{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T15:45:16Z","timestamp":1775576716489,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006368","name":"Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006368","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biodivers Conserv"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rhodolith beds are globally distributed benthic habitats that play a key role in supporting associated faunal communities and serve as important biodiversity hotspots. Their ecological importance has been attributed to their ability to increase habitat complexity. In this context, rhodoliths are considered habitat-forming species (primary facilitator) that potentially support the establishment of further habitat providers, such as epiphytic macroalgae (secondary facilitator), which contribute to structural heterogeneity, and possibly, to facilitation processes. This study explored how the structural characteristics of rhodoliths and associated epiphytes affect the abundances and biomasses of epifaunal assemblages across five rhodolith beds in the Canary Islands. We identified 11,222 epifaunal organisms, of which 53.5% belonged to Mollusca, 30.6% to Amphipoda, and 6.1% to Decapoda, as the most abundant taxonomic groups. Epiphytic loads had a significant influence, positively affecting the abundance and biomass of decapods, brachyurans, amphipods, and polychaetes. Molluscs were otherwise only affected by rhodolith structural attributes (size of nodules). These findings suggest differentiated responses among faunal groups to distinct components of habitat structure, and may serve to generate hypotheses about multi-level facilitative interactions to be tested in experimental studies. If different structural elements influence specific faunal assemblages, conservation strategies should not only preserve rhodoliths (primary facilitators), but also maintain the positive ecological interactions they support via secondary facilitators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-026-03269-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T06:10:19Z","timestamp":1773123019000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Patterns in the abundance and biomass of fauna inhabiting rhodolith beds of varying structure: the potential role of facilitation cascades"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"E.","family":"Tejero-Caballo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S.","family":"Navarro-Mayoral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"F.","family":"Espino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"F.","family":"Otero-Ferrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"V.","family":"Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"N.","family":"Schubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Tuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"N. E.","family":"Bosch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"3269_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1086\/510603","volume":"169","author":"AH Altieri","year":"2007","unstructured":"Altieri AH, Silliman BR, Bertness MD (2007) Hierarchical organization via a facilitation cascade in intertidal cordgrass bed communities. Am Nat 169(2):195\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/510603","journal-title":"Am Nat"},{"issue":"4","key":"3269_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.7773\/cm.v33i4.1148","volume":"33","author":"GM Amado-Filho","year":"2007","unstructured":"Amado-Filho GM, Maneveldt G, Manso RCC, Marins-Rosa BV, Pacheco MR, Guimar\u00e3es SM P. B (2007) Structure of rhodolith beds from 4 to 55 meters deep along the Southern Coast of Esp\u00edrito Santo State, Brazil. Ciencias Marinas 33(4):399\u2013410","journal-title":"Ciencias Marinas"},{"issue":"4","key":"3269_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.7773\/cm.v36i4.1782","volume":"36","author":"GM Amado-Filho","year":"2010","unstructured":"Amado-Filho GM, Maneveldt GW, Pereira-Filho GH, Manso RCC, Bahia RG, Barros-Barreto MB, Guimar\u00e3es SM P. B (2010) Seaweed diversity associated with a Brazilian tropical rhodolith bed | diversidad de Macroalgas asociada Con Un Manto de Rodolitos tropical de Brasil. Ciencias Marinas 36(4):371\u2013391","journal-title":"Ciencias Marinas"},{"issue":"1","key":"3269_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1890\/13-0496.1","volume":"95","author":"C Angelini","year":"2014","unstructured":"Angelini C, Silliman BR (2014) Secondary foundation species as drivers of trophic and functional diversity: evidence from a tree-epiphyte system. Ecology 95(1):185\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1890\/13-0496.1","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"3269_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barton K (2009) MuMIn: Multi-model inference (R package version 0.12.2)","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.MuMIn"},{"issue":"1","key":"3269_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.2112\/11T-00002.1","volume":"28","author":"RM