{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T17:11:52Z","timestamp":1755796312646,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750204800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021538","name":"Universidade Lus\u00f3fona de Humanidades e Tecnologias","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021538","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Fam Viol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study aimed to (a) characterize the prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization and perpetration; (b) delineate the prevalence and frequency of various types of violence suffered and perpetrated; (c) explore potential gender and sexual orientation differences in the prevalence and frequency of IPV perpetration and victimization; (d) analyze the most common pattern of IPV; and (e) investigate potential gender and sexual orientation differences in the different IPV patterns.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The study sample comprised 262 participants. The study was conducted online, and participants completed a sociodemographic questionnaire and the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Bidirectional violence (BV) was the most common pattern of violence in the past year among college students. Psychological violence was the most prevalent type of violence experienced and perpetrated in the past year and across the lifetime in all subsamples analyzed. No gender or sexual orientation differences were found in overall IPV victimization and perpetration prevalence and frequency in the past year and across lifetime. However, men reported a higher prevalence of past year and lifetime sexual coercion perpetration than women, and heterosexual individuals exhibited higher prevalence rates of lifetime physical assaults.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The study\u2019s findings further reinforce that BV is prevalent in intimate relationships, particularly among college students. Consequently, there is a need to create effective prevention and intervention programs to help diminish the high prevalence of this phenomenon.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-025-00915-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T03:26:54Z","timestamp":1750217214000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence of Bidirectional Intimate Partner Violence in a Sample of College Students in Portugal"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Santiago","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9747-2343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3791-0732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreia","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"915_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260517730563","volume":"36","author":"Z Ahmadabadi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahmadabadi, Z., Najman, J. M., Williams, G. M., Clavarino, A. M., & d\u2019Abbs, P. (2021). Gender differences in intimate partner violence in current and prior relationships. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(1\u20132), 915\u2013937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260517730563","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"issue":"4","key":"915_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-200507000-00005","volume":"54","author":"AF Amar","year":"2005","unstructured":"Amar, A. F., & Gennaro, S. (2005). Dating violence in college women: Associated physical injury, healthcare usage, and mental health symptoms. Nursing Research, 54(4), 235\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006199-200507000-00005","journal-title":"Nursing Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"915_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1177\/0253717620957496","volume":"42","author":"C Andrade","year":"2020","unstructured":"Andrade, C. (2020). The limitations of online surveys. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 42(6), 575\u2013576. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0253717620957496","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"915_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-1789(01)00061-1","volume":"7","author":"J Archer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Archer, J. (2002). Sex differences in physically aggressive acts between heterosexual partners: A meta-analytic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 7(4), 313\u2013351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1359-1789(01)00061-1","journal-title":"Aggression and Violent Behavior"},{"issue":"7","key":"915_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-018-0012-2","volume":"34","author":"JC Babcock","year":"2019","unstructured":"Babcock, J. C., Snead, A. L., Bennett, V. E., & Arment, N. A. (2019). Distinguishing subtypes of mutual violence in the context of self-defense: Classifying types of partner violent couples using a modified conflict tactics scale. Journal of Family Violence, 34(7), 687\u2013696. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10896-018-0012-2","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"issue":"8","key":"915_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-016-9862-7","volume":"31","author":"E Bates","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bates, E. (2016). Current controversies within intimate partner violence: Overlooking bidirectional violence. Journal of Family Violence, 31(8), 937\u2013940. