{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T11:11:25Z","timestamp":1740136285268,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714608000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COV20\/00470"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COV20\/00470"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015068","name":"Universidade de Santiago de Compostela","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015068","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Inflammopharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Owing to controversy information surrounds effect of glucocorticoids on the evolution of COVID-19, we evaluate the effects of outpatient glucocorticoid use on the severity and progression of COVID-19 and risk of infection and analyse the effect of window of exposure and dose.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We conducted a population-based case\u2009\u2212\u2009control study, involving 4 substudies: (i) Hospitalisation; (ii) Mortality, using subjects hospitalised with a PCR\u2009+\u2009as cases and subjects without a PCR\u2009+\u2009as controls; (iii) Progression, including subjects with a PCR\u2009+\u2009(hospitalised versus non-hospitalised); and (iv) Susceptibility, with all subjects with a PCR\u2009+\u2009and subjects without a PCR\u2009+\u2009. Adjusted odds ratios (ORa) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The outpatient glucocorticoid use was associated with an increased risk of hospitalisation (aOR 1.79; 95% CI 1.56\u20132.05), mortality (aOR 2.30; 95% CI 1.68\u20133.15), progression (aOR 1.69; 95% CI 1.43\u20132.00) and susceptibility (aOR 1.29, 95% CI 1.19\u20131.41). Furthermore, the effects was observed to be greater at higher doses and the closer that drug use approached the outcome date, with an almost fourfold increase in mortality among users in the previous month (aOR 3.85; 95% CI 2.63\u20135.62).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>According to the results of this real-world data study, outpatient glucocorticoid use should be considered in making decisions about intrahospital treatment.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-024-01474-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T18:02:19Z","timestamp":1714672939000},"page":"2305-2315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Outpatient glucocorticoid use and COVID-19 outcomes: a population-based study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3350-1237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Almudena","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6466-6213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Visos-Varela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0648-7716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maruxa","family":"Zapata-Cachafeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8315-6463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Pintos-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4703-0234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa M.","family":"Garc\u00eda-\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0500-4049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa M.","family":"Herdeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3655-100X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Pi\u00f1eiro-Lamas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5766-8672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adolfo","family":"Figueiras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4349-4947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1ngel","family":"Salgado-Barreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"name":"COVIDRUG Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rosendo","family":"Bugar\u00edn-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Carracedo-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rosa M","family":"Garc\u00eda-\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Francisco J","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Barcala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Teresa M","family":"Herdeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Lema-Oreiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Narmeen","family":"Mallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Pi\u00f1eiro-Lamas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Portela-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Prieto-Campo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Almudena","family":"Rodriguez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Saez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Angel","family":"Salgado-Barreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Margarita","family":"Taracido-Trunk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"1474_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.06.006","volume":"148","author":"Y Adir","year":"2021","unstructured":"Adir Y, Humbert M, Saliba W (2021) COVID-19 risk and outcomes in adult asthmatic patients treated with biologics or systemic corticosteroids: nationwide real-world evidence. J Allergy Clin Immunol 148:361-367.e13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.06.006","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"1474_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.01199.x","volume":"163","author":"PJ Barnes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Barnes PJ (2011) Glucocorticosteroids: current and future directions. Br J Pharmacol 163:29\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.01199.x","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"1474_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60326-3","volume":"373","author":"PJ Barnes","year":"2009","unstructured":"Barnes PJ, Adcock IM (2009) Glucocorticoid resistance in inflammatory diseases. The Lancet 373:1905\u20131917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60326-3","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"1474_CR4","first-page":"97","volume":"148","author":"A Boteanu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boteanu A, Leon L, P\u00e9rez Esteban S et al (2022) Severe COVID-19 in patients with immune-mediated rheumatic diseases: a stratified analysis from the SORCOM multicentre registry. Mod Rheumatol Roac 148:97\u2013105","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol Roac"},{"key":"1474_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.05.032","volume":"159","author":"EJ Brenner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brenner EJ, Ungaro RC, Gearry RB et al (2020) Corticosteroids, but not TNF antagonists, are associated with adverse COVID-19 outcomes in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: results from an international registry. Gastroenterology 159:481-491.e3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.05.032","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1474_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.05.014","volume":"28","author":"R Brodin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brodin R, Van Der Werff SD, Hedberg P et al (2022) The association between pre-exposure to glucocorticoids and other immunosuppressant drugs with severe COVID-19 