contribution of agroforestry to global and national carbon budgets. Sci Rep 6:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep29987","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["Agroforestry Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10457-025-01233-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10457-025-01233-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10457-025-01233-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T03:01:36Z","timestamp":1764039696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10457-025-01233-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["1233"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10457-025-01233-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-4366","1572-9680"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-4366","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-9680","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"136"}}