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However, even if many PhD candidates who withdrew intend to re-enrol, there is a gap in the literature regarding the factors and processes related to re-enrolment. The aim of this qualitative study is to understand pre- and post-withdrawal experiences of PhD candidates and the factors and processes related to withdrawal, dropout and re-enrolment, through the voices of PhD candidates who withdrew and faculty in social and health sciences in a Portuguese university. Our findings conceptualize withdrawal as a behavioural manifestation of disengagement processes comprising interacting emotional\/affective, cognitive, and behavioural dimensions, which start before withdrawal, extend beyond it, and may culminate in dropout or re-engagement and re-enrolment. Factors and processes related to withdrawal, dropout, or re-enrolment were situated in various nested contexts. This study highlights the need for an academic cultural change, to envisage withdrawal as a process that does not necessarily mark the end of PhD candidates\u2019 incursion into doctoral education. It draws attention to the need to provide adequate working conditions for PhD candidates, and also to promote follow-up and communication with PhD candidates who withdrew.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10734-023-01113-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T14:01:36Z","timestamp":1696514496000},"page":"225-242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The interrupted journey: factors and processes related to withdrawal, re-enrolment and dropout from doctoral education"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"88","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2105-6367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5589-5265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Am\u00e9lia","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3764-5158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Cruz-Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9063-3773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"1113_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amado, J. 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All participants were informed about the study aims, and informed of their right to withdraw their consent at any point. Anonymity, confidentiality, and data security were managed and controlled. The participants were asked for permission to be recorded and quoted in forthcoming publications. All identifying information (e.g. employer) has been removed from participants\u2019 cited responses.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}