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This study evaluated the nesting behaviour of wild <jats:italic>Osmia<\/jats:italic> populations in apple, pear, and cherry orchards in Portugal, focusing particularly on how nest features and landscape structure influence colonisation patterns. Over two years, <jats:italic>Osmia caerulescens<\/jats:italic> was the most abundant species, followed by <jats:italic>O. bicornis<\/jats:italic>. Overall occupancy rates were low across all orchard types, although higher colonisation was observed in cherry orchards, likely due to earlier flowering and greater habitat heterogeneity. In apple and pear orchards, both species preferred paper tubes: <jats:italic>O. caerulescens<\/jats:italic> nested mainly in 6\u00a0mm cavities, whereas <jats:italic>O. bicornis<\/jats:italic> favoured 8\u00a0mm cavities and was most abundant in apple orchards. Brood viability was lower in <jats:italic>O. caerulescens<\/jats:italic>, particularly in pine wood blocks. At the landscape scale, the success of the nests of both species was positively associated with the proportion of non-irrigated arable land and fruit tree cover within a radius of 500\u00a0m. <jats:italic>O. caerulescens<\/jats:italic> also responded positively to land-use diversity, whereas <jats:italic>O. bicornis<\/jats:italic> favoured more urbanised orchard contexts. Despite the low colonisation rates observed, identifying <jats:italic>O. caerulescens<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>O. bicornis<\/jats:italic> as the main trap nesting species highlights their potential as targets for future management programmes. Paper tubes performed best under the tested conditions, but broader trials are needed. Improving habitat quality in orchards is essential for supporting wild bee populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10841-025-00690-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]],"date-time":"2025-06-14T03:22:51Z","timestamp":1749871371000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Supporting wild Osmia populations in Mediterranean orchards: nesting success across different substrates and landscapes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1773-0320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0795-4216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabete","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4901-5305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2724-2195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Rebelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"690_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.03.071","volume":"19","author":"MA Aizen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aizen MA, Harder LD (2009) The global stock of domesticated honey bees is growing slower than agricultural demand for pollination. 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