{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T16:34:41Z","timestamp":1772555681185,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]],"date-time":"2020-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]],"date-time":"2020-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"name":"COST ACTION 16207","award":["COST-ITCCG-CA16207-347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COST-ITCCG-CA16207-347"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Gambl Stud"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-020-09937-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]],"date-time":"2020-03-13T07:02:52Z","timestamp":1584082972000},"page":"653-668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Neurophysiological Correlates of the Near-Miss Effect in Gambling"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4595-9816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artemisa Rocha","family":"Dores","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tiago","family":"Paiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Irene P.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andreia","family":"Geraldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mark D.","family":"Griffiths","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"9937_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsv033","volume":"10","author":"H Alicart","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alicart, H., Cucurell, D., Mas-Herrero, E., & Marco-Pallar\u00e9s, J. (2015). Human oscillatory activity in near-miss events. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,10(10), 1405\u20131412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/scan\/nsv033.","journal-title":"Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"9937_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.2011.02083.x","volume":"103","author":"J Billieux","year":"2012","unstructured":"Billieux, J., Van der Linden, M., Khazaal, Y., Zullino, D., & Clark, L. (2012). Trait gambling cognitions predict near-miss experiences and persistence in laboratory slot machine gambling. British Journal of Psychology,103(3), 412\u2013427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2044-8295.2011.02083.x.","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9937_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2016.11.001","volume":"21","author":"C Camerer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Camerer, C., & Mobbs, D. (2017). Differences in behavior and brain activity during hypothetical and real choices. Trends Cognitive Science,21(1), 46\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2016.11.001.","journal-title":"Trends Cognitive Science"},{"key":"9937_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0147","volume":"365","author":"L Clark","year":"2010","unstructured":"Clark, L. (2010). Decision-making during gambling: An integration of cognitive and psychobiological approaches. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences,365, 319\u2013330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2009.0147.","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"9937_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.12.031","volume":"61","author":"L Clark","year":"2009","unstructured":"Clark, L., Lawrence, A. J., Astley-Jones, F., & Gray, N. (2009). Gambling near-misses enhance motivation to gamble and recruit win-related brain circuitry. Neuron,61(3), 481\u2013490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.12.031.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"5","key":"9937_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1002\/bdm.1774","volume":"26","author":"L Clark","year":"2013","unstructured":"Clark, L., Liu, R., McKavanagh, R., Garrett, A., Dunn, B. D., & Aitken, M. R. F. (2013). Learning and affect following near-miss outcomes in simulated gambling. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making,26(5), 442\u2013450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bdm.1774.","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Decision Making"},{"issue":"4","key":"9937_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026384011003","volume":"19","author":"D C\u00f4t\u00e9","year":"2003","unstructured":"C\u00f4t\u00e9, D., Caron, A., Aubert, J., Desrochers, V., & Ladouceur, R. (2003). Near-wins prolong gambling on a video lottery terminal. Journal of Gambling Studies,19(4), 433\u2013438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1026384011003.","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"key":"9937_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009","volume":"134","author":"A Delorme","year":"2004","unstructured":"Delorme, A., & Makeig, S. (2004). EEGLAB: An open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. Journal of Neuroscience Methods,134, 9\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009.","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods"},{"issue":"8","key":"9937_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1080.0869","volume":"54","author":"RL Dillon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dillon, R. L., & Tinsley, C. H. (2008). How near-misses influence decision making under risk: A missed opportunity for learning. Management Science,54(8), 1425\u20131440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/mnsc.1080.0869.","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"9937_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2011.589374","volume":"33","author":"S Freitas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Freitas, S., Sim\u00f5es, M. R., Alves, L., & Santana, I. (2011). Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): Normative study for the Portuguese population. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology,33(9), 989\u2013996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803395.2011.589374.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"5563","key":"9937_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1066893","volume":"295","author":"WJ Gehring","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gehring, W. J., & Willoughby, A. R. (2002). The medial frontal cortex and the rapid processing of monetary gains and losses. Science,295(5563), 2279\u20132282.