Berlandi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Berlandi RM, de Figueiredo O, M. A., Paiva PC (2012) Rhodolith morphology and the diversity of polychaetes off the southeastern Brazilian Coast. J Coastal Res 28(1):280\u2013287","journal-title":"J Coastal Res"},{"key":"3269_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bishop MJ, Byers JE, Marcek BJ, Gribben PE (2012) Density\u2010dependent facilitation cascades determine epifaunal community structure in temperate Australian mangroves. Ecology 93(6):1388\u20131401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1890\/10-2296.1","DOI":"10.1890\/10-2296.1"},{"issue":"9","key":"3269_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1890\/12-1847.1","volume":"94","author":"MJ Bishop","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bishop MJ, Fraser J, Gribben PE (2013) Morphological traits and density of foundation species modulate a facilitation cascade in Australian mangroves. Ecology 94(9):1927\u20131936. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1890\/12-1847.1","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"issue":"2","key":"3269_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1502-3931.1979.tb00990.x","volume":"12","author":"DW Bosence","year":"1979","unstructured":"Bosence DW (1979) Trophic analysis of communities and death assemblages. Lethaia 12(2):120\u2013120","journal-title":"Lethaia"},{"key":"3269_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bracken MES (2018) When one foundation species supports another: tubeworms facilitate an extensive Kelp bed in a soft-sediment habitat. Ecosphere 9(9). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ecs2.2429","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.2429"},{"key":"3269_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brooker RW, Maestre FT, Callaway RM, Lortie CL, Cavieres LA, Kunstler G, Liancourt P, Tielb\u00f6rger K, Travis JMJ, Anthelme F, Armas C, Coll L, Corcket E, Delzon S, Forey E, Kikvidze Z, Olofsson J, Pugnaire F, Quiroz CL, Michalet R (2008) Facilitation in plant communities: the past, the present, and the future. J Ecol 96(1):18\u201334.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2745.2007.01295.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"3269_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.32614\/rj-2017-066","volume":"9","author":"ME Brooks","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brooks ME, Kristensen K, van Benthem KJ, Magnusson A, Berg CW, Nielsen A, Skaug HJ, M\u00e4chler M, Bolker BM (2017) GlmmTMB balances speed and flexibility among packages for zero-inflated generalized linear mixed modeling. R J 9(2):378\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32614\/rj-2017-066","journal-title":"R J"},{"issue":"3","key":"3269_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(02)00045-9","volume":"18","author":"JF Bruno","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bruno JF, Stachowicz JJ, Bertness MD (2003) Inclusion of facilitation into ecological theory. Trends Ecol Evol 18(3):119\u2013125","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3269_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.13148","volume":"100","author":"F Bulleri","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bulleri F, Schubert N, Hall-Spencer JM, Basso D, Burdett HL, Francini\u2010Filho RB, Grall J, Horta PA, Kamenos NA, Martin S, Nannini M, Neves P, Oliv\u00e9 I, Pe\u00f1a V, Ragazzola F, Ribeiro C, Rinde E, Sissini M, Tuya F, Silva J (2025) Positive species interactions structure rhodolith bed communities at a global scale. Biol Rev 100(1):428\u2013444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/brv.13148","journal-title":"Biol Rev"},{"key":"3269_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiarore A, Fioretti S, Meccariello A, Saccone G, Patti FP (2017) Molluscs community associated with the brown algae of the genus Cystoseira in the Gulf of Naples (South Tyrrhenian Sea). BioRxiv, 160200","DOI":"10.1101\/160200"},{"key":"3269_CR87","unstructured":"de Chazournes LB (2009) Convention on biological diversity and its protocol on biosafety. United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law."},{"key":"3269_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2023.101517","volume":"60","author":"V Cordero-Pen\u00edn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cordero-Pen\u00edn V, Abramic A, Garc\u00eda-mendoza A, Otero-ferrer F, Haroun R (2023) Mapping marine ecosystem services potential across an oceanic archipelago: applicability and limitations for decision-making. Ecosyst Serv 60:101517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoser.2023.101517","journal-title":"Ecosyst Serv"},{"issue":"7","key":"3269_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/life13071556","volume":"13","author":"D Costa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Costa D, de Dolbeth A, Christoffersen M, Z\u00fa\u00f1iga-Upegui ML, Ven\u00e2ncio PT, M., de Lucena RF P (2023) An overview of rhodoliths: ecological importance and conservation emergency. Life 13(7):1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life13071556","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"3269_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Craveiro N, Filho R (2024) Macroalgae traits and seasonality as drivers of polychaete assemblages on macroalgae of tropical sandstone reefs. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecss.2024.108619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2024.108619"},{"issue":"4","key":"3269_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s002270000384","volume":"137","author":"MR Cunha","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cunha MR, Sorbe JC, Moreira MH (2000) The amphipod corophium multisetosum (Corophiidae) in Ria de Aveiro (NW Portugal). I. Life history and aspects of reproductive biology. Mar Biol 137(4):637\u2013650","journal-title":"Mar Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3269_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22145","DOI":"10.34117\/bjdv6n4-399","volume":"6","author":"FG da Costa Gast\u00e3o","year":"2020","unstructured":"da Costa Gast\u00e3o FG, da Silva LT, Junior SBL, Fernandes LFL, Leal CA, Gobira AB, Maia LP (2020) Marine habitats in conservation units on the Southeast Coast of Brazil. Brazilian J Dev 6(4):22145\u201322180","journal-title":"Brazilian J Dev"},{"issue":"17","key":"3269_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-0645(02)00095-4","volume":"49","author":"R Davenport","year":"2002","unstructured":"Davenport R, Neuer S, Helmke P, Perez-Marrero J, Llinas O (2002) Primary productivity in the Northern Canary Islands region as inferred from SeaWiFS imagery. Deep-Sea Res Part II: Topical Stud Oceanogr 49(17):3481\u20133496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0967-0645(02)00095-4","journal-title":"Deep-Sea Res Part II: Topical Stud Oceanogr"},{"issue":"1","key":"3269_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1006\/ecss.1999.0484","volume":"49","author":"S De Grave","year":"1999","unstructured":"De Grave S (1999) The influence of sedimentary heterogeneity on within Maerl bed differences in infaunal crustacean community. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 49(1):153\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/ecss.1999.0484","journal-title":"Estuar Coast Shelf Sci"},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"3269_CR23","first-page":"5","volume":"22","author":"RC Duarte","year":"2015","unstructured":"Duarte RC, Mota EL, Almeida IC, Pessanha AL, Christoffersen ML, Dias TL (2015) Gastropods associated to three reef macroalgae with different architectures. Strombus 22(1\/2):5","journal-title":"Strombus"},{"issue":"5","key":"3269_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12563","DOI":"10.1111\/maec.12563","volume":"40","author":"D Ferreira Barbosa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ferreira Barbosa, D., L\u00facia Pereira Dias, T., de Faria Lopes, S., Cristina de Souza Duarte, R., & Maria Duarte do Amaral, F. (2019). Community structure and functional traits of mollusks associated with coastal reef macroalgae in Northeastern Brazil. Marine Ecology, 40(5), e12563.","journal-title":"Mar Ecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3269_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1529-8817.2001.00195.x","volume":"37","author":"MS Foster","year":"2001","unstructured":"Foster MS (2001) Rhodoliths: between rocks and soft places. J Phycol 37(5):659\u2013677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1529-8817.2001.00195.x","journal-title":"J Phycol"},{"issue":"January","key":"3269_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2020.594537","volume":"7","author":"E Fragkopoulou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fragkopoulou E, Serr\u00e3o EA, Horta PA, Koerich G, Assis J (2021) Bottom trawling threatens future climate refugia of rhodoliths globally. Front Mar Sci 7(January):1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmars.2020.594537","journal-title":"Front Mar Sci"},{"issue":"13","key":"3269_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9837(200012)25:13<1473::AID-ESP158>3.0.CO;2-C","volume":"25","author":"DJ Graham","year":"2000","unstructured":"Graham DJ, Midgley NG (2000) Graphical representation of particle shape using triangular diagrams: an excel spreadsheet method. Earth Surf Proc Land 25(13):1473\u20131477","journal-title":"Earth Surf Proc Land"},{"issue":"1","key":"3269_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9845","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10231-2","volume":"7","author":"PE Gribben","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gribben PE, Nielsen S, Seymour JR, Bradley DJ, West MN, Thomas T (2017) Microbial communities in marine sediments modify success of an invasive macrophyte. Sci Rep 7(1):9845","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3269_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gribben PE, Angelini C, Altieri AH, Bishop MJ, Thomsen MS, Bulleri F (2019) Facilitation cascades in marine ecosystems: A synthesis and future directions. Oceanography and marine biology","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429026379-3"},{"key":"3269_CR30","unstructured":"Gubbay S, Hall-Spencer JM (2016) European red list of habitats part 1. Marine habitats"},{"key":"3269_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seares.2013.08.006","volume":"85","author":"JM Guerra-Garc\u00eda","year":"2014","unstructured":"Guerra-Garc\u00eda JM, De Figueroa JT, Navarro-Barranco C, Ros M, S\u00e1nchez-Moyano JE, Moreira J (2014) Dietary analysis of the marine amphipoda (Crustacea: Peracarida) from the Iberian Peninsula. J Sea Research 85:508\u2013517","journal-title":"J Sea Research"},{"issue":"SPEC ISS 2","key":"3269_CR32","first-page":"271","volume":"36","author":"J Hall-Spencer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hall-Spencer J (1998) Conservation issues relating to m\u00e4erl beds as habitats for molluscs. J Conchology 36(SPEC ISS 2):271\u2013286","journal-title":"J Conchology"},{"key":"3269_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hall-Spencer JM, Grall J, Moore PG, Atkinson RJA (2003) Bivalve fishing and maerl-bed conservation in France and the uk - Retrospect and prospect. Aquat Conservation: Mar Freshw Ecosyst 13(SUPPL 1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aqc.566","DOI":"10.1002\/aqc.566"},{"key":"3269_CR34","unstructured":"Hall-Spencer JM, Kelly J, Maggs CA (2008) Assessment of Maerl beds in the OSPAR area and the development of a monitoring program. Department Environ HaLGD Irel (1):1\u201334"},{"issue":"11","key":"3269_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70001","DOI":"10.1002\/aqc.70001","volume":"34","author":"A Hicks","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hicks A, Millar KR, Gagnon P (2024) High vulnerability of rhodolith bed frameworks and underlying sediment to ongoing ocean climate change. Aquat Conservation: Mar Freshw Ecosyst 34(11):e70001","journal-title":"Aquat Conservation: Mar Freshw Ecosyst"},{"issue":"2","key":"3269_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0485.2004.00019.x","volume":"25","author":"G Hinojosa-Arango","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hinojosa-Arango G, Rios\u00e8mena-Rodr\u00edguez R (2004) Influence of rhodolith-forming species and growth-form on associated fauna of rhodolith beds in the Central-West Gulf of California, M\u00e9xico. Mar Ecol 25(2):109\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1439-0485.2004.00019.x","journal-title":"Mar Ecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3269_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1890\/07-2110.1","volume":"90","author":"G Hinojosa-Arango","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hinojosa-Arango G, Maggs CA, Johnson MP (2009) Like a rolling stone: the mobility of Maerl (Corallinaceae) and the neutrality of the associated assemblages. Ecology 90(2):517\u2013528","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"3269_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2016.12.019","volume":"211","author":"ML Hunter Jr","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hunter ML Jr (2017) Conserving small natural features with large ecological roles: an introduction and definition. Biol Conserv 211:1\u20132","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"key":"3269_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Joshi S, Farrell E (2019) Physical oceanographic drivers of geomorphology of rhodolith\/maerl beds in Galway Bay, Ireland. In Seafloor Geomorphology as Benthic Habitat: GeoHab Atlas of Seafloor Geomorphic Features and Benthic Habitats. 231\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-814960-7.00012-9","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814960-7.00012-9"},{"issue":"2","key":"3269_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2003.10.013","volume":"306","author":"NA Kamenos","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kamenos NA, Moore PG, Hall-Spencer JM (2004a) Attachment of the juvenile queen scallop (Aequipecten opercularis (L.)) to Maerl in mesocosm conditions; juvenile habitat selection. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 306(2):139\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jembe.2003.10.013","journal-title":"J Exp Mar Biol Ecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3269_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2004.08.007","volume":"313","author":"NA Kamenos","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kamenos NA, Moore PG, Hall-Spencer JM (2004b) Maerl grounds provide both refuge and high growth potential for juvenile queen scallops (Aequipecten opercularis L). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 313(2):241\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jembe.2004.08.007","journal-title":"J Exp Mar Biol Ecol"},{"issue":"Idm","key":"3269_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3354\/meps274183","volume":"274","author":"NA Kamenos","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kamenos NA, Moore PG, Hall-Spencer JM (2004c) Nursery-area function of Maerl grounds for juvenile queen scallops aequipecten opercularis and other invertebrates. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 274(Idm):183\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/meps274183","journal-title":"Mar Ecol Prog Ser"},{"key":"3269_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lino JB, Laurino IRA, Longo PA, dos Santos S, Motta CSG, Francini-Filho F, R. B., Pereira-Filho GH (2024) Proxies to detect hotspots of invertebrate biodiversity on rhodolith beds across the Southwestern Atlantic. Marine Environmental Research, 196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marenvres.2024.106431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2024.106431"},{"key":"3269_CR44","first-page":"17","volume":"19","author":"A Lolas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lolas A, Antoniadou C, Vafidis D (2018) Spatial variation of molluscan fauna associated with cystoseira assemblages from a semi-enclosed Gulf in the Aegean sea. Reg Stud Mar Sci 19:17\u201324","journal-title":"Reg Stud Mar Sci"},{"key":"3269_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2016.12.027","volume":"211","author":"CJ Lundquist","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lundquist CJ, Bulmer RH, Clark MR, Hillman JR, Nelson WA, Norrie CR, Hewitt JE (2017) Challenges for the conservation of marine small natural features. Biol Conserv 211:69\u201379","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"issue":"January","key":"3269_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seares.2018.02.009","volume":"135","author":"J Mateo-Ram\u00edrez, Urra","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mateo-Ram\u00edrez, Urra J, Rueda JL, Marina P, Garc\u00eda Raso JE (2018) Decapod assemblages associated with shallow macroalgal communities in the Northwestern Alboran sea: microhabitat use and Temporal variability. J Sea Res 135(January):84\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.seares.2018.02.009","journal-title":"J Sea Res"},{"issue":"F1","key":"3269_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2002jf000003","volume":"108","author":"NC Mitchell","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mitchell NC, Dade WB, Masson DG (2003) Erosion of the submarine flanks of the Canary Islands. J Geophys Research: Earth Surf 108(F1):1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2002jf000003","journal-title":"J Geophys Research: Earth Surf"},{"issue":"1","key":"3269_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80574-w","volume":"11","author":"RL Moura","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moura RL, Abieri ML, Castro GM, Carlos-Junior LA, Chiroque-Solano PM, Fernandes NC, Bastos AC (2021) Tropical rhodolith beds are a major and belittled reef fish habitat. Sci Rep 11(1):794","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"3269_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1071\/MF19360","volume":"72","author":"S Navarro-Mayoral","year":"2020","unstructured":"Navarro-Mayoral S, Fernandez-Gonzalez V, Otero-Ferrer F, Tuya F (2020) Spatio-temporal variability of amphipod assemblages associated with rhodolith seabeds. Mar Freshw Res 72(1):76\u201383","journal-title":"Mar Freshw Res"},{"key":"3269_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2023.105918","volume":"186","author":"S Navarro-Mayoral","year":"2023","unstructured":"Navarro-Mayoral S, Tuya F, Prado P, Marco-M\u00e9ndez C, Fernandez-Gonzalez V, Fern\u00e1ndez-Torquemada Y, Mart\u00ednez-Crego B (2023) Drivers of variation in seagrass-associated amphipods across biogeographical areas. Mar Environ Res 186:105918","journal-title":"Mar Environ Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"3269_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70708","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.70708","volume":"14","author":"S Navarro-Mayoral","year":"2024","unstructured":"Navarro-Mayoral S, Otero\u2010Ferrer F, Fernandez\u2010Gonzalez V, Bosch NE, Fern\u00e1ndez\u2010Torquemada Y, Tom\u00e1s F, Tuya F (2024) Habitat stability modulates Temporal \u03b2\u2010Diversity patterns of Seagrass\u2010Associated amphipods across a Temperate\u2013Subtropical transition zone. Ecol Evol 14(12):e70708","journal-title":"Ecol Evol"},{"key":"3269_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Otero-Ferrer F, Mannar\u00e0 E, Cosme M, Falace A, Montiel-Nelson JA, Espino F, Haroun R, Tuya F (2019) Early-faunal colonization patterns of discrete habitat units: A case study with rhodolith-associated vagile macrofauna. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecss.2018.11.020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2018.11.020"},{"key":"3269_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Otero-Ferrer F, Cosme M, Tuya F, Espino F, Haroun R (2020) Effect of depth and seasonality on the functioning of rhodolith seabeds. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecss.2019.106579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2019.106579"},{"key":"3269_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquabot.2013.05.009","volume":"111","author":"C Pascelli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pascelli C, Riul P, Riosmena-Rodr\u00edguez R, Scherner F, Nunes M, Hall-Spencer JM, Horta P (2013) Seasonal and depth-driven changes in rhodolith bed structure and associated macroalgae off Arvoredo Island (southeastern Brazil). Aquat Bot 111:62\u201365","journal-title":"Aquat Bot"},{"issue":"4","key":"3269_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s12526-014-0214-7","volume":"44","author":"V Pe\u00f1a","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1a V, B\u00e1rbara I, Grall J, Maggs CA, Hall-Spencer JM (2014) The diversity of seaweeds on Maerl in the NE Atlantic. Marine Biodivers 44(4):533\u2013551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12526-014-0214-7","journal-title":"Marine Biodivers"},{"key":"3269_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Peris I, Navarro-Mayoral S, de Esteban MC, Tuya F, Pe\u00f1a V, B\u00e1rbara I, Neves P, Ribeiro C, Abreu A, Grall J, Espino F, Bosch NE, Haroun R, Otero-Ferrer F (2023) Effect of depth across a latitudinal gradient in the structure of rhodolith seabeds and associated biota across the Eastern Atlantic ocean. Diversity 15(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/d15010103","DOI":"10.3390\/d15010103"},{"key":"3269_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rebelo AC, Mart\u00edn-Gonz\u00e1lez E, Melo CS, Johnson ME, Gonz\u00e1lez-Rodr\u00edguez A, Galindo I, Quartau R, Baptista L, \u00c1vila SP, Rasser MW (2022) Rhodolith beds and their onshore transport in Fuerteventura Island (Canary Archipelago, Spain). Front Marine Sci 9:917883. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmars.2022.917883","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.917883"},{"key":"3269_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riosmena-Rodriguez R, Medina-L\u00f3pez MA (2010) The role of rhodolith beds in the recruitment of invertebrate species from the southwestern Gulf of California, Mexico. Seaweeds and their role in Globally changing environments (pp. 127\u2013138)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-8569-6_8"},{"key":"3269_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riosmena-Rodr\u00edguez, R., Nelson, W., & Aguirre, J. (Eds.). (2017). Rhodolith\/ma\u00ebrl beds: a global perspective. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing 15.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-29315-8"},{"issue":"3","key":"3269_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2023.10.003","volume":"39","author":"PH Salda\u00f1a","year":"2024","unstructured":"Salda\u00f1a PH, Angelini C, Bertness MD, Altieri AH (2024) Dead foundation species drive ecosystem dynamics. Trends Ecol Evol 39(3):294\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tree.2023.10.003","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"3269_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Latorre C, Triay-Portella R, Cosme M, Tuya F, Otero-Ferrer F (2020) Brachyuran crabs (Decapoda) associated with rhodolith beds: Spatio-temporal variability at Gran Canaria Island. Diversity 12(6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/D12060223","DOI":"10.3390\/D12060223"},{"issue":"1","key":"3269_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.12641","volume":"202","author":"C Sch\u00f6b","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6b C, Michalet R, Cavieres LA, Pugnaire FI, Brooker RW, Butterfield BJ, Callaway RM (2014) A global analysis of bidirectional interactions in alpine plant communities shows facilitators experiencing strong reciprocal fitness costs. New Phytol 202(1):95\u2013105","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3269_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11232","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90632-6","volume":"11","author":"N Schubert","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schubert N, Hofmann LC, Sa\u00e1 A, Moreira AC, Arenhart AC, Fernandes RG, de Beer CP, Horta D, P. A., Silva J (2021) Calcification in free-living coralline algae is strongly influenced by morphology: implications for susceptibility to ocean acidification. Sci Rep 11(1):11232","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3269_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schubert N, Magris RA, Berchez F, Bernardino AF, Ferreira CE, Francini-Filho RB, Horta PA (2025) Rhodolith beds in Brazil\u2014A natural heritage in need of conservation. Divers Distrib, 31(1), e13960","DOI":"10.1111\/ddi.13960"},{"issue":"4","key":"3269_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s12526-009-0017-4","volume":"39","author":"M Sciberras","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sciberras M, Rizzo M, Mifsud JR, Camilleri K, Borg JA, Lanfranco E, Schembri PJ (2009) Habitat structure and biological characteristics of a Maerl bed off the Northeastern Coast of