{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T07:48:07Z","timestamp":1740124087457,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006752","name":"Universidade do Porto","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006752","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Adv in Health Sci Educ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Given the high prevalence of multiple-choice examinations with formula scoring in medical training, several studies have tried to identify other factors in addition to the degree of knowledge of students which influence their response patterns. This study aims to measure the effect of students\u2019 attitude towards risk and ambiguity on their number of correct, wrong, and blank answers. In October 2018, 233 3rd year medical students from the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, in Porto, Portugal, completed a questionnaire which assessed the student\u2019s attitudes towards risk and ambiguity, and aversion to ambiguity in medicine. Simple and multiple regression models and the respective regression coefficients were used to measure the association between the students\u2019 attitudes, and their answers in two examinations that they had taken in June 2018. Having an intermediate level of ambiguity aversion in medicine (as opposed to a very high or low level) was associated with a significant increase in the number of correct answers and decrease in the number of blank answers in the first examination. In the second examination, high levels of ambiguity aversion in medicine were associated with a decrease in the number of wrong answers. Attitude towards risk, tolerance for ambiguity, and gender did not show significant association with the number of correct, wrong, and blank answers for either examination. Students\u2019 ambiguity aversion in medicine is correlated with their performance in multiple-choice examinations with negative marking. Therefore, it is suggested the planning and implementation of counselling sessions with medical students regarding the possible impact of ambiguity aversion on their performance in multiple-choice questions with negative marking.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-023-10305-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T11:02:50Z","timestamp":1705316570000},"page":"1309-1321","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The effect of the attitude towards risk\/ambiguity on examination grades: cross-sectional study in a Portuguese medical school"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1268-2195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe","family":"Leite-Mendes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Amelia","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Milton","family":"Severo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10305_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(90)90098-d","volume":"31","author":"G Geller","year":"1990","unstructured":"Geller, G., Faden, R. R., & Levine, D. M. (1990). Tolerance for ambiguity among medical students: Implications for their selection, training and practice. Social Science and Medicine, 31(5), 619\u2013624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0277-9536(90)90098-d. PMID: 2218644.","journal-title":"Social Science and Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10305_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1017\/S0265021508003876","volume":"25","author":"Z Goldik","year":"2008","unstructured":"Goldik, Z. (2008). Abandoning negative marking. European Journal of Anaesthesiology, 25(5), 349\u2013351.","journal-title":"European Journal of Anaesthesiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10305_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989x11393976","volume":"31","author":"PK Han","year":"2011","unstructured":"Han, P. K., Klein, W. M., & Arora, N. K. (2011). Varieties of uncertainty in health care: A conceptual taxonomy. Medical Decision Making, 31(6), 828\u2013838. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0272989x11393976. PMID:22067431;PMCID:PMC3146626.","journal-title":"Medical Decision Making"},{"issue":"6","key":"10305_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730903089630","volume":"14","author":"PK Han","year":"2009","unstructured":"Han, P. K., Reeve, B. B., Moser, R. P., & Klein, W. M. (2009). Aversion to ambiguity regarding medical tests and treatments: Measurement, prevalence, and relationship to sociodemographic factors. Journal of Health Communication, 14(6), 556\u2013572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10810730903089630. PMID:19731127;PMCID:PMC4205160.","journal-title":"Journal of Health Communication"},{"issue":"20","key":"10305_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28285","DOI":"10.3402\/meo.v20.28285","volume":"8","author":"PK Han","year":"2015","unstructured":"Han, P. K., Schupack, D., Daggett, S., Holt, C. T., & Strout, T. D. (2015). Temporal changes in tolerance of uncertainty among medical students: Insights from an exploratory study. Medical Education Online, 8(20), 28285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/meo.v20.28285. PMID:26356230;PMCID:PMC4565063.","journal-title":"Medical Education Online"},{"key":"10305_CR6","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"W Mahjabeen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mahjabeen, W., Alam, S., Hassan, U., Zafar, T., Butt, R., Konain, S., & Rizvi, M. (2018). Difficulty index, discrimination index and distractor efficiency in multiple choice questions. Annals of PIMS-Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University. Annals of Pims, 4, 1. ISSN:1815-2287.","journal-title":"Annals of Pims"},{"issue":"1","key":"10305_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.1976.tb00527.x","volume":"10","author":"R McG Harden","year":"1976","unstructured":"McG Harden, R., Brown, R. A., Biran, L. A., Ross, W. P., & Wakeford, R. E. (1976). Multiple choice questions: To guess or not to guess. Medical Education, 10(1), 27\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2923.1976.tb00527.x. PMID: 1263885.","journal-title":"Medical Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"10305_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2923.1999.00292.x","volume":"33","author":"AM Muijtjens","year":"1999","unstructured":"Muijtjens, A. M., Mameren, H. V., Hoogenboom, R. J., Evers, J. L., & van der Vleuten, C. P. (1999). The effect of a \u201cdon\u2019t know\u201d option on test scores: Number-right and formula scoring compared. Medical Education, 33(4), 267\u2013275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2923.1999.00292.x. PMID: 10336757.","journal-title":"Medical Education"},{"key":"10305_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4137\/JMECD.S40705","author":"IK Ndu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ndu, I. K., Ekwochi, U., Di Osuorah, C., et al. (2016). 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Accessed 9 Dec 2022.","key":"10305_CR14"}],"container-title":["Advances in Health Sciences Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10459-023-10305-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10459-023-10305-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10459-023-10305-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T09:29:19Z","timestamp":1725269359000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10459-023-10305-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10305"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10459-023-10305-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1382-4996","1573-1677"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1382-4996"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1573-1677"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 February 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 November 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 January 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant competing interests to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interests"}},{"value":"Participation of the students was on a voluntary basis. No personal information was collected. Consent obtained from study participants was verbal. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o\/Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (FMUP).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}