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9937_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.1991.10543298","volume":"125","author":"M Griffiths","year":"1991","unstructured":"Griffiths, M. (1991). Psychobiology of the near-miss in fruit machine gambling. Journal of Psychology,125, 347\u2013357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00223980.1991.10543298.","journal-title":"Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"9937_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1994.tb02529.x","volume":"85","author":"MD Griffiths","year":"1994","unstructured":"Griffiths, M. D. (1994). The role of cognitive bias and skill in fruit machine gambling. British Journal of Psychology,85, 351\u2013369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1994.tb02529.x.","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"9937_CR14","first-page":"23","volume":"10","author":"MD Griffiths","year":"1997","unstructured":"Griffiths, M. D. (1997). The National Lottery and scratchcards: A psychological perspective. The Psychologist: Bulletin of the British Psychological Society,10, 23\u201326.","journal-title":"The Psychologist: Bulletin of the British Psychological Society"},{"issue":"12","key":"9937_CR15","first-page":"246","volume":"1999","author":"MD Griffiths","year":"1999","unstructured":"Griffiths, M. D. (1999). Internet addiction: Fact of fiction? The Psychologist: Bulletin of the British Psychological Society.,1999(12), 246\u2013250.","journal-title":"The Psychologist: Bulletin of the British Psychological Society."},{"issue":"5","key":"9937_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1080\/16066350410001728118","volume":"12","author":"MD Griffiths","year":"2004","unstructured":"Griffiths, M. D., & Parke, J. (2004). Gambling addiction and the evolution of the \u201cnear miss\u201d. Addiction Research & Theory,12(5), 407\u2013411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/16066350410001728118.","journal-title":"Addiction Research & Theory"},{"issue":"3","key":"9937_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.2010.93-313","volume":"93","author":"R Habib","year":"2010","unstructured":"Habib, R., & Dixon, M. R. (2010). Neurobehavioral evidence for the \u201cnear-miss\u201d effect in pathological gamblers. Journal of Experimental Analysis and Behavior,93(3), 313\u2013328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1901\/jeab.2010.93-313.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Analysis and Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"9937_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2005.04.001","volume":"71","author":"G Hajcak","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hajcak, G., Moser, J. S., Holroyd, C. B., & Simons, R. F. (2006). The feedback-related negativity reflects the binary evaluation of good versus bad outcomes. Biological Psychology,71(2), 148\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2005.04.001.","journal-title":"Biological Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"9937_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.109.4.679","volume":"109","author":"CB Holroyd","year":"2002","unstructured":"Holroyd, C. B., & Coles, M. G. H. (2002). The neural basis of human error processing: Reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity. Psychological Review,109(4), 679\u2013709. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295X.109.4.679.","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"9937_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2013.03.024","volume":"247","author":"L Kreussels","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kreussels, L., Hewig, J., Kretschmer, N., Hecht, H., Coles, M. G. H., & Miltner, W. H. R. (2013). How bad was it? Differences in the time course of sensitivity to the magnitude of loss in problem gamblers and controls. Behavioural Brain Research,247, 140\u2013145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2013.03.024.","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"9937_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.32.2.311","volume":"32","author":"EJ Langer","year":"1975","unstructured":"Langer, E. J. (1975). The illusion of control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,32(2), 311\u2013328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.32.2.311.","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"9","key":"9937_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.144.9.1184","volume":"144","author":"HR Lesieur","year":"1987","unstructured":"Lesieur, H. R., & Blume, S. B. (1987). The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS): A new instrument for the identification of pathological gamblers. American Journal of Psychiatry,144(9), 1184\u20131188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/ajp.144.9.1184.","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"9937_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2013.06.011","volume":"89","author":"L Lole","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lole, L., Gonsalvez, C. J., Barry, R. J., & De Blasio, F. M. (2013). Can event-related potentials serve as neural markers for wins, losses, and near-wins in a gambling task? A principal components analysis. International Journal of Psychophysiology,89(3), 390\u2013398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2013.06.011.","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychophysiology"},{"key":"9937_CR24","volume-title":"Epidemiologia de depend\u00eancia de jogo a Dinheiro em Portugal","author":"H Lopes","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lopes, H. (2009). Epidemiologia de depend\u00eancia de jogo a Dinheiro em Portugal. Lisboa: CEA, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa."},{"issue":"213","key":"9937_CR25","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"J Lopez-Calderon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lopez-Calderon, J., & Luck, S. J. (2014). ERPLAB: An open-source toolbox for the analysis of event-related potentials. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,8(213), 1\u201318.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"issue":"18","key":"9937_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e32834da8ae","volume":"22","author":"Q Luo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Luo, Q., Wang, Y., & Qu, C. (2011). The near-miss effect in slot-machine gambling: Modulation of feedback-related negativity by subjective value. NeuroReport,22(18), 989\u2013993. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WNR.0b013e32834da8ae.","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"9937_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327957PSPR0703_04","volume":"7","author":"KD Markman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Markman, K. D., & McMullen, M. N. (2003). A reflection and evaluation model of comparative thinking. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 7, 244\u2013267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15327957PSPR0703_04.","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"9937_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e66350","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066350","volume":"8","author":"F Mushtaq","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mushtaq, F., Stoet, G., Bland, A. R., & Schaefer, A. (2013). Relative changes from prior reward contingencies can constrain brain correlates of outcome monitoring. PLoS ONE,8(6), e66350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0066350.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"9937_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2004.05.003","volume":"28","author":"S Nieuwenhuis","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nieuwenhuis, S., Holroyd, C. B., & Mol, M. G. (2004). Reinforcement-related brain potentials from medial frontal cortex: Origins and functional significance. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Review,28(4), 441\u2013448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2004.05.003.","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"9937_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2011.01.059","volume":"493","author":"S Qi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Qi, S., Ding, C., Song, Y., & Yang, D. (2011). Neural correlates of near-misses effect in gambling. Neuroscience Letters,493(3), 80\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet.2011.01.059.","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"issue":"1","key":"9937_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01019932","volume":"2","author":"RL Reid","year":"1986","unstructured":"Reid, R. L. (1986). The psychology of the near miss. Journal of Gambling Behavior,2(1), 32\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01019932.","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Behavior"},{"issue":"10","key":"9937_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2614","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.43","volume":"41","author":"G Sescousse","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sescousse, G., Janssen, L. K., Hashemi, M. M., Timmer, M. H., Geurts, D. E., ter Huurne, N. P., et al. (2016). Amplified striatal responses to near-miss outcomes in pathological gamblers. Neuropsychopharmacology,41(10), 2614\u20132623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/npp.2016.43.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"9","key":"9937_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12232","volume":"51","author":"N Ulrich","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ulrich, N., & Hewig, J. (2014). A miss is as good as a mile? Processing of near and full outcomes in a gambling paradigm. Psychophysiology,51(9), 819\u2013823. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/psyp.12232.","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"Part B","key":"9937_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.10.011","volume":"132","author":"N Ulrich","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ulrich, N., & Hewig, J. (2018). Electrophysiological correlates of near outcome and outcome sequence processing in problem gamblers and controls. International Journal of Psychophysiology,132(Part B), 379\u2013392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.10.011.","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"9937_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1031(02)00525-5","volume":"39","author":"MJA Wohl","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wohl, M. J. A., & Enzle, M. E. (2003). The effects of near wins and near losses on self-perceived personal luck and subsequent gambling behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,39(2), 184\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-1031(02)00525-5.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9937_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0191110","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191110","volume":"13","author":"Y Wu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Sescousse, G., Yu, H., Clark, L., & Li, H. (2018). Cognitive distortions and gambling near-misses in internet gaming disorder: A preliminary study. PLoS ONE,13(1), e0191110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0191110.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"9937_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12336","volume":"52","author":"Y Wu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wu, Y., van Dijk, E., & Clark, L. (2015). Near-wins and near-losses in gambling: A behavioral and facial EMG study. Psychophysiology,52(3), 359\u2013466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/psyp.12336.","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"9937_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1002\/bdm.2010","volume":"30","author":"Y Wu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wu, Y., van Dijk, E., Li, H., Aitken, M., & Clark, L. (2017). On the counterfactual nature of gambling near-misses: An experimental study. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making,30(4), 855\u2013868. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bdm.2010.","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Decision Making"},{"key":"9937_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2018.03.032","volume":"129","author":"J Xia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xia, J., Wu, D., & Xu, X. (2018). Susceptibility to the gambling near-win effect in optimists versus pessimists: An event-related potential study. Personality and Individual Differences,129, 159\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2018.03.032.","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"2","key":"9937_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1027\/1618-3169\/a000231","volume":"61","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang, Q., & Covey, J. (2014). Past and future implications of near-misses and their emotional consequences. Experimental Psychology,61(2), 118\u2013126.","journal-title":"Experimental Psychology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Gambling Studies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10899-020-09937-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10899-020-09937-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10899-020-09937-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,13]],"date-time":"2021-03-13T00:09:53Z","timestamp":1615594193000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10899-020-09937-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["9937"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-020-09937-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-3602"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-3602","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 March 2020","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"Part of this work was previously presented at the 5th International Conference on Behavioral Addictions 2018 and Lisbon Addictions 2019. The authors report no conflict of interest with respect to the content of this manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the ethics committee of the research team\u2019s university and followed the Declaration of Helsinki, the European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity, and General Data Protection Regulation recently approved (2016) for EU countries.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Research Involving Human Participants and\/or Animals"}},{"value":"The data were collected in accordance with established ethical standards, namely \u201cinformed consent\u201d.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}}]}}