the Maltese Islands (central Mediterranean). Marine Biodivers 39(4):251\u2013264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12526-009-0017-4","journal-title":"Marine Biodivers"},{"key":"3269_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2018.04.015","volume":"33","author":"BR Silliman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Silliman BR, He Q (2018) Physical stress, consumer control, and new theory in ecology. Trends Ecol Evol 33:492\u2013503","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"3269_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silliman BR, Bertness MD, Altieri AH, Griffin JN, Bazterrica MC, Hidalgo FJ, Reyna MV (2011) Whole-community facilitation regulates biodiversity on Patagonian Rocky Shores. PLoS ONE, 6(10)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024502"},{"issue":"2","key":"3269_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1086\/626490","volume":"66","author":"ED Sneed","year":"1958","unstructured":"Sneed ED, Folk RL (1958) Pebbles in the lower Colorado River, Texas a study in particle morphogenesis. J Geol 66(2):114\u2013150","journal-title":"J Geol"},{"key":"3269_CR68","volume-title":"Rhodoliths in the Gulf of california: Growth, demography, disturbance and effects on population dynamics of Catarina scallops","author":"DL Steller","year":"2003","unstructured":"Steller DL (2003) Rhodoliths in the Gulf of california: Growth, demography, disturbance and effects on population dynamics of Catarina scallops. University of California, Santa Cruz"},{"key":"3269_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3354\/meps08261","volume":"396","author":"DL Steller","year":"2009","unstructured":"Steller DL, C\u00e1ceres-Mart\u00ednez C (2009) Coralline algal rhodoliths enhance larval settlement and early growth of the Pacific Calico scallop argopecten ventricosus. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 396:49\u201360","journal-title":"Mar Ecol Prog Ser"},{"issue":"4","key":"3269_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.2216\/11-76.1","volume":"51","author":"S Teichert","year":"2012","unstructured":"Teichert S, Woelkerling W, R\u00fcggeberg A, Wisshak M, Piepenburg D, Meyerh\u00f6fer M, Form A, B\u00fcdenbender J, Freiwald A (2012) Rhodolith beds (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) and their physical and biological environment at 806319\u00a0N in Nordkappbukta (Nordaustlandet, Svalbard Archipelago, Norway). Phycologia 51(4):371\u2013390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2216\/11-76.1","journal-title":"Phycologia"},{"key":"3269_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teichert S, Reddin CJ, Wisshak M (2024) In situ decrease in rhodolith growth associated with Arctic climate change. Glob Change Biol, 30(5), e17300","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.17300"},{"key":"3269_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thomsen MS, Wernberg T, Altieri A, Tuya F, Gulbransen D, McGlathery KJ, Holmer M, Silliman BR (2010) Habitat cascades: the conceptual context and global relevance of facilitation cascades via habitat formation and modification. Inter comp bio 50(2):158\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/icb\/icq042","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icq042"},{"issue":"22","key":"3269_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8291","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.2499","volume":"6","author":"MS Thomsen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thomsen MS, Hildebrand T, South PM, Foster T, Siciliano A, Oldach E, Schiel DR (2016) A sixth-level habitat cascade increases biodiversity in an intertidal estuary. Ecol Evol 6(22):8291\u20138303","journal-title":"Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3269_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-018-0487-5","volume":"2","author":"MS Thomsen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thomsen MS, Altieri AH, Angelini C, Bishop MJ, Gribben PE, Lear G, He Q, Schiel DR, Silliman BR, South PM, Watson DM, Wernberg T, Zotz G (2018a) Secondary foundation species enhance biodiversity. Nat Ecol Evol 2(4):634\u2013639","journal-title":"Nat Ecol Evol"},{"key":"3269_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-018-0487-5","volume":"2","author":"MS Thomsen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thomsen MS, Altieri AH, Angelini C, Bishop MJ, Gribben PE, Lear G, He Q, Schiel DR, Silliman BR, South PM (2018b) Secondary foundation species enhance biodiversity. Nat Ecol Evol 2:634","journal-title":"Nat Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3269_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28194-y","volume":"13","author":"MS Thomsen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thomsen MS, Altieri AH, Angelini C, Bishop MJ, Bulleri F, Farhan R, Fr\u00fchling VMM, Gribben PE, Harrison SB, He Q, Klinghardt M, Langeneck J, Langham SB, Mondardini L, Mulders Y, Oleskyn S, Ramus AP, Schiel DR, Schneider T, Siciliano A, Silliman BR, Smale DA, South PM, Wernberg