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10896-016-9862-7","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"key":"915_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bates, E. A., Taylor, J. C., & Poynton, M. (2022). Barriers to help-seeking for male victims of intimate partner violence. In E. A. Bates, & J. C. Taylor (Eds.), Domestic violence against men and boys (pp. 92\u2013105). Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003089612-8"},{"issue":"7","key":"915_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2018.1454929","volume":"66","author":"N Brewer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brewer, N., Thomas, K. A., & Higdon, J. (2018). Intimate partner violence, health, sexuality, and academic performance among a National sample of undergraduates. Journal of American College Health, 66(7), 683\u2013692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07448481.2018.1454929","journal-title":"Journal of American College Health"},{"key":"915_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10610-022-09514-w","author":"M Capinha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Capinha, M., Rijo, D., Pereira, M., & Matos, M. (2022). The prevalence, directionality, and dyadic perpetration types of intimate partner violence in a community sample in portugal: A gender-inclusive inquiry. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10610-022-09514-w","journal-title":"European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"915_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/bs10100152","volume":"10","author":"S Caridade","year":"2020","unstructured":"Caridade, S., Sousa, H. F. P., & Dinis, M. A. P. (2020). Cyber and offline dating abuse in a Portuguese sample: Prevalence and context of abuse. Behavioral Sciences, 10(10), 1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs10100152","journal-title":"Behavioral Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"915_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02110993","volume":"10","author":"M Cascardi","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cascardi, M., & Vivian, D. (1995). Context for specific episodes of marital violence: Gender and severity of violence differences. Journal of Family Violence, 10(3), 265\u2013293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02110993","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"key":"915_CR12","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024). Intimate partner violence prevention. CDC. Risk and Protective Factors| Intimate Partner Violence Prevention| CDC."},{"key":"915_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen, M., & Chan, K. L. (2021). Characteristics of intimate partner violence in china: Gender symmetry, mutuality, and associated factors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(13\u201314). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260518822340. NP6867-NP6889.","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260518822340"},{"issue":"4","key":"915_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-015-0663-1","volume":"60","author":"D Costa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Costa, D., Soares, J., Lindert, J., Hatzidimitriadou, E., Sundin, O., Toth, O., Ioannidi-Kapolo, E., & Barros, H. (2015). Intimate partner violence: A study in men and women from six European countries. International Journal of Public Health, 60(4), 467\u2013478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00038-015-0663-1","journal-title":"International Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"915_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.VV-D-12-00136","volume":"29","author":"C Crane","year":"2014","unstructured":"Crane, C., Hawes, S., Mandel, D., & Easton, C. (2014). The occurrence of female-to-male partner violence among male intimate partner violence offenders mandated to treatment: A brief research report. Violence and Victims, 29(6), 940\u2013951. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/0886-6708.VV-D-12-00136","journal-title":"Violence and Victims"},{"issue":"3","key":"915_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-023-00498-7","volume":"39","author":"O Cunha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cunha, O., Caridade, S., de Castro Rodrigues, A., Cruz, A. R., & Peixoto, M. M. (2023). Perpetration of intimate partner violence and COVID-19-related anxiety during the second lockdown in portugal: The meditating role of anxiety, depression, and stress. Journal of Family Violence, 39(3), 397\u2013408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10896-023-00498-7","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"issue":"6","key":"915_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1080\/1068316X.2022.2030337","volume":"29","author":"O Cunha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cunha, O., Silva, A., Cruz, A. R., de Castro Rodrigues, A., Braga, T., & Gon\u00e7alves, R. A. (2022). Dropout among perpetrators of intimate partner violence attending an intervention program. Psychology Crime & Law, 29(6), 634\u2013652. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1068316X.2022.2030337","journal-title":"Psychology Crime & Law"},{"key":"915_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Daigle, L. E., Scherer, H., Fisher, B. S., & Azimi, A. (2016). Intimate partner violence among college students: Measurement, risk factors, consequences and responses. In C. A. Cuevas, & C. M. Rennison (Eds.), The wiley handbook on the psychology of violence (pp. 373\u2013395). Wiley Blackwell. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118303092.ch19","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118303092.ch19"},{"issue":"3","key":"915_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.17583\/MCS.2018.3499","volume":"7","author":"TF De Juan","year":"2018","unstructured":"De Juan, T. F., & Madan, L. F. (2018). Bidirectional violence among male and female university students: Comparison of observations and results between two countries. Masculinidades Y Cambio Social, 7(3), 279\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17583\/MCS.2018.3499","journal-title":"Masculinidades Y Cambio Social"},{"issue":"2","key":"915_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e043866","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-043866","volume":"11","author":"J De Man","year":"2021","unstructured":"De Man, J., Campbell, L., Tabana, H., & Wouters, E. (2021). The pandemic of online research in times of COVID-19. BMJ Open, 11(2), e043866. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-043866","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"7","key":"915_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4221","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19074221","volume":"19","author":"L De Schrijver","year":"2022","unstructured":"De Schrijver, L., Fomenko, E., Krah\u00e9, B., Roelens, K., Beken, V., T., & Keygnaert, I. (2022). Minority identity, othering-based stress, and sexual violence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(7), 4221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19074221","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"915_CR21","unstructured":"Dire\u00e7\u00e3o-Geral do Ensino Superior [General Directorate of Higher Education] (2024). O ensino superior em Portugal 2021\u20132023 [Higher education in Portugal 2021\u20132023]. Minist\u00e9rio da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o [Education Ministry]. https:\/\/wwwcdn.dges.gov.pt\/sites\/default\/files\/o_ensino_superior_em_portugal_2021-2023_versao_final_10_07_2024.pdf"},{"issue":"3","key":"915_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1093\/bjc\/azh026","volume":"44","author":"RP Dobash","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dobash, R. P., & Dobash, R. E. (2004). Women\u2019s violence to men in intimate relationships: Working on a puzzle. British Journal of Criminology, 44(3), 324\u2013349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bjc\/azh026","journal-title":"British Journal of Criminology"},{"issue":"3","key":"915_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838018782207","volume":"21","author":"A Duval","year":"2020","unstructured":"Duval, A., Lanning, B. A., & Patterson, M. S. (2020). A systematic review of dating violence risk factors among undergraduate college students. Trauma Violence & Abuse, 21(3), 567\u2013585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524838018782207","journal-title":"Trauma Violence & Abuse"},{"issue":"4","key":"915_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1891\/1946-6560.5.4.359","volume":"5","author":"J Elmquist","year":"2014","unstructured":"Elmquist, J., Hamel, J., Shorey, R., Labrecque, L., Ninneman, A., & Stuart, G. (2014). Motivations for intimate partner violence in men and women arrested for domestic violence and court referred to batterer intervention programs. Partner Abuse, 5(4), 359\u2013374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/1946-6560.5.4.359","journal-title":"Partner Abuse"},{"key":"915_CR26","unstructured":"Field, A. (2024). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. Sage."},{"key":"915_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14195\/1647-8606_59-1_1","author":"J Faias","year":"2017","unstructured":"Faias, J., Caridade, S., & Cardoso, J. (2017). Exposi\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 viol\u00eancia familiar e abuso \u00edntimo em jovens: Que rela\u00e7\u00e3o? [Exposure to family violence and dating violence: What relationship?] Psychologica, 59(1), 7\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14195\/1647-8606_59-1_1."},{"issue":"1","key":"915_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2021.1976442","volume":"14","author":"A Gomez-Casillas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gomez-Casillas, A., Lozano, M., & Renter\u00eda, E. (2021). Expected years lived with intimate partner violence: A new approach for public health. Global Health Action, 14(1), 1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/16549716.2021.1976442","journal-title":"Global Health Action"},{"issue":"12","key":"915_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260508314330","volume":"23","author":"AR Gover","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gover, A. R., Kaukinen, C., & Fox, K. A. (2008). The relationship between violence in the family of origin and dating violence among college students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23(12), 1667\u20131693. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260508314330","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"issue":"11","key":"915_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1177\/107780102762478028","volume":"8","author":"LK Hamberger","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hamberger, L. K., & Guse, C. E. (2002). Men\u2019s and women\u2019 use of intimate partner violence in clinical samples. Violence against Women, 8(11), 1301\u20131331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107780102762478028","journal-title":"Violence against Women"},{"issue":"3","key":"915_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1891\/vivi.20.3.303","volume":"20","author":"LK Hamberger","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hamberger, L. K., & Guse, C. E. (2005). Typology of reactions to intimate partner violence among men and women arrested for partner violence. Violence and Victims, 20(3), 303\u2013317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/vivi.20.3.303","journal-title":"Violence and Victims"},{"issue":"3","key":"915_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.16.3.269","volume":"16","author":"MS Harned","year":"2001","unstructured":"Harned, M. S. (2001). Abused women or abused men? An examination of the context and outcomes of dating violence. Violence and Victims, 16(3), 269\u2013285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/0886-6708.16.3.269","journal-title":"Violence and Victims"},{"key":"915_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hattery, A. J., & Smith, E. (2019). Gender, power and violence: Responding to sexual and intimate partner violence in society today. Rowman & Littlefield.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429450082-10"},{"issue":"3","key":"915_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1891\/1946-6560.1.3.286","volume":"1","author":"DA Hines","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hines, D. A., & Douglas, E. M. (2010). A closer look at men who sustain intimate terrorism by women. Partner Abuse, 1(3), 286\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/1946-6560.1.3.286","journal-title":"Partner Abuse"},{"issue":"2","key":"915_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1891\/1946-6560.10.2.180","volume":"10","author":"DA Hines","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hines, D. A., & Douglas, E. M. (2019). An empirical test of johnson\u2019s typology of intimate partner violence in two samples of men. Partner Abuse, 10(2), 180\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/1946-6560.10.2.180","journal-title":"Partner Abuse"},{"issue":"2","key":"915_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1891\/vivi.2003.18.2.197","volume":"18","author":"DA Hines","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hines, D. A., & Saudino, K. J. (2003). Gender differences in psychological, physical, and sexual aggression among college students using the revised conflict tactics scales. Violence and Victims, 18(2), 197\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/vivi.2003.18.2.197","journal-title":"Violence and Victims"},{"issue":"21-22","key":"915_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"NP12252","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260519888523","volume":"36","author":"R Hu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hu, R., Xue, J., Lin, K., Sun, I. Y., & Wang, X. (2021). Bidirectional intimate partner violence among chinese women: Patterns and risk factors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(21\u201322), NP12252-NP12278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260519888523","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"issue":"3","key":"915_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1177\/0269758017745617","volume":"24","author":"S Jankowitz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jankowitz, S. (2018). Intergroup struggles over victimhood in violent conflict: The victim-perpetrator paradigm. International Review of Victimology, 24(3), 259\u2013271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269758017745617","journal-title":"International Review of Victimology"},{"issue":"2","key":"915_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.2307\/353683","volume":"57","author":"MP Johnson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Johnson, M. P. (1995). Patriarchal terrorism and common people violence: Two forms of violence against women. Journal of Marriage and Family, 57(2), 283\u2013294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/353683","journal-title":"Journal of Marriage and Family"},{"issue":"5","key":"915_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2005.00204.x","volume":"67","author":"MP Johnson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Johnson, M. P. (2005). Domestic violence: It\u2019s not about gender-or is it? Journal of Marriage and Family, 67(5), 1126\u20131130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2005.00204.x","journal-title":"Journal of Marriage and Family"},{"issue":"11","key":"915_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801206293328","volume":"12","author":"MP Johnson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Johnson, M. P. (2006). Conflict and control. Violence against Women, 12(11), 1003\u20131018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077801206293328","journal-title":"Violence against Women"},{"key":"915_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2017.08.005","volume":"37","author":"RT Jones","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jones, R. T., Browne, K., & Chou, S. (2017). A critique of the revised conflict tactics scales-2 (CTS-2). Aggression and Violent Behavior, 37, 83\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.avb.2017.08.005","journal-title":"Aggression and Violent Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"915_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838014521321","volume":"15","author":"C Kaukinen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kaukinen, C. (2014). Dating violence among college students: The risk and protective factors. Trauma. Violence & Abuse, 15(4), 283\u2013296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524838014521321","journal-title":"Violence & Abuse"},{"issue":"6","key":"915_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-007-9092-0","volume":"22","author":"SA