{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T09:19:39Z","timestamp":1770283179754,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744243200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRT\/BD\/154830\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRT\/BD\/154830\/2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/05210\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05210\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007157","name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007157","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Gambl Stud"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Gambling disorder (GD) is associated with deficits in various cognitive functions. Specifically for executive function (EF), previous findings are inconsistent, despite deficits being reported for shifting, inhibition, planning, and working memory domains. Although a worse performance in EF measures related to GD severity is often reported, there is a need to clarify current evidence. This study aims to systematically review and perform a meta-analysis to clarify the association between EF deficits and GD. The current study followed the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses protocols. The meta-analysis used a random effects model and robust variance estimation to analyze the data, using Hedge\u2019s g to report effect sizes. A total of 21 studies were systematically reviewed, of which 17 were included for meta-analysis. Meta-analysis was performed for shifting, inhibition, planning, and verbal fluency. Due to a lower number of studies, working memory data was systematically reviewed, but no meta-analysis was performed. Significant effect sizes were found for shifting and inhibition, indicative of deficits in participants with GD. No significant deficits were found for the other EF domains. Working memory results revealed inconsistent evidence, even when divided into verbal and visuospatial modalities. There is enough evidence of deficits in shifting and inhibition in participants with GD. However, better sample characterization should be considered in future studies to better understand the sources of potential heterogeneity. Consideration of gambling severity as a continuous variable could allow for a more detailed analysis of EF alterations across the various degrees of GD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-025-10383-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T07:54:52Z","timestamp":1744271692000},"page":"449-488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Executive Function in Gambling Disorder: A Meta-analysis on Neuropsychological Evidence"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6361-1066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Peixoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Artemisa","family":"Dores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"10383_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-022-00963-2","author":"R Aidelbaum","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aidelbaum, R., Hodgins, D. C., & Goghari, V. M. (2023). A family study of executive function in gambling disorder. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11469-022-00963-2","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction"},{"issue":"5","key":"10383_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2018.1439830","volume":"26","author":"SL Aita","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aita, S. L., Beach, J. D., Taylor, S. E., Borgogna, N. C., Harrell, M. N., & Hill, B. D. (2019). Executive, language, or both? An examination of the construct validity of verbal fluency measures. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 26(5), 441\u2013451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23279095.2018.1439830","journal-title":"Applied Neuropsychology: Adult"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10383_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.03.008","volume":"126","author":"N Albein-Urios","year":"2012","unstructured":"Albein-Urios, N., Martinez-Gonz\u00e1lez, J. M., Lozano, \u00d3., Clark, L., & Verdejo-Garc\u00eda, A. (2012). Comparison of impulsivity and working memory in cocaine addiction and pathological gambling: Implications for cocaine-induced neurotoxicity. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 126(1\u20132), 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.03.008","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"10383_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Substance-related and addictive disorders. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5.a ed.).","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787"},{"issue":"5","key":"10383_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2012.05.022","volume":"49","author":"AK Barbey","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barbey, A. K., Koenigs, M., & Grafman, J. (2013). Dorsolateral prefrontal contributions to human working memory. Cortex, 49(5), 1195\u20131205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2012.05.022","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"3","key":"10383_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2010.01.002","volume":"72","author":"WK Berg","year":"2010","unstructured":"Berg, W. K., Byrd, D. L., McNamara, J. P. H., & Case, K. (2010). Deconstructing the tower: Parameters and predictors of problem difficulty on the tower of London task. Brain and Cognition, 72(3), 472\u2013482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bandc.2010.01.002","journal-title":"Brain and Cognition"},{"key":"10383_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boog, M., H\u00f6ppener, P., vd Wetering, B. J., Goudriaan, A. E., Boog, M. C., & Franken, I. H. (2014). Cognitive inflexibility in gamblers is primarily present in reward-related decision making.\u00a0Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,\u00a08, 569.