outcomes. Clin Microbiol Infect 28:1477\u20131485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.05.014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"1474_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0470023589","volume-title":"Applied mixed models in medicine","author":"H Brown","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brown H, Prescott R (2006) Applied mixed models in medicine. Wiley, Hoboken"},{"key":"1474_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106511","volume":"185","author":"S Bruscoli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bruscoli S, Puzzovio PG, Zaimi M et al (2022) Glucocorticoids and COVID-19. Pharmacol Res 185:106511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106511","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"1474_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.12.327","volume":"116","author":"J Calder\u00f3n-Parra","year":"2022","unstructured":"Calder\u00f3n-Parra J, Cuervas-Mons V, Moreno-Torres V et al (2022) Influence of chronic use of corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors on COVID-19 clinical outcomes: analysis of a nationwide registry. Int J Infect Dis 116:51\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.12.327","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1474_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21329","volume":"53","author":"HK Choi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Choi HK, Seeger JD (2005) Glucocorticoid use and serum lipid levels in US adults: the third national health and nutrition examination survey. Arthritis Rheum 53:528\u2013535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.21329","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"1474_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00470-6","volume":"399","author":"SA Christenson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Christenson SA, Smith BM, Bafadhel M, Putcha N (2022) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet 399:2227\u20132242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00470-6","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1474_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.07.010","volume":"8","author":"M Cutolo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cutolo M, Seriolo B, Pizzorni C et al (2008) Use of glucocorticoids and risk of infections. Autoimmun Rev 8:153\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.07.010","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"1474_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R139","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3453","volume":"13","author":"WG Dixon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dixon WG, Suissa S, Hudson M (2011) The association between systemic glucocorticoid therapy and the risk of infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: systematic review and meta-analyses. Arthritis Res Ther 13:R139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/ar3453","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"1474_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205873842110639","DOI":"10.1177\/20587384211063976","volume":"35","author":"A FakhriRavari","year":"2021","unstructured":"FakhriRavari A, Jin S, Kachouei FH et al (2021) Systemic corticosteroids for management of COVID-19: saving lives or causing harm? Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 35:205873842110639. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20587384211063976","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"},{"key":"1474_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-014-0282-9","volume":"74","author":"L Fardet","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fardet L, F\u00e8ve B (2014) Systemic glucocorticoid therapy: a review of its metabolic and cardiovascular adverse events. Drugs 74:1731\u20131745. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40265-014-0282-9","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"1474_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ker017","volume":"50","author":"L Fardet","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fardet L, Petersen I, Nazareth I (2011) Prevalence of long-term oral glucocorticoid prescriptions in the UK over the past 20 years. Rheumatol Oxf Engl 50:1982\u20131990. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rheumatology\/ker017","journal-title":"Rheumatol Oxf Engl"},{"key":"1474_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120004","volume":"430","author":"A Galati","year":"2021","unstructured":"Galati A, Brown ES, Bove R et al (2021) Glucocorticoids for therapeutic immunosuppression: clinical pearls for the practicing neurologist. J Neurol Sci 430:120004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120004","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"1474_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-1594","volume":"173","author":"MD George","year":"2020","unstructured":"George MD, Baker JF, Winthrop K et al (2020) Risk for serious infection with low-dose glucocorticoids in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med 173:870\u2013878. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M20-1594","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"1474_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-217871","volume":"79","author":"M Gianfrancesco","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gianfrancesco M, Hyrich KL, Al-Adely S et al (2020) Characteristics associated with hospitalisation for COVID-19 in people with rheumatic disease: data from the COVID-19 global rheumatology alliance physician-reported registry. Ann Rheum Dis 79:859\u2013866. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-217871","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"1474_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-1030","volume":"13","author":"CA Huber","year":"2013","unstructured":"Huber CA, Szucs TD, Rapold R, Reich O (2013) Identifying patients with chronic conditions using pharmacy data in Switzerland: an updated mapping approach to the classification of medications. BMC Public Health 13:1030. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-13-1030","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"1474_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-324356","volume":"70","author":"N Khan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khan N, Mahmud N, Trivedi C et al (2021) Risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection and course of COVID-19 disease in patients with IBD in the veterans affair healthcare system. Gut 70:1657\u20131664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-324356","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1474_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2022.1607","volume":"38","author":"EJ Ku","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ku EJ, Song K, Kim KM et al (2023) Mortality and severity of coronavirus disease 2019 in patients with long-term glucocorticoid therapy: a korean nationwide cohort study. Endocrinol Metab 38:253\u2013259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3803\/EnM.2022.1607","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1474_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2004.07.006","volume":"31","author":"N