Kaura","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kaura, S. A., & Lohman, B. J. (2007). Dating violence victimization, relationship satisfaction, mental health problems, and acceptability of violence: A comparison of men and women. Journal of Family Violence, 22(6), 367\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10896-007-9092-0","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"issue":"2","key":"915_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1891\/1946-6560.3.2.199","volume":"3","author":"J Langhinrichsen-Rohling","year":"2012","unstructured":"Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J., Mistra, T. A., Selwyn, C., & Rohling, M. L. (2012). Rates of bidirectional versus unidirectional intimate partner violence across samples, sexual orientations, and race\/ethnicities: A comprehensive review. Partner Abuse, 3(2), 199\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/1946-6560.3.2.199","journal-title":"Partner Abuse"},{"key":"915_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2019.02.014","volume":"47","author":"P Laskey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Laskey, P., Bates, E., & Taylor, J. (2019). A systematic literature review of intimate partner violence victimization: An inclusive review across gender and sexuality. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 47, 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.avb.2019.02.014","journal-title":"Aggression and Violent Behavior"},{"issue":"8","key":"915_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801215589375","volume":"21","author":"R Lewis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lewis, R., Padilla, M., Milletich, R., Kelley, M., Winstead, B., Lau-Barraco, C., & Mason, T. (2015). Emotional distress, alcohol use, and bidirectional partner violence among lesbian women. Violence against Women, 21(8), 917\u2013938. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077801215589375","journal-title":"Violence against Women"},{"key":"915_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-945","volume":"12","author":"S L\u00f6vestad","year":"2012","unstructured":"L\u00f6vestad, S., & Krantz, G. (2012). Men\u2019s And women\u2019s exposure And perpetration of partner violence: An epidemiological study from Sweden. Bmc Public Health, 12, 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-12-945","journal-title":"Bmc Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"915_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1037\/men0000013","volume":"17","author":"A Machado","year":"2016","unstructured":"Machado, A., Hines, D., & Matos, M. (2016a). Help-seeking and needs of male victims of intimate partner violence in Portugal. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 17(3), 255\u2013264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/men0000013","journal-title":"Psychology of Men & Masculinity"},{"issue":"5","key":"915_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-016-9853-8","volume":"32","author":"A Machado","year":"2016","unstructured":"Machado, A., Santos, A., Graham-Kevan, N., & Matos, M. (2016b). Exploring help-seeking experiences of male victims of female perpetrators of IPV. Journal of Family Violence, 32(5), 513\u2013523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10896-016-9853-8","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"key":"915_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlcj.2019.03.002","volume":"57","author":"A Machado","year":"2019","unstructured":"Machado, A., Santos, A., Graham-Kevan, N., & Matos, M. (2019). The prevalence of bi-directional intimate partner violence reported by Portuguese men. International Journal of Law Crime and Justice, 57, 83\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijlcj.2019.03.002","journal-title":"International Journal of Law Crime and Justice"},{"issue":"2","key":"915_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380231193440","volume":"25","author":"A Machado","year":"2024","unstructured":"Machado, A., Sousa, C., & Cunha, O. (2024). Bidirectional violence in intimate relationships: A systematic review. Trauma Violence & Abuse, 25(2), 1680\u20131694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15248380231193440","journal-title":"Trauma Violence & Abuse"},{"key":"915_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-009-9268-x","volume":"25","author":"C Machado","year":"2010","unstructured":"Machado, C., Caridade, S., & Martins, C. (2010). Violence in juvenile dating relationships self-reported prevalence and attitudes in a Portuguese sample. Journal of Family Violence, 25, 43\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10896-009-9268-x","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"key":"915_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/897093","author":"C Machado","year":"2014","unstructured":"Machado, C., Martins, C., & Caridade, S. (2014). Violence in intimate relationships: A comparison between married and dating couples. Journal of Criminology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/897093","journal-title":"Journal of Criminology"},{"key":"915_CR53","unstructured":"Magalh\u00e3es, M. J., Pontedeira, C., Teixeira, A. M., & Iglesias, C. (2019). Viol\u00eancia no namoro. Resultados nacionais 2018 [Dating violence. National results 2018]. UMAR."},{"key":"915_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McGarry, J., & Hinsliff-Smith, K. (2023). Intimate Partner Violence. In P. Ali, & M. M. Rogers (Eds.), Gender-based violence: A comprehensive guide (pp. 81\u201390). Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-05640-6_6","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-05640-6_6"},{"issue":"5","key":"915_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.25.5.617","volume":"25","author":"LA Melander","year":"2010","unstructured":"Melander, L. A., Noel, H., & Tyler, K. A. (2010). Bidirectional, unidirectional, and nonviolence: A comparison of the predictors among partnered young adults. Violence and Victims, 25(5), 617\u2013630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/0886-6708.25.5.617","journal-title":"Violence and Victims"},{"issue":"2","key":"915_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1177\/1521025115584750","volume":"18","author":"C Mengo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mengo, C., & Black, B. M. (2016). Violence victimization on a college campus: Impact on GPA and school dropout. Journal of College Student Retention: Research Theory & Practice, 18(2), 234\u2013248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1521025115584750","journal-title":"Journal of College Student Retention: Research Theory & Practice"},{"issue":"9","key":"915_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2015.1074135","volume":"24","author":"A Mennicke","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mennicke, A., & Wilke, D. J. (2015). Predicting bidirectional intimate partner violence: Demographic and historical factors that influence initiating threats or use of violence by IPV victims. Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma, 24(9), 1002\u20131021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10926771.2015.1074135","journal-title":"Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma"},{"key":"915_CR58","unstructured":"Neves, S., Jamal, S., Peixoto, S., & Borges, J. (2021). Estudo nacional sobre a viol\u00eancia no namoro no ensino superior: Cren\u00e7as e pr\u00e1ticas\u2013 2017\/2021 [National study on dating violence in higher education: Beliefs and practices\u2013 2017\/2021]. Comiss\u00e3o para a Cidadania e a Igualdade de G\u00e9nero [Commission for Citizenship and Gender Equality]. https:\/\/www.cig.gov.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/EstudoNacional_2017_21.pdf"},{"issue":"3","key":"915_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1891\/vivi.20.3.287","volume":"20","author":"HK Orcutt","year":"2005","unstructured":"Orcutt, H. K., Garcia, M., & Pickett, S. M. (2005). Female-perpetrated intimate partner violence and romantic attachment style in a college student sample. Violence and Victims, 20(3), 287\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/vivi.20.3.287","journal-title":"Violence and Victims"},{"key":"915_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.10.006","volume":"41","author":"CS \u00d8verup","year":"2015","unstructured":"\u00d8verup, C. S., Dibello, A. M., Brunson, J. A., Acitelli, L. K., & Neighbors, C. (2015). Addictive behaviors drowning the pain: Intimate partner violence and drinking to Cope prospectively predict problem drinking. Addictive Behaviors, 41, 152\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.10.006","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"2","key":"915_CR86","first-page":"14","volume":"8","author":"C Paiva","year":"2006","unstructured":"Paiva, C., & Figueiredo, B. (2006). Vers\u00e3o portuguesa das \"escalas de t\u00e1ticas de conflito revisadas\": estudo de valida\u00e7\u00e3o. [Portuguese version of \"revised conflict tactics scales\": validation study]. Psicologia: Teoria e Pr\u00e1tica, 8(2), 14\u201339.","journal-title":"Psicologia: Teoria e Pr\u00e1tica"},{"issue":"1","key":"915_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.28.1.103","volume":"28","author":"N Palmetto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Palmetto, N., Davidson, L. L., Breitbart, V., & Rickert, V. I. (2013). Predictors of physical intimate partner violence in the lives of young women: Victimization, perpetration, and bidirectional violence. Violence and Victims, 28(1), 103\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/0886-6708.28.1.103","journal-title":"Violence and Victims"},{"issue":"4","key":"915_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci12040209","volume":"12","author":"A Portugal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Portugal, A., Caridade, S., Santos, A. S., Sp\u00ednola, J., & Sani, A. (2023). Dating conflict-resolution tactics and exposure to family violence: University students\u2019 experiences. Social Sciences, 12(4), 209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/socsci12040209","journal-title":"Social Sciences"},{"key":"915_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-007-9143-6","volume":"23","author":"M Pr\u00f3spero","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pr\u00f3spero, M. (2008). The effect of coercion on aggression and mental health among reciprocally violent couples. Journal of Family Violence, 23, 195\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10896-007-9143-6","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"issue":"4","key":"915_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1891\/088667007781553928","volume":"22","author":"M Pr\u00f3spero","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pr\u00f3spero, M., & Vohra-Gupta, S. (2007). Gender differences in the relationship between intimate partner violence and perception of dating situations among college students. Violence and Victims, 22(4), 489\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/088667007781553928","journal-title":"Violence and Victims"},{"issue":"3","key":"915_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e080117","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-080117","volume":"14","author":"HP