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00569","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00569"},{"key":"10383_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J., & Rothstein, H. (2009). Prediction intervals. In Introduction to meta-analysis (1.a ed.). John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470743386"},{"issue":"4","key":"10383_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1556\/JBA.3.2014.4.6","volume":"3","author":"S-W Choi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Choi, S.-W., Kim, H., Kim, G.-Y., Jeon, Y., Park, S., Lee, J.-Y., Jung, H., Sohn, B., Choi, J.-S., & Kim, D.-J. (2014). Similarities and differences among Internet gaming disorder, gambling disorder and alcohol use disorder: A focus on impulsivity and compulsivity. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 3(4), 246\u2013253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/JBA.3.2014.4.6","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions"},{"issue":"4","key":"10383_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-017-9683-5","volume":"33","author":"NS Chowdhury","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chowdhury, N. S., Livesey, E. J., Blaszczynski, A., & Harris, J. A. (2017). Pathological gambling and motor impulsivity: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Journal of Gambling Studies, 33(4), 1213\u20131239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-017-9683-5","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10383_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(00)00183-X","volume":"63","author":"L Clark","year":"2001","unstructured":"Clark, L., Iversen, S. D., & Goodwin, G. M. (2001). The influence of positive and negative mood states on risk taking, verbal fluency, and salivary cortisol. Journal of Affective Disorders, 63(1\u20133), 179\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0165-0327(00)00183-X","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"10383_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2005.05.008","volume":"40","author":"D Clarke","year":"2006","unstructured":"Clarke, D. (2006). Impulsivity as a mediator in the relationship between depression and problem gambling. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(1), 5\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2005.05.008","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"1","key":"10383_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2307\/3001666","volume":"10","author":"WG Cochran","year":"1954","unstructured":"Cochran, W. G. (1954). The combination of estimates from different experiments. Biometrics, 10(1), 101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/3001666","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"10","key":"10383_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12101335","volume":"12","author":"L Colautti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Colautti, L., Antonietti, A., & Iannello, P. (2022). Executive functions in decision making under ambiguity and risk in healthy adults: A scoping review adopting the hot and cold executive functions perspective. Brain Sciences, 12(10), 1335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci12101335","journal-title":"Brain Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10383_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3109\/10673229.2012.694318","volume":"20","author":"C Conversano","year":"2012","unstructured":"Conversano, C., Marazziti, D., Carmassi, C., Baldini, S., Barnabei, G., & Dell\u2019Osso, L. (2012). Pathological gambling: A systematic review of biochemical, neuroimaging, and neuropsychological findings. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 20(3), 130\u2013148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/10673229.2012.694318","journal-title":"Harvard Review of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10383_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-016-1191-6","volume":"24","author":"N Cowan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cowan, N. (2017). The many faces of working memory and short-term storage. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 24(4), 1158\u20131170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13423-016-1191-6","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"issue":"9","key":"10383_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.02.013","volume":"39","author":"MA Cyders","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cyders, M. A., Littlefield, A. K., Coffey, S., & Karyadi, K. A. (2014). Examination of a short english version of the UPPS-P impulsive behavior scale. Addictive Behaviors, 39(9), 1372\u20131376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.02.013","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"10383_CR18","unstructured":"D\u2019Esposito, M., & Postle, B. (2002). The neural basis of working memory storage, rehearsal, and control processes: Evidence from patient and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. In L. Squire & D. Schacter (Eds.), Neuropsychology of Memory (3.a ed., pp. 215\u2013219). The Guilford Press."},{"issue":"4","key":"10383_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.175","volume":"34","author":"MB De Ruiter","year":"2009","unstructured":"De Ruiter, M. B., Veltman, D. J., Goudriaan, A. E., Oosterlaan, J., Sjoerds, Z., & Van Den Brink, W. (2009). Response perseveration and ventral prefrontal sensitivity to reward and punishment in male problem gamblers and smokers. Neuropsychopharmacology, 34(4), 1027\u20131038. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/npp.2008.175","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10383_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.6.2017.001","volume":"6","author":"F Del Prete","year":"2017","unstructured":"Del Prete, F., Steward, T., Navas, J. F., Fern\u00e1ndez-Aranda, F., Jim\u00e9nez-Murcia, S., Oei, T. P. S., & Perales, J. C. (2017). The role of affect-driven impulsivity in gambling cognitions: A convenience-sample study with a Spanish version of the gambling-related cognitions scale. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6(1), 51\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2006.6.2017.001","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions"},{"issue":"3","key":"10383_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.5750\/jgbe.v7i3.817","volume":"7","author":"P Delfabbro","year":"2013","unstructured":"Delfabbro, P. (2013). Problem and pathological gambling: A conceptual review. The Journal of Gambling Business and Economics, 7(3), 35\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5750\/jgbe.v7i3.817","journal-title":"The Journal of Gambling Business and Economics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10383_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2015.1068351","volume":"15","author":"G Devos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Devos, G., Clark, L., Maurage, P., Kazimierczuk, M., & Billieux, J. (2015). Reduced inhibitory control predicts persistence in laboratory slot machine gambling. International Gambling Studies, 15(3), 408\u2013421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14459795.2015.1068351","journal-title":"International Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"12","key":"10383_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011458","volume":"6","author":"MJ Downes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Downes, M. J., Brennan, M. L., Williams, H. C., & Dean, R. S. (2016). Development of a critical appraisal tool to assess the quality of cross-sectional studies (AXIS). British Medical Journal Open, 6(12), e011458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011458","journal-title":"British Medical Journal Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"10383_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000051","volume":"15","author":"EJ Edwards","year":"2015","unstructured":"Edwards, E. J., Edwards, M. S., & Lyvers, M. (2015). Cognitive trait anxiety, situational stress, and mental effort predict shifting efficiency: Implications for attentional control theory. Emotion, 15(3), 350\u2013359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/emo0000051","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"7109","key":"10383_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","volume":"315","author":"M Egger","year":"1997","unstructured":"Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ, 315(7109), 629\u2013634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"10383_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-017-9804-5","volume":"16","author":"JD Ellis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ellis, J. D., Carr, M. M., & Ledgerwood, D. M. (2018). Executive function in problem gamblers with and without history of depression. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 16(5), 1085\u20131094. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11469-017-9804-5","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction"},{"key":"10383_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S135561770707052X","author":"G Fein","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fein, G., Mcgillivray, S., & Finn, P. (2007). Older adults make less advantageous decisions than younger adults: Cognitive and psychological correlates. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S135561770707052X","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"},{"key":"10383_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2023.2224478","author":"A Firoozabadi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Firoozabadi, A., Razavian, Y., Saleh, S., & Hosseini, S. R. (2023). The comparison of neurocognitive functions between internet-addicted, methamphetamine users, and healthy participants. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23279095.2023.2224478","journal-title":"Applied Neuropsychology: Adult"},{"issue":"3","key":"10383_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-022-10180-0","volume":"39","author":"E Gabellini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gabellini, E., Lucchini, F., & Gattoni, M. E. (2022). Prevalence of problem gambling: A meta-analysis of recent empirical research (2016\u20132022). Journal of Gambling Studies, 39(3), 1027\u20131057. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-022-10180-0","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"10383_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16306","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16433-y","volume":"7","author":"A Genauck","year":"2017","unstructured":"Genauck, A., Quester, S., W\u00fcstenberg, T., M\u00f6rsen, C., Heinz, A., & Romanczuk-Seiferth, N. (2017). Reduced loss aversion in pathological gambling and alcohol dependence is associated with differential alterations in amygdala and prefrontal functioning. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 16306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-16433-y","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"10383_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2004.09.007","volume":"139","author":"I Goethals","year":"2005","unstructured":"Goethals, I., Audenaert, K., Jacobs, F., Van De Wiele, C., Ham, H., Pyck, H., Vandierendonck, A., Van Heeringen, C., & Dierckx, R. (2005). Blunted prefrontal perfusion in depressed patients performing the Tower of London task. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 139(1), 31\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2004.09.007","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging"},{"issue":"4","key":"10383_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01380.x","volume":"101","author":"AE Goudriaan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Goudriaan, A. E., Oosterlaan, J., De Beurs, E., & Van Den Brink, W. (2006). Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling: A comparison with alcohol dependence, tourette syndrome and normal controls. Addiction, 101(4), 534\u2013547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01380.x","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"4","key":"10383_CR33","first-page":"48","volume":"112","author":"AE Goudriaan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Goudriaan, A. E., & Van Holst, R. J. (2012). Clinical implications of neuroscientific findings for addictive disorders: The case of problem gambling. Acta Psychiatrica Belgica, 112(4), 48\u201351.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Belgica"},{"key":"10383_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2015.10.007","volume":"65","author":"JE Grant","year":"2016","unstructured":"Grant, J. E., Odlaug, B. L., & Chamberlain, S. R. (2016). Neural and psychological underpinnings of gambling disorder: A review. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 65, 188\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2015.10.007","journal-title":"Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"10383_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S451","DOI":"10.4103\/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_41_18","volume":"60","author":"A Gupta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gupta, A., Murthy, P., & Rao, S. (2018). Brief screening for cognitive impairment in addictive disorders. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 60(Suppl 4), S451\u2013S456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_41_18","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10383_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.2307\/1164588","volume":"6","author":"LV Hedges","year":"1981","unstructured":"Hedges, L. V. (1981). Distribution theory for Glass\u2019s estimator of effect size and related estimators. Journal of Educational Statistics, 6(2), 107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1164588","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Statistics"},{"key":"10383_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604","volume-title":"Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions","author":"J Higgins","year":"2019","unstructured":"Higgins, J., & Green, S. (2019). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. John Wiley&Sons."},{"key":"10383_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199594818.003.0051","volume-title":"Neurodevelopmental disorders across the lifespan: Lessons from Williams syndrome","author":"K Hudson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hudson, K., & Farran, E. (2011). Executive function and motor planning. In E. Farran & A. Karmiloff-Smith (Eds.), Neurodevelopmental disorders across the lifespan: Lessons from Williams syndrome (pp. 165\u2013181). Oxford University Press."},{"issue":"4","key":"10383_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852912000545","volume":"17","author":"J-W Hur","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hur, J.-W., Shin, N. Y., Kim, S. N., Jang, J. H., Choi, J.-S., Shin, Y.-C., & Kwon, J. S. (2012). Do pathological gambling and obsessive-compulsive disorder overlap? A Neurocognitive Perspective. CNS Spectrums, 17(4), 207\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1092852912000545","journal-title":"A Neurocognitive Perspective. CNS Spectrums"},{"key":"10383_CR40","unstructured":"Internovi. (2015). ProMeta 3 (Vers\u00e3o 3.0) [Software]. https:\/\/idostatistics.com\/prometa3\/"},{"issue":"8","key":"10383_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0393-9","volume":"44","author":"K Ioannidis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ioannidis, K., Hook, R., Wickham, K., Grant, J. E., & Chamberlain, S. R. (2019). Impulsivity in gambling disorder and problem gambling: A meta-analysis. Neuropsychopharmacology, 44(8), 1354\u20131361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41386-019-0393-9","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10383_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.2003.92.3c.1203","volume":"92","author":"J Joukhador","year":"2003","unstructured":"Joukhador, J., Maccallum, F., & Blaszczynski, A. (2003). Differences in cognitive distortions between problem and social gamblers. Psychological Reports, 92, 1203\u20131214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2466\/pr0.2003.92.3c.1203","journal-title":"Psychological Reports"},{"issue":"4","key":"10383_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-018-9758-y","volume":"34","author":"A Kapsomenakis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kapsomenakis, A., Simos, P. G., Konstantakopoulos, G., & Kasselimis, D. S. (2018). In search of executive impairment in pathological gambling: A neuropsychological study on non-treatment seeking gamblers. Journal of Gambling Studies, 34(4), 1327\u20131340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-018-9758-y","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"10383_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2007.06.026","volume":"161","author":"S Kertzman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kertzman, S., Lowengrub, K., Aizer, A., Vainder, M., Kotler, M., & Dannon, P. N. (2008). Go\u2013no-go performance in pathological gamblers. Psychiatry Research, 161(1), 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2007.06.026","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"10383_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00652","volume":"9","author":"SG Kertzman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kertzman, S. G., Poyurovski, M., Faragian, S., Weizman, R., Cohen, K., Aizer, A., Weizman, A., & Dannon, P. N. (2018). Distinct response inhibition patterns in obsessive compulsive disorder patients and pathological gamblers. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 652. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00652","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10383_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2009.10.003","volume":"75","author":"H Klumpp","year":"2010","unstructured":"Klumpp, H., & Deldin, P. (2010). Review of brain functioning in depression for semantic processing and verbal fluency. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 75(2), 77\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2009.10.003","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10383_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2012.00280.x","volume":"21","author":"B Knezevic","year":"2012","unstructured":"Knezevic, B., & Ledgerwood, D. M. (2012). Gambling severity, impulsivity, and psychopathology: Comparison of treatment- and community-recruited pathological gamblers. The American Journal on Addictions, 21(6), 508\u2013515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2012.00280.x","journal-title":"The American Journal on Addictions"},{"issue":"11","key":"10383_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.05.021","volume":"39","author":"A Kr\u00e4plin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kr\u00e4plin, A., B\u00fchringer, G., Oosterlaan, J., van den Brink, W., Goschke, T., & Goudriaan, A. E. (2014). Dimensions and disorder specificity of impulsivity in pathological gambling. Addictive Behaviors, 39(11), 1646\u20131651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.05.021","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"11","key":"10383_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3507","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-022-06224-3","volume":"239","author":"A Kr\u00e4plin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kr\u00e4plin, A., Joshanloo, M., Wolff, M., Kr\u00f6nke, K.-M., Goschke, T., B\u00fchringer, G., & Smolka, M. N. (2022). The relationship between executive functioning and addictive behavior: New insights from a longitudinal community study. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 239(11), 3507\u20133524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-022-06224-3","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10383_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-4-492","volume":"4","author":"FD Lai","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lai, F. D., Ip, A. K., & Lee, T. M. (2011). Impulsivity and pathological gambling: Is it a state or a trait problem? BMC Research Notes, 4(1), 492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1756-0500-4-492","journal-title":"BMC Research Notes"},{"issue":"1","key":"10383_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-010-9237-6","volume":"28","author":"DM Ledgerwood","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ledgerwood, D. M., Orr, E. S., Kaploun, K. A., Milosevic, A., Frisch, G. R., Rupcich, N., & Lundahl, L. H. (2012). Executive function in pathological gamblers and healthy controls. Journal of Gambling Studies, 28(1), 89\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-010-9237-6","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"10383_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-019-09402-x","volume":"29","author":"RSC Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee, R. S. C., Hoppenbrouwers, S., & Franken, I. (2019). A systematic meta-review of impulsivity and compulsivity in addictive behaviors. Neuropsychology Review, 29(1), 14\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11065-019-09402-x","journal-title":"Neuropsychology Review"},{"key":"10383_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2016.06.010","volume":"81","author":"EW Leppink","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leppink, E. W., Redden, S. A., Chamberlain, S. R., & Grant, J. E. (2016a). Cognitive flexibility correlates with gambling severity in young adults. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 81, 9\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2016.06.010","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10383_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12341","volume":"25","author":"EW Leppink","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leppink, E. W., Redden, S. A., & Grant, J. E. (2016b). Impulsivity and gambling: A complex clinical association across three measures: A complex association between impulsivity and gambling. The American Journal on Addictions, 25(2), 138\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ajad.12341","journal-title":"The American Journal on Addictions"},{"key":"10383_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2024.101402","volume":"58","author":"TV Lim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lim, T. V., & Ersche, K. D. (2024). Differential profiles of cognitive and behavioral inflexibility in addictive disorders. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 58, 101402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cobeha.2024.101402","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"10383_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1080\/87565640902964540","volume":"34","author":"M Luciana","year":"2009","unstructured":"Luciana, M., Collins, P. F., Olson, E. A., & Schissel, A. M. (2009). Tower of London performance in healthy adolescents: The development of planning skills and associations with self-reported inattention and impulsivity. Developmental Neuropsychology, 34(4), 461\u2013475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/87565640902964540","journal-title":"Developmental Neuropsychology"},{"key":"10383_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106683","volume":"113","author":"N Mallorqu\u00ed-Bagu\u00e9","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mallorqu\u00ed-Bagu\u00e9, N., Mestre-Bach, G., Lozano-Madrid, M., Granero, R., Vintr\u00f3-Alcaraz, C., Fern\u00e1ndez-Aranda, F., G\u00f3mez-Pe\u00f1a, M., Moragas, L., Del Pino-Gutierrez, A., Mench\u00f3n, J. M., & Jim\u00e9nez-Murcia, S. (2021). Gender and gambling disorder: Differences in compulsivity-related neurocognitive domains. Addictive Behaviors, 113, 106683. