{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T10:10:26Z","timestamp":1758708626532,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750723200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BD\/09368\/2021","Pluriannual Funding Programme for Research Units 2020-2023 UIDP\/00050\/2020","Pluriannual Funding Programme for Research Units 2020-2023 UIDP\/00050\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BD\/09368\/2021","Pluriannual Funding Programme for Research Units 2020-2023 UIDP\/00050\/2020","Pluriannual Funding Programme for Research Units 2020-2023 UIDP\/00050\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Instituto Universit\u00e1rio da Maia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Psychopathol Behav Assess"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The present paper examines the psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Infectious Disease Outbreak Anxiety Scale (IDOAS) across three phases of the COVID-19 pandemic: the first and second waves (2020 and 2021), and post-pandemic phase (2023\/2024). Study 1 assesses the validity and reliability of the IDOAS through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, supporting a three-factor structure (factors: \u201cDisease Outbreak Concerns\u201d, \u201cImpact on Routines and Safety Behaviors\u201d, and \u201cContamination Concerns\u201d), demonstrating good internal consistency. Study 2 employs a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis to investigate measurement invariance across the three samples. Measurement invariance was not established across the three time points of data collection, especially for the post-pandemic phase. Findings reveal significant shifts in how health anxiety is experienced over time. This study emphasizes the evolving nature of COVID-19-related anxiety and underscores the importance of developing tools specifically designed to assess health anxiety related to infectious diseases and fear of contagion for future outbreaks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-025-10223-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T23:11:43Z","timestamp":1750720303000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Health Anxiety Across Pandemic Waves: Psychometric Assessment and Measurement Invariance of the Infectious Disease Outbreak Anxiety Scale Over Time"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Moutinho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tiago","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7369-5075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"10223_CR1","volume-title":"Psychological treatment of hypochondriasis and health anxiety: A biopsycho-social approach","author":"JS Abramowitz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Abramowitz, J. S., & Braddock, A. E. (2008). Psychological treatment of hypochondriasis and health anxiety: A biopsycho-social approach. Hogrefe & Huber."},{"key":"10223_CR2","volume-title":"Health anxiety: Clinical and research perspectives onhypochondriasis and related conditions","author":"GJG Asmundson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Asmundson, G. J. G., & Taylor, S. (2003). Health anxiety: Clinical and research perspectives onhypochondriasis and related conditions. John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"10223_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2020.102211","volume":"71","author":"GJ Asmundson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Asmundson, G. J., & Taylor, S. (2020). How health anxiety influences responses to viraloutbreaks like COVID-19: What all decision-makers, health authorities, and health care professionals need to know. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 71, 102211.","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"issue":"5","key":"10223_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-0884-z","volume":"4","author":"JJV Bavel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bavel, J. J. V., Malhotra, N., & Van Boven, L. (2020). using social and behavioral science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(5), 460\u2013471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41562-020-0884-z","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"key":"10223_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2020.110334","volume":"141","author":"M Bonzini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bonzini, M., et al. (2021). Psychometric properties of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: A replication study and cross-validation. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 141, 110334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2020.110334","journal-title":"Journal of Psychosomatic Research"},{"key":"10223_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/aphw.12384","volume":"15","author":"VD B\u00f6sch","year":"2022","unstructured":"B\u00f6sch, V. D., & Inauen, J. (2022). Older adults\u2019 physical activity after lockdown: Testing the health action process approach and the moderating role of fear of Covid-19. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 15, 369\u2013389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aphw.12384","journal-title":"Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being"},{"key":"10223_CR7","volume-title":"Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research","author":"TA Brown","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. The Guilford Press."},{"key":"10223_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.020","volume":"135","author":"W Cao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2021). The measurement invariance of the fear of COVID-19 scale among people in quarantine in China. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 135, 1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.020","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10223_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701301834","volume":"14","author":"FF Chen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indices to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 14(3), 464\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705510701301834","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling"},{"key":"10223_CR10","first-page":"88","volume":"297","author":"L Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, L., Wang, L., & Zhang, J. (2023). Psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on global populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 297, 88\u201396.","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"issue":"7","key":"10223_CR11","first-page":"1","volume":"10","author":"B Costello","year":"2005","unstructured":"Costello, B., & Osborne, W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 10(7), 1\u20139.","journal-title":"Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation"},{"issue":"6","key":"10223_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-020-10143-y","volume":"44","author":"MW Gallagher","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gallagher, M. W., Zvolensky, M. J., Long, L. J., Rogers, A. H., & Garey, L. (2020). The impact of Covid-19 experiences and associated stress on anxiety, depression, and functional impairment in American adults. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 44(6), 1043\u20131051.","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"10223_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.03.019","volume":"13","author":"H Harapan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harapan, H., Itoh, N., Yufika, A., Winardi, W., Keam, S., Te, H., & Mudatsir, M. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A literature review. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 13(5), 667\u2013673.","journal-title":"Journal of Infection and Public Health"},{"key":"10223_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","volume":"6","author":"LT Hu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705519909540118","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling"},{"key":"10223_CR15","unstructured":"JASP Team. (2022). JASP (Version 0.16.1) [Computer Software]. Retrieved March 3, 2024, from https:\/\/jasp-stats.org"},{"issue":"1","key":"10223_CR16","first-page":"15","volume":"2","author":"B Kelly","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kelly, B., Raphael, B., Judd, F., & Perdices, M. (1998). Psychological responses to HIV\/AIDS: Perceived stigma and the role of coping. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 2(1), 15\u201327.","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction"},{"issue":"1","key":"10223_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13409-0","volume":"22","author":"Y Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee, Y., Jeon, Y. J., Kang, S., Shin, J. I., Jung, Y. C., & Jung, S. J. (2022). Social media use and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in young adults: A meta-analysis of 14 cross-sectional studies. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 995. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-022-13409-0","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10223_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113172","volume":"290","author":"H Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, H., Zhang, E., Wong, F., Hyun, S., & Hahm, C. (2020). Factors associated with depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptomatology during the COVID-19 pandemic: Clinical implications for U.S. young adult mental health. Psychiatry Research, 290, 113172.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10223_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2011.622130","volume":"41","author":"J Mahoney","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mahoney, J., & McEvoy, M. (2012). A transdiagnostic examination of intolerance of uncertainty across anxiety and depressive disorders. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 41(3), 212\u2013222.","journal-title":"Cognitive Behaviour Therapy"},{"key":"10223_CR20","volume-title":"Psychometric theory","author":"JC Nunnally","year":"1978","unstructured":"Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.","edition":"2"},{"issue":"5","key":"10223_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291702005822","volume":"32","author":"M Salkovskis","year":"2002","unstructured":"Salkovskis, M., Rimes, K. A., Warwick, H. M., & Clark, D. M. (2002). The health anxiety inventory: Development and validation of scales for the measurement of health anxiety and hypochondriasis. Psychological Medicine, 32(5), 843\u2013853.","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10223_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s41811-022-00152-y","volume":"16","author":"J Shabani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shabani, J., Mohsenabadi, H., Gharraee, B., Shayanfar, F., Corcoran, V. P., & McKay, D. (2023). Psychological correlates of health anxiety in response to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic: A cross-sectional online study in Iran. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 16(1), 103\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41811-022-00152-y","journal-title":"International Journal of Cognitive Therapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10223_CR23","first-page":"589","volume":"20","author":"K Smith","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smith, K., & Jones, M. (2018). The social and economic impacts of infectious disease outbreaks on communities: The case of Ebola. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(4), 589\u2013601.","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction"},{"issue":"3","key":"10223_CR24","first-page":"123","volume":"45","author":"J Smith","year":"2021","unstructured":"Smith, J., & Jones, A. (2021). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health: A global cross-sectional study. Journal of Mental Health, 45(3), 123\u2013135.","journal-title":"Journal of Mental Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10223_CR25","first-page":"201","volume":"45","author":"JK Smith","year":"2023","unstructured":"Smith, J. K., et al. (2023). Geographical variability in the measurement invariance of COVID-19 assessment scales: A multi-region study. Journal of Public Health, 45(2), 201\u2013214.","journal-title":"Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10223_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S111","DOI":"10.1086\/375010","volume":"37","author":"C Steere","year":"2003","unstructured":"Steere, C., Drouin, E., & Glickstein, J. (2003). Relationship between immunity to Borrelia burgdorferi outer-surface protein A (OspA) and Lyme arthritis. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 37(Suppl 1), S111\u2013S115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/375010","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"10223_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-004-3261-y","volume":"2","author":"S Taylor","year":"2004","unstructured":"Taylor, S., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2004). Treating health anxiety: A cognitive-behavioral approach. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 2(1), 5\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11469-004-3261-y","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction"},{"key":"10223_CR28","first-page":"17","volume":"91","author":"P Tyrer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tyrer, P., Cooper, S., Tyrer, H., & Salkovskis, P. (2016). Health anxiety in medical clinics: A systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic aid. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 91, 17\u201325.","journal-title":"Journal of Psychosomatic Research"},{"key":"10223_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1080\/17405629.2012.686740","volume":"9","author":"R Van De Schoot","year":"2012","unstructured":"Van De Schoot, R., Lugtig, P., & Hox, J. (2012). A checklist for testing measurement invariance. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9, 486\u2013492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17405629.2012.686740","journal-title":"European Journal of Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"10223_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-50542-1","volume":"14","author":"W Van Kersen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Van Kersen, W., de Rooij, M. M. T., Portengen, L., et al. (2024). Impact of COVID-19 containment measures on perceived health and health-protective behavior: A longitudinal study. Science and Reports, 14, 419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-50542-1","journal-title":"Science and Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"10223_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/109442810031002","volume":"3","author":"RJ Vandenberg","year":"2000","unstructured":"Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3(1), 4\u201370.","journal-title":"Organizational Research Methods"},{"issue":"6","key":"10223_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(89)90020-5","volume":"27","author":"C Warwick","year":"1989","unstructured":"Warwick, C., & Salkovskis, W. (1989). The worry illness questionnaire: A measure of health anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 27(6), 589\u2013595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0005-7967(89)90020-5","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10223_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-010-9179-4","volume":"32","author":"MG Wheaton","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wheaton, M. G., Berman, N. C., Franklin, J. C., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2010). Health anxiety: Latent structure and associations with anxiety-related psychological processes. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32, 565\u2013574.","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment"},{"issue":"3","key":"10223_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-011-9353-3","volume":"36","author":"G Wheaton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wheaton, G., Abramowitz, S., Berman, C., Fabricant, E., & Olatunji, O. (2011). Psychological predictors of anxiety in response to the H1N1 (Swine Flu) pandemic. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(3), 210\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10608-011-9353-3","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"key":"10223_CR35","unstructured":"WHO. (2020). Mental health and psychosocial considerations during the COVID-19 outbreak (WHO\/2019-nCoV\/MentalHealth\/2020.1). Retrieved June 19, 2024, from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/defaultsource\/coronaviruse\/mentalhealthconsiderations.pdf"},{"key":"10223_CR36","unstructured":"WHO. (2021). COVID-19 weekly epidemiological update. Retrieved June 19, 2024, from:https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/weekly-epidemiological-update"},{"issue":"2","key":"10223_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e239","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30546-7","volume":"8","author":"A Wijnant","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wijnant, A., Jacobs, M., van Rijn, L., et al. (2020). Persistence of Ebola virus in semen among Ebola virus disease survivors in Sierra Leone: A cohort study of frequency, duration, and risk factors. The Lancet Global Health, 8(2), e239\u2013e246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30546-7","journal-title":"The Lancet Global Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10223_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370905400504","volume":"54","author":"P Wu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wu, P., Fang, Y., Guan, Z., et al. (2009). The psychological impact of the SARS epidemic on hospital employees in China: Exposure, risk perception, and altruistic acceptance of risk. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 54(5), 302\u2013311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/070674370905400504","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10223_CR39","first-page":"543","volume":"27","author":"X Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang, X., et al. (2022). Investigating the measurement invariance of COVID-19 assessment scales across pandemic phases: A Multi-Country Study. Journal of Health Psychology, 27(3), 543\u2013556.","journal-title":"Journal of Health Psychology"},{"key":"10223_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629792","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.629792","volume":"12","author":"W Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, W., et al. (2021). Investigating Measurement Invariance of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale Across Different Pandemic Phases and Groups in China. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 629792. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.629792","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10862-025-10223-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10862-025-10223-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10862-025-10223-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T09:34:23Z","timestamp":1758706463000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10862-025-10223-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10223"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10862-025-10223-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0882-2689","1573-3505"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0882-2689"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1573-3505"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 May 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 June 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000. Informed consent was obtained from all patients for being included in the study. We obtained authorizations from the institutional Ethics Committee of the authors as well as informed consent from all participants (approval references 1\/2020 and 80\/2023).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publication Ethics"}},{"value":"Open Data:\u00a0The information needed to reproduce all of the reported results is not openly accessible.\u00a0Further information can be requested from the authors.Open Materials: The information needed to reproduce all of the reported methodology\u00a0is not openly accessible. Further information can be requested from the authors.Open Analytic Code: The code is not openly accessible.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Open Data"}},{"value":"Maria Moutinho, Tiago Ferreira and Carla Cunha declare that they have no conflict of interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"54"}}