Reyal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Reyal, H. P., Dissanayake, N., Gunarathna, H., Soysa, D., Fernando, M. S., & Senarathna, L. (2024). Association between individual-level socioeconomic factors and intimate partner violence victimisation in women: A systematic review protocol. BMJ Open, 14(3), e080117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-080117","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"915_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"NP2800","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260518767913","volume":"36","author":"LE Ridings","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ridings, L. E., Beasley, L. O., Bohora, S., Espeleta, H. C., & Silovsky, J. F. (2021). The role of social support on depression among vulnerable caregivers reporting bidirectional physical violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(5\u20136), NP2800\u2013NP2822. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260518767913","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"915_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rodriguez, L. M., Beltran, V., & Chenneville, T. (2022). Intimate partner violence in college settings. In R. Geffner, J. W. White, L. K. Hamberger, A. Rosenbaum, V. Vaughan-Eden, & V. I. Vieth (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal violence and abuse across the lifespan (pp. 3317\u20133338). Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-89999-2_138","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-89999-2_138"},{"issue":"6","key":"915_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.23.6.667","volume":"23","author":"C Sabina","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sabina, C., & Straus, M. A. (2008). Polyvictimization by dating partners and mental health among US college students. Violence and Victims, 23(6), 667\u2013682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/0886-6708.23.6.667","journal-title":"Violence and Victims"},{"issue":"1","key":"915_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4013\/ctc.2019.121.01","volume":"12","author":"AP Santos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Santos, A. P., Caridade, S., & Cardoso, J. (2019). Viol\u00eancia Nas rela\u00e7\u00f5es \u00edntimas juvenis: (des)ajustamento psicossocial e estrat\u00e9gias de coping [Violence in dating relationships: Psychosocial (dis)adjustment and coping strategies]. Contextos Cl\u00ednicos, 12(1), 1\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4013\/ctc.2019.121.01","journal-title":"Contextos Cl\u00ednicos"},{"issue":"3","key":"915_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1177\/1557988311429194","volume":"6","author":"RC Shorey","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shorey, R. C., Febres, J., Brasfield, H., & Stuart, G. L. (2012). Male dating violence victimization and adjustment: The moderating role of coping. American Journal of Men\u2019s Health, 6(3), 218\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1557988311429194","journal-title":"American Journal of Men\u2019s Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"915_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-018-0031-z","volume":"34","author":"RC Shorey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shorey, R. C., Stuart, G. L., Brem, M. J., & Parrott, D. J. (2019). Advancing an integrated theory of sexual minority alcohol-related intimate partner violence perpetration. Journal of Family Violence, 34(4), 357\u2013364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10896-018-0031-z","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"key":"915_CR72","unstructured":"Smith, S. G., Zhang, X., Basile, K. C., Merrick, M. T., Wang, J., Kresnow, M., & Chen, J. (2018). The National intimate partner and sexual violence survey (NISVS): 2015 data Brief\u2013 Updated release. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/60893"},{"issue":"9","key":"915_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260503254512","volume":"18","author":"ES Straight","year":"2003","unstructured":"Straight, E. S., Harper, F. W. K., & Arias, I. (2003). The impact of partner psychological abuse on health behaviors and health status in college women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18(9), 1035\u20131054. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260503254512","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"issue":"3","key":"915_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2007.10.004","volume":"30","author":"MA Straus","year":"2008","unstructured":"Straus, M. A. (2008). Dominance and symmetry in partner violence by male and female university students in 32 nations. Children & Youth Services Review, 30(3), 252\u2013275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2007.10.004","journal-title":"Children & Youth Services Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"915_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1177\/019251396017003001","volume":"17","author":"MA Straus","year":"1996","unstructured":"Straus, M. A., Hamby, S. L., Boney-McCoy, S., & Sugarman, D. B. (1996). The revised conflict tactics scales (CTS2): Development and preliminary psychometric data. Journal of Family Issues, 17(3), 283\u2013316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/019251396017003001","journal-title":"Journal of Family Issues"},{"issue":"4","key":"915_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20199","volume":"33","author":"MA Straus","year":"2007","unstructured":"Straus, M. A., & Ramirez, I. L. (2007). Gender symmetry in