T, Zhang S, Zotz G (2022) Heterogeneity within and among co-occurring foundation species increases biodiversity. Nat Commun 13(1):581","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"3269_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/mollus\/eyn032","volume":"75","author":"F Tuya","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tuya F, Wernberg T, Thomsen MS (2009) Colonization of gastropods on subtidal reefs depends on density in adjacent habitats, not on disturbance regime. J Molluscan Stud 75(1):27\u201333","journal-title":"J Molluscan Stud"},{"key":"3269_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164818","volume":"892","author":"F Tuya","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tuya F, Schubert N, Aguirre J, Basso D, Bastos EO, Berchez F, T\u00e2mega FT (2023) Levelling-up rhodolith-bed science to address global-scale conservation challenges. Sci Total Environ 892:164818","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"3269_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2020.00091","volume":"7","author":"SR Valdez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Valdez SR, Zhang YS, van der Heide T, Vanderklift MA, Tarquinio F, Orth RJ, Silliman BR (2020) Positive ecological interactions and the success of seagrass restoration. Front Mar Sci 7:91","journal-title":"Front Mar Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"3269_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecon.2019.12.003","volume":"18","author":"P Veras","year":"2020","unstructured":"Veras P, de Pierozzi-Jr. C, Lino I, Amado-Filho JB, Senna GM, de Santos AR, Moura CSG, de Passos RL, Giglio FD, V. J., Pereira-Filho GH (2020) Drivers of biodiversity associated with rhodolith beds from euphotic and mesophotic zones: insights for management and conservation. Perspect Ecol Conserv 18(1):37\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pecon.2019.12.003","journal-title":"Perspect Ecol Conserv"},{"key":"3269_CR81","unstructured":"Wei T, Simko V, Levy M, Xie Y, Jin Y, Zemla J (2017) Package \u2018corrplot\u2019. Statistician, 56(316), e24."},{"key":"3269_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yakovis, E. & Artemieva, A. (2017) Cockles, barnacles and ascidians compose a subtidal facilitation cascade with multiple hierarchical levels of foundation species. Scientific Reports 7, 237","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00260-2"},{"issue":"3","key":"3269_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3390\/d11030030","volume":"11","author":"YS Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang YS, Silliman BR (2019) A facilitation cascade enhances local biodiversity in seagrass beds. Diversity 11(3):30","journal-title":"Diversity"},{"key":"3269_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang YS, Altieri AH, Angelini C, Curl LF, Morton JP, Paliotti ST, Thomsen MS, Toone TA (2025) Optimizing ecosystem restoration with facilitation cascades. Bioscience biaf138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/biosci\/biaf138","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biaf138"}],"container-title":["Biodiversity and Conservation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10531-026-03269-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10531-026-03269-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10531-026-03269-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T14:46:23Z","timestamp":1775573183000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10531-026-03269-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["3269"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10531-026-03269-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0960-3115","1572-9710"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0960-3115","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-9710","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 October 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 January 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 March 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This research was financed by the Spanish Science and Innovation Ministry through the project POPCORN (PID2021-124257OB-I00). N.E.B was supported by the Spanish Minister of Science and Innovation through the \u201cJuan de La Cierva-Formaci\u00f3n\u201d program (JDC2022-048733-I), funded by MCIN\/AEI\/\n                      \n                      and the EU \u201cNext Generation EU\u201d program. This work was also supported by the FCT- Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u0207ncia e a Tecnologia through the projects UIDB\/04326\/2020 (DOI:\n                      \n                      ), UIDP\/04326\/2020 (DOI:\n                      \n                      ), LA\/P\/0101\/2020 (DOI:\n                      \n                      ) and through the Stimulus of ScientificEmployment (DOI:\n                      \n                      ) granted to NS.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Acknowledgements"}}],"article-number":"101"}}