{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T15:16:06Z","timestamp":1788016566240,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787961600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Veterans Health Administration","award":["C19 20-193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C19 20-193"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Adm Policy Ment Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To identify strategies that faciliate the implementation adaptation of peer support services to ensure continuity and effectiveness of mental health care during crisis or rapid organizational changes. This is a cross-sectional, qualitative study that was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic with a purposeful sample of Veterans Health Administration (VHA) peer specialists and their supervisors from 11 facilities in a Veteran Integrated Service Network (VISN). Data collection and analysis were guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Deductive and inductive thematic analysis approaches were used to analyze the data. VHA peer specialists employed various strategies that incorporated multiple CFIR domains to adapt to the COVID-19 restrictions and rapid organizational changes. Findings indicate that peer specialists as key individuals involved in delivering and implementing peer support services, as well as higher-level, outer setting factors such as patients\u2019 needs drove these adaptations. Some strategies and CFIR domains were more influential than others in shaping these adaptations. Three key strategies emerged as potentially useful in future public health crises and rapid organizational changes to expand the capacity of peer specialists\u2019 role to meet patients\u2019 healthcare needs: 1) adopting a work culture that is receptive to change (learning climate), 2) promoting collaboration (network and collaboration), and 3) fostering peer specialists\u2019 self-efficacy (characteristics of the individual). During times of crisis, foundational organizational practices, such as change management techniques and transformational leadership styles, can help support service delivery adaptations and improve care delivery to patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-026-01520-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T14:20:58Z","timestamp":1788013258000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Peer Support Services in the Veterans Health Administration:\u00a0Lessons for Healthcare Organizations"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Johanne","family":"Eliacin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandria N.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne S.","family":"Matthias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana J.","family":"Burgess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitlin E.","family":"O\u2019Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela L.","family":"Rollins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1520_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.13476","volume":"30","author":"HJ Abu Dalal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abu Dalal, H. J., Ramoo, V., Chong, M. C., Danaee, M., & Aljeesh, Y. I. (2022). The impact of organisational communication satisfaction on health care professionals\u2019 work engagement. Journal of Nursing Management, 30(1), 214\u2013225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jonm.13476","journal-title":"Journal of Nursing Management"},{"key":"1520_CR2","volume-title":"Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership","author":"BM Bass","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1994). Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership. Sage."},{"key":"1520_CR3","unstructured":"Beech, E., Rahman, B., Ward, R., Anderson, J., Belsher, B.E., & Parr, N.J. (2021). Evidence Brief: Treatment of Comorbid Conditions. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. https:\/\/hsrd.research.va.gov\/publications\/esp\/comorbid-conditions-brief.pdf"},{"key":"1520_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","volume":"3","author":"V Braun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","journal-title":"Qualitative Research in Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"1520_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1037\/prj0000479","volume":"44","author":"JM Brooks","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brooks, J. M., Wu, J. R., Umucu, E., Storm, M., Chiu, C. Y., Walker, R., & Fortuna, K. L. (2021). Key components of recovery predict occupational performance and health in peer support specialists. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 44(3), 212\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/prj0000479","journal-title":"Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal"},{"issue":"10227","key":"1520_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30460-8","volume":"395","author":"SK Brooks","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. Lancet, 395(10227), 912\u2013920. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30460-8","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1520_CR7","unstructured":"Center for Mental Health Services. (2024). Expanding Peer Support and Supporting the Peer Workforce in Mental Health. (Publication No. PEP24\u201301\u2013004). Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. https:\/\/namiohio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/396\/2025\/04\/Expanding-Peer-Support-and-Supporting-the-Peer-Workforce-in-MH.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"1520_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-017-0587-7","volume":"12","author":"M Chinman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chinman, M., Daniels, K., Smith, J., McCarthy, S., Medoff, D., Peeples, A., & Goldberg, R. (2017). Provision of peer specialist services in VA patient aligned care teams: Protocol for testing a cluster randomized implementation trial. Implementation Science, 12(1), Article 57. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13012-017-0587-7","journal-title":"Implementation Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"1520_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201300244","volume":"65","author":"M Chinman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chinman, M., George, P., Dougherty, R. H., Daniels, A. S., Ghose, S. S., Swift, A., & Delphin-Rittmon, M. E. (2014). Peer support services for individuals with serious mental illnesses: Assessing the evidence. Psychiatric Services, 65(4), 429\u2013441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ps.201300244","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"},{"issue":"1","key":"1520_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-021-01130-2","volume":"16","author":"M Chinman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chinman, M., Goldberg, R., Daniels, K., Muralidharan, A., Smith, J., McCarthy, S., Medoff, D., Peeples, A., Kuykendall, L., Vineyard, N., & Li, L. (2021). Implementation of peer specialist services in VA primary care: A cluster randomized trial on the impact of external facilitation. Implementation Science, 16(1), 60. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13012-021-01130-2","journal-title":"Implementation Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"1520_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201800368","volume":"70","author":"M Chinman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chinman, M., McCarthy, S., Mitchell-Miland, C., Bachrach, R. L., Schutt, R. K., & Ellison, M. (2019). Predicting engagement with mental health peer specialist services. Psychiatric Services, 70(4), 333\u2013336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ps.201800368","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"},{"issue":"1","key":"1520_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s11414-013-9343-1","volume":"42","author":"M Chinman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chinman, M., Oberman, R., Hanusa, B., Cohen, A., Salyers, M., Twamley, E., & Young, A. (2015). A cluster randomized trial of adding peer specialists to intensive case management teams in the Veterans Health Administration. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 42(1), 109\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11414-013-9343-1","journal-title":"The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"1520_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1037\/h0094582","volume":"35","author":"M Chinman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chinman, M., Salzer, M., & O\u2019Brien-Mazza, D. (2012). National survey on implementation of peer specialists in the VA: Implications for training and facilitation. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 35(6), 470\u2013473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0094582","journal-title":"Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"1520_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.2975\/33.4.2010.269.277","volume":"33","author":"M Chinman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chinman, M., Shoai, R., & Cohen, A. (2010). Using organizational change strategies to guide peer support technician implementation in the Veterans Administration. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 33(4), 269\u2013277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2975\/33.4.2010.269.277","journal-title":"Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"1520_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1177\/21650799231200028","volume":"72","author":"KM Collier","year":"2024","unstructured":"Collier, K. M., Halvorsen, C. J., & Fortuna, K. L. (2024). Assessing mental healthcare worker experiences of workplace fairness and organizational value: A national survey of peer-support specialists. Workplace Health & Safety, 72(1), 14\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/21650799231200028","journal-title":"Workplace Health & Safety"},{"issue":"4","key":"1520_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2020.0233","volume":"27","author":"SL Connolly","year":"2021","unstructured":"Connolly, S. L., Stolzmann, K. L., Heyworth, L., Weaver, K. R., Bauer, M. S., & Miller, C. J. (2021). Rapid increase in telemental health within the Department of Veterans Affairs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Telemedicine Journal and E-Health, 27(4), 454\u2013458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/tmj.2020.0233","journal-title":"Telemedicine Journal and E-Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1520_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03260-y","volume":"22","author":"RE Cooper","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cooper, R. E., Saunders, K. R. K., Greenburgh, A., Shah, P., Appleton, R., Machin, K., Jeynes, T., Barnett, P., Allan, S. M., Griffiths, J., Stuart, R., Mitchell, L., Chipp, B., Jeffreys, S., Lloyd-Evans, B., Simpson, A., & Johnson, S. (2024). The effectiveness, implementation, and experiences of peer support approaches for mental health: A systematic umbrella review. BMC Medicine, 22(1), Article 72. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-024-03260-y","journal-title":"BMC Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"1520_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1022569617123","volume":"30","author":"PW Corrigan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Corrigan, P. W., Diwan, S., Campion, J., & Rashid, F. (2002). Transformational leadership and the mental health team. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 30(2), 97\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1022569617123","journal-title":"Administration and Policy in Mental Health"},{"key":"1520_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095276","author":"AS Crisanti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Crisanti, A. S., Earheart, J., Deissinger, M., Lowerre, K., & Salvador, J. G. (2022). Implementation challenges and recommendations for employing peer support workers in emergency departments to support patients presenting after an opioid-related overdose. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19095276","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1520_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1037\/ser0000772","volume":"21","author":"JA Cully","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cully, J. A., Fischer, E. P., Gonzalez, R., Williams, J. S., Sansgiry, S., Zeno, D., Mittal, D., & Kuo, I. (2024). Provider perceptions and use of mental health services in the Veterans Health Administration during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychological Services, 21(1), 110\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/ser0000772","journal-title":"Psychological Services"},{"key":"1520_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-4-50","volume":"4","author":"LJ Damschroder","year":"2009","unstructured":"Damschroder, L. J., Aron, D. C., Keith, R. E., Kirsh, S. R., Alexander, J. A., & Lowery, J. C. (2009). Fostering implementation of health services research findings into practice: A consolidated framework for advancing implementation science. Implementation Science, 4, 50. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1748-5908-4-50","journal-title":"Implementation Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"1520_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbj043","volume":"32","author":"L Davidson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Davidson, L., Chinman, M., Sells, D., & Rowe, M. (2006). Peer support among adults with serious mental illness: A report from the field. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32(3), 443\u2013450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/sbj043","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"key":"1520_CR23","unstructured":"Department of Veterans Affairs. March. (2022). Congressionally Mandated Report: Assessment of the Capacity of Peer Specialists of the Department of Veterans Affairs Who are Women. https:\/\/www.dav.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/5206-Peer-Specialists-Assesment.pdf"},{"key":"1520_CR24","unstructured":"Department of Veterans Affairs. (2025). What Supervisors of Peer Support Staff Need to Know (VHA Directive 1163). https:\/\/www.va.gov\/vhapublications\/ViewPublication.asp?pub_ID=12346"},{"key":"1520_CR25","unstructured":"Dinkeloo, E., & Luse, T. (2022). Emergency Mental Health Care Utilization and the COVID-19 Pandemic Among U.S. Armed Forces and Dependents, 1 January 2017 to 31 March 2021. MSMR, 29(12), 11\u201316. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/36821713"},{"issue":"9","key":"1520_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1093\/tbm\/ibad027","volume":"13","author":"J Eliacin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Eliacin, J., Burgess, D., Rollins, A. L., Patterson, S., Damush, T., Bair, M. J., Salyers, M. P., Spoont, M., Chinman, M., Slaven, J. E., & Matthias, M. S. (2023). Outcomes of a peer-led navigation program, PARTNER-MH, for racially minoritized Veterans receiving mental health services: A pilot randomized controlled trial to assess feasibility and acceptability. Translational Behavioral Medicine, 13(9), 710\u2013721. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/tbm\/ibad027","journal-title":"Translational Behavioral Medicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"1520_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/37712","volume":"11","author":"J Eliacin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Eliacin, J., Burgess, D. J., Rollins, A. L., Patterson, S., Damush, T., Bair, M. J., Salyers, M. P., Spoont, M., Slaven, J. E., O\u2019Connor, C., Walker, K., Zou, D. S., Austin, E., Akins, J., Miller, J., Chinman, M., & Matthias, M. S. (2022). Proactive, recovery-oriented treatment navigation to engage racially diverse veterans in mental healthcare (PARTNER-MH), a peer-led patient navigation intervention for racially and ethnically minoritized veterans in Veterans Health Administration mental health services: Protocol for a mixed methods randomized controlled feasibility study. JMIR Research Protocols, 11(9), Article e37712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/37712","journal-title":"JMIR Research Protocols"},{"key":"1520_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-020-01048-9","volume":"48","author":"J Eliacin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eliacin, J., Matthias, M. S., Burgess, D. J., Patterson, S., Damush, T., Pratt-Chapman, M., McGovern, M., Chinman, M., Talib, T., O\u2019Connor, C., & Rollins, A. (2020). Pre-implementation Evaluation of PARTNER-MH: A Mental Healthcare Disparity Intervention for Minority Veterans in the VHA. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 48, 46\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10488-020-01048-9","journal-title":"Administration and Policy in Mental Health"},{"key":"1520_CR29","unstructured":"Exec. Order No. 13,625. (2012). Improving Access to Mental Health Services for Veterans, Service Members, and Military Families. Retrieved from:\u00a0https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/d\/2012-22062"},{"issue":"5","key":"1520_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-018-0863-0","volume":"45","author":"JH Fisher","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fisher, J. H., Lichvar, E., Hogue, A., & Dauber, S. (2018). Perceived need for treatment and engagement in mental health services among community-referred racial\/ethnic minority adolescents. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 45(5), 751\u2013764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10488-018-0863-0","journal-title":"Administration and Policy in Mental Health"},{"issue":"11-12","key":"1520_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usae313","volume":"189","author":"K Hadlandsmyth","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hadlandsmyth, K., Zhuang, C., Driscoll, M. A., & Lund, B. C. (2024). Comorbid chronic pain and post-traumatic stress disorder: Current rates and psychiatric comorbidities among U.S. military veterans. Military Medicine, 189(11\u201312), 2303\u20132306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/milmed\/usae313","journal-title":"Military Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"1520_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/s11414-013-9365-8","volume":"42","author":"AB Hamilton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hamilton, A. B., Chinman, M., Cohen, A. N., Oberman, R. S., & Young, A. S. (2015). Implementation of consumer providers into mental health intensive case management teams. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 42(1), 100\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11414-013-9365-8","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"1520_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721002361","volume":"53","author":"ML Hill","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hill, M. L., Nichter, B., Na, P. J., Norman, S. B., Morland, L. A., Krystal, J. H., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2023). Mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in U.S. military veterans: A population-based, prospective cohort study. Psychological Medicine, 53(3), 945\u2013956. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291721002361","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"1520_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.4402","volume":"78","author":"KM Holland","year":"2021","unstructured":"Holland, K. M., Jones, C., Vivolo-Kantor, A. M., Idaikkadar, N., Zwald, M., Hoots, B., Yard, E., D\u2019Inverno, A., Swedo, E., Chen, M. S., Petrosky, E., Board, A., Martinez, P., Stone, D. M., Law, R., Coletta, M. A., Adjemian, J., Thomas, C., Puddy, R. W., & Houry, D. (2021). Trends in US Emergency Department Visits for Mental Health, Overdose, and Violence Outcomes Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Psychiatry, 78(4), 372\u2013379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.4402","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"1520_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.24457.1","volume":"9","author":"MM Hossain","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hossain, M. M., Tasnim, S., Sultana, A., Faizah, F., Mazumder, H., Zou, L., McKyer, E. L. J., Ahmed, H. U., & Ma, P. (2020). Epidemiology of mental health problems in COVID-19: A review. F1000Research, 9, Article 636. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.24457.1","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"1520_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-021-01729-3","volume":"19","author":"MR Jafri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jafri, M. R., Zaheer, A., Fatima, S., Saleem, T., & Sohail, A. (2022). Mental health status of COVID-19 survivors: A cross sectional study. Virology Journal, 19(1), Article 3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12985-021-01729-3","journal-title":"Virology Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"1520_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.14374","volume":"59","author":"AM Kilbourne","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kilbourne, A. M., Borsky, A. E., O\u2019Brien, R. W., Braganza, M. Z., & Garrido, M. M. (2024a). The foundational science of learning health systems. Health Services Research, 59(6), Article e14374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1475-6773.14374","journal-title":"Health Services Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"1520_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lrh2.10463","volume":"8","author":"AM Kilbourne","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kilbourne, A. M., Braganza, M. Z., Bravata, D. M., Tsai, J., Nelson, R. E., Meredith, A., Myrie, K., & Ramoni, R. (2024b). The translation-to-policy learning cycle to improve public health. Learning Health Systems, 8(4), Article e10463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lrh2.10463","journal-title":"Learning Health Systems"},{"key":"1520_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2021.07.014","volume":"63","author":"H Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee, H., & Singh, G. K. (2021). Monthly trends in self-reported health status and depression by race\/ethnicity and socioeconomic status during the COVID-19 pandemic, United States, April 2020 - May 2021. Annals of Epidemiology, 63, 52\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annepidem.2021.07.014","journal-title":"Annals of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"1520_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.1864","volume":"6","author":"LB Leung","year":"2023","unstructured":"Leung, L. B., Yoo, C., Chu, K., O\u2019Shea, A., Jackson, N. J., Heyworth, L., & Der-Martirosian, C. (2023). Rates of Primary Care and Integrated Mental Health Telemedicine Visits Between Rural and Urban Veterans Affairs Beneficiaries Before and After the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Network Open, 6(3), Article e231864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.1864","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"1520_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115229","volume":"324","author":"S Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, S., Huang, S., Hu, S., & Lai, J. (2023). Psychological consequences among veterans during the COVID-19 pandemic: A scoping review. Psychiatry Research, 324, Article 115229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115229","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"1520_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2022.0124","volume":"33","author":"DK Litzelman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Litzelman, D. K., Umoren, R. A., Inui, T. S., Griffin, W., Perkins, S. M., Moser, E. A., Wiehe, S. E., Roth, S., DeChant, P., & Swigonski, N. L. (2022). Evaluation of a program to reduce infant mortality risk factors in Central Indiana. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 33(3), 1461\u20131477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/hpu.2022.0124","journal-title":"Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved"},{"key":"1520_CR43","unstructured":"Lumivero. (2018). NVivo (Version 12) [Qualitative data analysis software]. https:\/\/lumivero.com\/products\/nvivo\/"},{"key":"1520_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-022-07884-9","author":"MS Matthias","year":"2022","unstructured":"Matthias, M. S., Burgess, D. J., & Eliacin, J. (2022). Healthcare access and delivery during the covid-19 pandemic for black veterans with chronic pain: A qualitative study. J Gen Intern Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-022-07884-9","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1520_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2022.4936","volume":"4","author":"RK McBain","year":"2023","unstructured":"McBain, R. K., Cantor, J., Pera, M. F., Breslau, J., Bravata, D. M., & Whaley, C. M. (2023). Mental health service utilization rates among commercially insured adults in the US during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Health Forum, 4(1), Article e224936. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2022.4936","journal-title":"JAMA Health Forum"},{"key":"1520_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9121613","author":"AB McGuire","year":"2021","unstructured":"McGuire, A. B., Flanagan, M. E., Kukla, M., Rollins, A. L., Myers, L. J., Bass, E., Garabrant, J. M., & Salyers, M. P. (2021). Inpatient mental healthcare before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Healthcare. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare9121613","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"issue":"5","key":"1520_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7005a3","volume":"70","author":"LR McKnight-Eily","year":"2021","unstructured":"McKnight-Eily, L. R., Okoro, C. A., Strine, T. W., Verlenden, J., Hollis, N. D., Njai, R., Mitchell, E. W., Board, A., Puddy, R., & Thomas, C. (2021). Racial and ethnic disparities in the prevalence of stress and worry, mental health conditions, and increased substance use among adults during the COVID-19 pandemic - United States, April and May 2020. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 70(5), 162\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm7005a3","journal-title":"MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"issue":"6","key":"1520_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22874","volume":"35","author":"CP McLean","year":"2022","unstructured":"McLean, C. P., Wachsman, T., Morland, L., Norman, S. B., Hooper, V., & Cloitre, M. (2022). The mental health impact of COVID-19-related stressors among treatment-seeking trauma-exposed veterans. Journal of Trauma & Stress, 35(6), 1792\u20131800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts.22874","journal-title":"Journal of Trauma & Stress"},{"issue":"4","key":"1520_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-2009-0893","volume":"33","author":"S Moll","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moll, S., Holmes, J., Geronimo, J., & Sherman, D. (2009). Work transitions for peer support providers in traditional mental health programs: Unique challenges and opportunities. Work, 33(4), 449\u2013458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/WOR-2009-0893","journal-title":"Work"},{"issue":"3","key":"1520_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/job.2124","volume":"38","author":"D Montano","year":"2017","unstructured":"Montano, D., Reeske, A., Franke, F., & H\u00fcffmeier, J. (2017). Leadership, followers\u2019 mental health and job performance in organizations: A comprehensive meta-analysis from an occupational health perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 38(3), 327\u2013350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/job.2124","journal-title":"Journal of Organizational Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"1520_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1037\/h0095619","volume":"17","author":"CT Mowbray","year":"1993","unstructured":"Mowbray, C. T., Moxley, D. P., & Brown, K. S. (1993). A framework for initiating supported education programs. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 17(1), 129\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0095619","journal-title":"Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"1520_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1037\/ser0000531","volume":"19","author":"C Mutschler","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mutschler, C., Bellamy, C., Davidson, L., Lichtenstein, S., & Kidd, S. (2022). Implementation of peer support in mental health services: A systematic review of the literature. Psychological Services, 19(2), 360\u2013374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/ser0000531","journal-title":"Psychological Services"},{"issue":"1","key":"1520_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjmilitary-2021-001846","volume":"168","author":"P Na","year":"2022","unstructured":"Na, P., Tsai, J., Harpaz-Rotem, I., & Pietrzak, R. (2022). Mental health and suicidal ideation in US military veterans with histories of COVID-19 infection. BMJ Military Health, 168(1), 15\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjmilitary-2021-001846","journal-title":"BMJ Military Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"1520_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-024-01988-0","volume":"12","author":"VK Ngo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ngo, V. K., Vu, T. T., Punter, M. A., Levine, D., Mateu-Gelabert, P., & Borrell, L. N. (2025). Mental health concerns during COVID-19: An observational study among a predominantly Black community in New York City. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 12(3), 1565\u20131573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-024-01988-0","journal-title":"Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"},{"issue":"4","key":"1520_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/13645570701401305","volume":"11","author":"C Noy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Noy, C. (2009). Sampling knowledge: The hermeneutics of snowball sampling in qualitative research. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 11(4), 327\u2013344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13645570701401305","journal-title":"International Journal of Social Research Methodology"},{"key":"1520_CR56","unstructured":"Partnered Evidence-based Policy Resource Center. (2023). Telehealth Use and Availability in VHA Outpatient Mental Health Care. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. https:\/\/www.peprec.research.va.gov\/PEPRECRESEARCH\/docs\/Policy_Brief_21_Telehealth_Mental_Health.pdf"},{"issue":"2","key":"1520_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-021-00620-0","volume":"21","author":"ER Pedersen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pedersen, E. R., Davis, J. P., Fitzke, R. E., Lee, D. S., & Saba, S. (2023). American veterans in the era of COVID-19: Reactions to the pandemic, posttraumatic stress disorder, and substance use behaviors. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 21(2), 767\u2013782. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11469-021-00620-0","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction"},{"key":"1520_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.114292","volume":"306","author":"ER Pedersen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pedersen, E. R., Davis, J. P., Prindle, J., Fitzke, R. E., Tran, D. D., & Saba, S. (2021). Mental health symptoms among American veterans during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research, 306, Article 114292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.114292","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"1520_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-022-07782-0","volume":"38","author":"AD Peeples","year":"2023","unstructured":"Peeples, A. D., Muralidharan, A., McCarthy, S., Goldberg, R., Kuykendall, L., Vineyard, N., & Chinman, M. (2023). Barriers and enablers to implementing peer specialists in Veterans Health Administration Primary Care: A qualitative study. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 38(3), 707\u2013714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-022-07782-0","journal-title":"Journal of General Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"1520_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2008017","volume":"383","author":"B Pfefferbaum","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pfefferbaum, B., & North, C. S. (2020). Mental health and the COVID-19 pandemic. New England Journal of Medicine, 383(6), 510\u2013512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMp2008017","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"1520_CR61","volume-title":"The coding manual for qualitative researchers","author":"J Salda\u00f1a","year":"2013","unstructured":"Salda\u00f1a, J. (2013). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. SAGE Publications Ltd."},{"issue":"3","key":"1520_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1037\/ser0000242","volume":"16","author":"RL Shepardson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shepardson, R. L., Johnson, E. M., Possemato, K., Arigo, D., & Funderburk, J. S. (2019). Perceived barriers and facilitators to implementation of peer support in Veterans Health Administration Primary Care-Mental Health Integration settings. Psychological Services, 16(3), 433\u2013444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/ser0000242","journal-title":"Psychological Services"},{"issue":"3","key":"1520_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1037\/prj0000480","volume":"44","author":"M Sklar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sklar, M., Ehrhart, M. G., & Aarons, G. A. (2021). COVID-related work changes, burnout, and turnover intentions in mental health providers: A moderated mediation analysis. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 44(3), 219\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/prj0000480","journal-title":"Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal"},{"issue":"11","key":"1520_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5332","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291722002422","volume":"53","author":"D Smit","year":"2023","unstructured":"Smit, D., Miguel, C., Vrijsen, J. N., Groeneweg, B., Spijker, J., & Cuijpers, P. (2023). The effectiveness of peer support for individuals with mental illness: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 53(11), 5332\u20135341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291722002422","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"1520_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.703838","volume":"12","author":"GM de Sousa","year":"2021","unstructured":"de Sousa, G. M., Tavares, V. D. O., de MeirozGrilo, M. L. P., Coelho, M. L. G., de Lima-Araujo, G. L., Schuch, F. B., & Galvao-Coelho, N. L. (2021). Mental Health in COVID-19 Pandemic: A Meta-Review of Prevalence Meta-Analyses. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 703838. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.703838","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1520_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000810","volume":"16","author":"E Stack","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stack, E., Hildebran, C., Leichtling, G., Waddell, E. N., Leahy, J. M., Martin, E., & Korthuis, P. T. (2022). Peer recovery support services across the continuum: In community, hospital, corrections, and treatment and recovery agency settings - A narrative review. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 16(1), 93\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000810","journal-title":"Journal of Addiction Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"1520_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-022-01284-9","volume":"10","author":"MB Thomeer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thomeer, M. B., Moody, M. D., & Yahirun, J. (2023). Racial and ethnic disparities in mental health and mental health care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 10(2), 961\u2013976. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-022-01284-9","journal-title":"Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"},{"key":"1520_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.invent.2020.100327","volume":"21","author":"N Titov","year":"2020","unstructured":"Titov, N., Staples, L., Kayrouz, R., Cross, S., Karin, E., Ryan, K., Dear, B., & Nielssen, O. (2020). Rapid report: Early demand, profiles and concerns of mental health users during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Internet Interventions, 21, Article 100327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.invent.2020.100327","journal-title":"Internet Interventions"},{"key":"1520_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tran, L. D., Rose, L., Urech, T., & Vashi, A. (2021). Technical Report 38: Encounters after Appointments Cancelled Due to COVID-19 in the Veterans Affairs Health Care System. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. https:\/\/herc.research.va.gov\/include\/page.asp?id=technical-report-38-covid19-encounters","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.11.17.21266381"},{"key":"1520_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2016.04.018","volume":"60","author":"J Vandewalle","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vandewalle, J., Debyser, B., Beeckman, D., Vandecasteele, T., Van Hecke, A., & Verhaeghe, S. (2016). Peer workers\u2019 perceptions and experiences of barriers to implementation of peer worker roles in mental health services: A literature review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 60, 234\u2013250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2016.04.018","journal-title":"International Journal of Nursing Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"1520_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1177\/1059601111401017","volume":"36","author":"G Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang, G., In-Sue, O., Courtright, S. H., & Colbert, A. E. (2011). Transformational leadership and performance across criteria and levels: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of research. Group & Organization Management, 36(2), 223\u2013270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1059601111401017","journal-title":"Group & Organization Management"},{"issue":"12","key":"1520_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244630","volume":"15","author":"Y Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Kala, M. P., & Jafar, T. H. (2020). Factors associated with psychological distress during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the predominantly general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 15(12), Article e0244630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0244630","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"1520_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/1078390310393283","volume":"17","author":"JL Wright-Berryman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wright-Berryman, J. L., McGuire, A. B., & Salyers, M. P. (2011). A review of consumer-provided services on assertive community treatment and intensive case management teams: Implications for future research and practice. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 17(1), 37\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1078390310393283","journal-title":"Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association"},{"issue":"4","key":"1520_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2021.01297","volume":"41","author":"JM Zhu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhu, J. M., Myers, R., McConnell, K. J., Levander, X., & Lin, S. C. (2022). Trends in outpatient mental health services use before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Health Affairs (Millwood), 41(4), 573\u2013580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1377\/hlthaff.2021.01297","journal-title":"Health Affairs (Millwood)"}],"container-title":["Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10488-026-01520-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10488-026-01520-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10488-026-01520-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T14:21:01Z","timestamp":1788013261000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10488-026-01520-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"references-count":74,"alternative-id":["1520"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10488-026-01520-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0894-587X","1573-3289"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0894-587X","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3289","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of Interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}