prevalence, severity, and chronicity of physical aggression against dating partners by university students in Mexico and USA. Aggressive Behavior, 33(4), 281\u2013290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ab.20199","journal-title":"Aggressive Behavior"},{"key":"915_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Straus, M., & Scott, K. (2009). Gender symmetry in partner violence: The evidence, the denial, and the implications for primary prevention and treatment. In D. J. Whitaker, & J. R. Lutzker (Eds.), Preventing partner violence: Research and evidence-based intervention strategies. American Psychological Association.","DOI":"10.1037\/11873-011"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"915_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"NP2251","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520936365","volume":"37","author":"CB Stults","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stults, C. B., Brandt, S. A., Hale, J. F., Rogers, N., Kreienberg, A. E., & Griffin, M. (2022). A qualitative study of intimate partner violence among young gay and bisexual men. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(3\u20134), NP2251\u2013NP2287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260520936365","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"issue":"4","key":"915_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20391","volume":"37","author":"M Testa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Testa, M., Hoffman, J. H., & Leonard, K. E. (2011). Female intimate partner violence perpetration: Stability and predictors of mutual and nonmutual aggression across the first year of college. Aggressive Behavior, 37(4), 362\u2013373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ab.20391","journal-title":"Aggressive Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"915_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6874-14-131","volume":"14","author":"JE Umana","year":"2014","unstructured":"Umana, J. E., Fawole, O. I., & Adeoye, I. A. (2014). Prevalence and correlates of intimate partner violence towards female students of the university of ibadan, Nigeria. BMC Women\u2019s Health, 14(1), 131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6874-14-131","journal-title":"BMC Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"915_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-023-00650-3","author":"D Vasconcelos","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vasconcelos, D., Machado, A., Caridade, S., & Cunha, O. (2023). The influence of bidirectional intimate partner violence on the parent-child relationship. Journal of Family Violence. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10896-023-00650-3","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"key":"915_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wei, D., Hou, F., Cao, W., Hao, C., Gu, J., Peng, L., & Li, J. (2020). Effects of emotion regulation and perpetrator-victim roles in intimate partner violence on mental health problems among men who have sex with men in China. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S2045796020000712","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796020000712"},{"key":"915_CR82","unstructured":"World Health Organization [WHO] (2024). Violence against women. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/violence-against-women"},{"issue":"4","key":"915_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260504267758","volume":"20","author":"MR Yoshioka","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yoshioka, M. R., & Choi, D. Y. (2005). Culture and interpersonal violence research: Paradigm shift to create a full continuum of domestic violence services. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20(4), 513\u2013519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260504267758","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"issue":"8","key":"915_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20719","volume":"27","author":"HM Zinzow","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zinzow, H. M., Resnick, H. S., McCauley, J. L., Amstadter, A. B., Ruggiero, K. J., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (2010). The role of rape tactics in risk for posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression: Results from a National study. Depression & Anxiety, 27(8), 708\u2013715. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/da.20719","journal-title":"Depression & Anxiety"}],"container-title":["Journal of Family Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10896-025-00915-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10896-025-00915-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10896-025-00915-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T03:27:02Z","timestamp":1750217222000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10896-025-00915-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"references-count":88,"alternative-id":["915"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10896-025-00915-z","relation":{"references":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.14195\/1647-8606_59-1_1","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["0885-7482","1573-2851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0885-7482","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 June 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 June 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethic Comission of Lus\u00f3fona University.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"None.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}