Lee","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lee N, Allen Chan KC, Hui DS et al (2004) Effects of early corticosteroid treatment on plasma SARS-associated Coronavirus RNA concentrations in adult patients. J Clin Virol 31:304\u2013309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcv.2004.07.006","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"1474_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-020-0848-3","volume":"34","author":"H Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li H, Chen C, Hu F et al (2020) Impact of corticosteroid therapy on outcomes of persons with SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, or MERS-CoV infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Leukemia 34:1503\u20131511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41375-020-0848-3","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"1474_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2020.106275","volume":"176","author":"S-Y Liao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liao S-Y, Petrache I, Fingerlin TE, Maier LA (2021) Association of inhaled and systemic corticosteroid use with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) test positivity in patients with chronic pulmonary diseases. Respir Med 176:106275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rmed.2020.106275","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"1474_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19245","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98778-z","volume":"11","author":"H Liaquat","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liaquat H, Shupp B, Rollins S et al (2021) Comparison of the impact of chronic corticosteroid therapy on critical care outcomes of COVID-19 patients with and without history of chronic liver disease. Sci Rep 11:19245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-98778-z","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1474_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14904-5","volume":"362","author":"MS Lionakis","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lionakis MS, Kontoyiannis DP (2003) Glucocorticoids and invasive fungal infections. Lancet 362:1828\u20131838. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14904-5","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1474_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061307","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1061307","volume":"11","author":"M-R Malekpour","year":"2023","unstructured":"Malekpour M-R, Abbasi-Kangevari M, Shojaee A et al (2023) Effect of the chronic medication use on outcome measures of hospitalized COVID-19 patients: evidence from big data. Front Public Health 11:1061307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1061307","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"1474_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0b013e3182a72299","volume":"92","author":"K Migita","year":"2013","unstructured":"Migita K, Sasaki Y, Ishizuka N et al (2013) Glucocorticoid therapy and the risk of infection in patients with newly diagnosed autoimmune disease. Medicine (baltimore) 92:285\u2013293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0b013e3182a72299","journal-title":"Medicine (baltimore)"},{"key":"1474_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2009.04322.x","volume":"49","author":"S Moghadam-Kia","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moghadam-Kia S, Werth VP (2010) Prevention and treatment of systemic glucocorticoid side effects. Int J Dermatol 49:239\u2013248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2009.04322.x","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"1474_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2395-8","volume":"23","author":"Y-N Ni","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ni Y-N, Chen G, Sun J et al (2019) The effect of corticosteroids on mortality of patients with influenza pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 23:99. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-019-2395-8","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"1474_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0318-1","volume-title":"Mixed-effects models in S and S-PLUS","author":"JC Pinheiro","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pinheiro JC, Bates DM (2000) Mixed-effects models in S and S-PLUS. Springer, New York"},{"key":"1474_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2013.183","volume":"9","author":"RA Quax","year":"2013","unstructured":"Quax RA, Manenschijn L, Koper JW et al (2013) Glucocorticoid sensitivity in health and disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol 9:670\u2013686. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrendo.2013.183","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"1474_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci10040067","volume":"10","author":"K Raj","year":"2022","unstructured":"Raj K, Yeruva K, Jyotheeswara Pillai K et al (2022) Population risk factors for severe disease and mortality in COVID-19 in the United States during the pre-vaccine era: a retrospective cohort study of national inpatient sample. Med Sci Basel Switz 10:67. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medsci10040067","journal-title":"Med Sci Basel Switz"},{"key":"1474_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra050541","volume":"353","author":"T Rhen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rhen T, Cidlowski JA (2005) Antiinflammatory action of glucocorticoids\u2013new mechanisms for old drugs. N Engl J Med 353:1711\u20131723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra050541","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1474_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 1","DOI":"10.2202\/1557-4679.1127","volume":"5","author":"S Rose","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rose S, van der Laan MJ (2009) Why match? Investigating matched case\u2013control study designs with causal effect estimation. Int J Biostat 5:Article 1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2202\/1557-4679.1127","journal-title":"Int J Biostat"},{"key":"1474_CR37","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of quantitative risk analysis and assessment","author":"KJ Rothman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Lash TL (2008) Case\u2013control studies. In: Melnick EL, Everitt BS (eds) Encyclopedia of quantitative risk analysis and assessment. Wiley, Hoboken"},{"key":"1474_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e698","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(21)00151-X","volume":"3","author":"YH Shin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shin YH, Shin JI, Moon SY et al (2021) Autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases and COVID-19 outcomes in South Korea: a nationwide cohort study. Lancet Rheumatol 3:e698\u2013e706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2665-9913(21)00151-X","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"1474_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640620972602","volume":"9","author":"AK Singh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Singh AK, Jena A, Kumar-M P et al (2021) Risk and outcomes of coronavirus disease in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. United Eur Gastroenterol J 9:159\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2050640620972602","journal-title":"United Eur Gastroenterol J"},{"key":"1474_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-219498","volume":"80","author":"A Strangfeld","year":"2021","unstructured":"Strangfeld A, Sch\u00e4fer M, Gianfrancesco MA et al (2021) Factors associated with COVID-19-related death in people with rheumatic diseases: results from the COVID-19 global rheumatology alliance physician-reported registry. Ann Rheum Dis 80:930\u2013942. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-219498","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"1474_CR41","volume-title":"Generalized linear mixed models\u202f: modern concepts, methods and applications \/ by Walter W. Stroup","author":"WW Stroup","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stroup WW (2012) Generalized linear mixed models\u202f: modern concepts, methods and applications \/ by Walter W. Stroup, First edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton","edition":"First edition"},{"key":"1474_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0255524","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255524","volume":"16","author":"I Su\u00e1rez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Su\u00e1rez-Garc\u00eda I, Perales-Fraile I, Gonz\u00e1lez-Garc\u00eda A et al (2021) In-hospital mortality among immunosuppressed patients with COVID-19: analysis from a national cohort in Spain. PLoS ONE 16:e0255524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0255524","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1474_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/acr2.11221","volume":"3","author":"RC Ungaro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ungaro RC, Agrawal M, Park S et al (2021) Autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disease patients with COVID-19. ACR Open Rheumatol 3:111\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acr2.11221","journal-title":"ACR Open Rheumatol"},{"key":"1474_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2017.10.010","volume":"29","author":"J Vandewalle","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vandewalle J, Luypaert A, De Bosscher K, Libert C (2018) Therapeutic mechanisms of glucocorticoids. Trends Endocrinol Metab 29:42\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tem.2017.10.010","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1474_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3794","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-021-07152-2","volume":"36","author":"FS Velayos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Velayos FS, Dusendang JR, Schmittdiel JA (2021) Prior Immunosuppressive therapy and severe illness among patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2: a community-based study. J Gen Intern Med 36:3794\u20133801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-021-07152-2","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"1474_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0111","DOI":"10.1097\/CCE.0000000000000111","volume":"2","author":"J Villar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Villar J, Confalonieri M, Pastores SM, Meduri GU (2020) Rationale for prolonged corticosteroid treatment in the acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by Coronavirus Disease 2019. Crit Care Explor 2:e0111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCE.0000000000000111","journal-title":"Crit Care Explor"},{"key":"1474_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2023.03.011","volume":"71","author":"I Visos-Varela","year":"2023","unstructured":"Visos-Varela I, Zapata-Cachafeiro M, Pi\u00f1eiro-Lamas M et al (2023) Repurposing selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for severity of COVID-19: a population-based study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 71:96\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2023.03.011","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1474_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD014963","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014963.pub2","volume":"11","author":"C Wagner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wagner C, Griesel M, Mikolajewska A et al (2022) Systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of COVID-19: equity-related analyses and update on evidence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 11(11):CD014963. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD014963.pub2","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"1474_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"j1415","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j1415","volume":"357","author":"AK Waljee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Waljee AK, Rogers MAM, Lin P et al (2017) Short term use of oral corticosteroids and related harms among adults in the United States: population based cohort study. BMJ 357:j1415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.j1415","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1474_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100769","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00769-2021","volume":"59","author":"D Ward","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ward D, G\u00f8rtz S, Thomson Ernst M et al (2022) The effect of immunosuppressants on the prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur Respir J 59:2100769. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.00769-2021","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"}],"container-title":["Inflammopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10787-024-01474-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10787-024-01474-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10787-024-01474-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T11:17:15Z","timestamp":1722856635000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10787-024-01474-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["1474"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10787-024-01474-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0925-4692","1568-5608"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0925-4692"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1568-5608"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 March 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 March 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 May 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interests"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was obtained from the Galician Clinical Research Ethics Committee (<i>Comit\u00e9 de \u00c9tica de Investigaci\u00f3n de Galicia<\/i>, reference 2020\/349), certified by the Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices (<i>Agencia Espa\u00f1ola del Medicamento y Productos Sanitarios<\/i>), and was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the prevailing legislation governing biomedical research.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}