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106683","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"1","key":"10383_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-017-9724-0","volume":"34","author":"N Mallorqu\u00ed-Bagu\u00e9","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mallorqu\u00ed-Bagu\u00e9, N., Tolosa-Sola, I., Fern\u00e1ndez-Aranda, F., Granero, R., Fagundo, A. B., Lozano-Madrid, M., Mestre-Bach, G., G\u00f3mez-Pe\u00f1a, M., Aymam\u00ed, N., Borr\u00e1s-Gonz\u00e1lez, I., S\u00e1nchez-Gonz\u00e1lez, J., Ba\u00f1o, M., Del Pino-Guti\u00e9rrez, A., Mench\u00f3n, J. M., & Jim\u00e9nez-Murcia, S. (2018). Cognitive deficits in executive functions and decision-making impairments cluster gambling disorder sub-types. Journal of Gambling Studies, 34(1), 209\u2013223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-017-9724-0","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"10383_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2013.829516","volume":"13","author":"V Manning","year":"2013","unstructured":"Manning, V., Teoh, H. C., Guo, S., Wong, K. E., & Li, T.-K. (2013). Executive functioning in Asian pathological gamblers. International Gambling Studies, 13(3), 403\u2013416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14459795.2013.829516","journal-title":"International Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"10383_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-0179-4-7","volume":"4","author":"D Marazziti","year":"2008","unstructured":"Marazziti, D., Catena Dell\u2019Osso, M., Conversano, C., Consoli, G., Vivarelli, L., Mungai, F., Di Nasso, E., & Golia, F. (2008). Executive function abnormalities in pathological gamblers. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 4(1), 7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1745-0179-4-7","journal-title":"Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10383_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.04.011","volume":"94","author":"J Markelalerenc","year":"2006","unstructured":"Markelalerenc, J., Kaiser, S., Fiedler, P., Weisbrod, M., & Mundt, C. (2006). Stroop performance in depressive patients: A preliminary report. Journal of Affective Disorders, 94(1\u20133), 261\u2013267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2006.04.011","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"10383_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-013-9421-6","volume":"31","author":"HHC Marmurek","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marmurek, H. H. C., Switzer, J., & D\u2019Alvise, J. (2015). Impulsivity, gambling cognitions, and the gambler\u2019s fallacy in university students. Journal of Gambling Studies, 31(1), 197\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-013-9421-6","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"10383_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2012.031","volume":"22","author":"ML McHugh","year":"2012","unstructured":"McHugh, M. L. (2012). Interrater reliability: The kappa statistic. Biochemia Medica, 22(3), 276\u2013282.","journal-title":"Biochemia Medica"},{"issue":"2","key":"10383_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.6.2017.029","volume":"6","author":"GC Medeiros","year":"2017","unstructured":"Medeiros, G. C., Redden, S. A., Chamberlain, S. R., & Grant, J. E. (2017). Gambling disorder: Association between duration of illness, clinical, and neurocognitive variables. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6(2), 194\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2006.6.2017.029","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions"},{"issue":"3","key":"10383_CR65","first-page":"287","volume":"34","author":"T Medeiros","year":"2014","unstructured":"Medeiros, T., Lopes, E., Macedo, G., & Monteiro, L. (2014). Coping, executive functioning, inhibitory control and decision-making in a sample of depressed suicidal patients. Clinical and Biomedical Research, 34(3), 287\u2013296.","journal-title":"Clinical and Biomedical Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10383_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s40473-020-00212-7","volume":"7","author":"G Mestre-Bach","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mestre-Bach, G., Fern\u00e1ndez-Aranda, F., Jim\u00e9nez-Murcia, S., & Potenza, M. N. (2020a). Decision-making in gambling disorder, problematic pornography use, and binge-eating disorder: Similarities and differences. Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports, 7(3), 97\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40473-020-00212-7","journal-title":"Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"10383_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-57117-z","volume":"10","author":"G Mestre-Bach","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mestre-Bach, G., Steward, T., Granero, R., Fern\u00e1ndez-Aranda, F., Mena-Moreno, T., Vintr\u00f3-Alcaraz, C., Lozano-Madrid, M., Mench\u00f3n, J. M., Potenza, M. N., & Jim\u00e9nez-Murcia, S. (2020b). Dimensions of impulsivity in gambling disorder. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-57117-z","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"10383_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.1999.0734","volume":"41","author":"A Miyake","year":"2000","unstructured":"Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex \u201cFrontal Lobe\u201d tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41(1), 49\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/cogp.1999.0734","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"10383_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.04.025","volume":"78","author":"L Moccia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moccia, L., Pettorruso, M., De Crescenzo, F., De Risio, L., Di Nuzzo, L., Martinotti, G., Bifone, A., Janiri, L., & Di Nicola, M. (2017). Neural correlates of cognitive control in gambling disorder: A systematic review of fMRI studies. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 78, 104\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.04.025","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"8","key":"10383_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000051","volume":"142","author":"TP Moran","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moran, T. P. (2016). Anxiety and working memory capacity: A meta-analysis and narrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 142(8), 831\u2013864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/bul0000051","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"10383_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2023.152408","volume":"126","author":"R Ngetich","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ngetich, R., Burleigh, T. L., Czak\u00f3, A., V\u00e9kony, T., N\u00e9meth, D., & Demetrovics, Z. (2023). Working memory performance in disordered gambling and gaming: A systematic review. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 126, 152408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comppsych.2023.152408","journal-title":"Comprehensive Psychiatry"},{"key":"10383_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2016.10.006","volume":"72","author":"J Nie","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nie, J., Zhang, W., & Liu, Y. (2017). Exploring depression, self-esteem and verbal fluency with different degrees of internet addiction among Chinese college students. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 72, 114\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comppsych.2016.10.006","journal-title":"Comprehensive Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"10383_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711000316","volume":"41","author":"BL Odlaug","year":"2011","unstructured":"Odlaug, B. L., Chamberlain, S. R., Kim, S. W., Schreiber, L. R. N., & Grant, J. E. (2011). A neurocognitive comparison of cognitive flexibility and response inhibition in gamblers with varying degrees of clinical severity. Psychological Medicine, 41(10), 2111\u20132119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291711000316","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"10383_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Oscar-Berman, M., Valmas, M. M., Sawyer, K. S., Ruiz, S. M., Luhar, R. B., & Gravitz, Z. R. (2014). Profiles of impaired, spared, and recovered neuropsychologic processes in alcoholism. In Handbook of clinical neurology (Vol. 125, pp. 183\u2013210). Elsevier. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-444-62619-6.00012-4","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-62619-6.00012-4"},{"issue":"1","key":"10383_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","volume":"5","author":"M Ouzzani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ouzzani, M., Hammady, H., Fedorowicz, Z., & Elmagarmid, A. (2016). Rayyan\u2014A web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews, 5(1), 210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","journal-title":"Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10383_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hr\u00f3bjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., \u2026 Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n71","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10383_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-79948-3_1423","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of clinical neuropsychology","author":"J Patterson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Patterson, J. (2011). Verbal fluency. In J. S. Kreutzer, J. DeLuca, & B. Caplan (Eds.), Encyclopedia of clinical neuropsychology (pp. 2603\u20132606). Springer New York. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-0-387-79948-3_1423"},{"issue":"2","key":"10383_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2020.00021","volume":"9","author":"B Penolazzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Penolazzi, B., Del Missier, F., Stramaccia, D. F., Monego, A. L., Castelli, L., Manzan, A., Bertoli, M., & Galfano, G. (2020). Testing the transdiagnostic hypothesis of inhibitory control deficits in addictions: An experimental study on gambling disorder. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 9(2), 339\u2013346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2006.2020.00021","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions"},{"key":"10383_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631458","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.631458","volume":"12","author":"LH Phillips","year":"2021","unstructured":"Phillips, L. H., Lawrie, L., Schaefer, A., Tan, C. Y., & Yong, M. H. (2021). The effects of adult ageing and culture on the Tower of London task. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 631458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.631458","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"s1","key":"10383_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01591.x","volume":"101","author":"MN Potenza","year":"2006","unstructured":"Potenza, M. N. (2006). Should addictive disorders include non-substance-related conditions? Addiction, 101(s1), 142\u2013151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01591.x","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10383_CR81","unstructured":"Pustejovsky, J. (2024). _clubSandwich: Cluster-Robust (Sandwich) Variance Estimators with Small-Sample Corrections_ (Vers\u00e3o R package version 0.5.11) [Software]. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=clubSandwich"},{"issue":"3","key":"10383_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-021-01246-3","volume":"23","author":"J Pustejovsky","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pustejovsky, J., & Tipton, E. (2022). Meta-analysis with robust variance rstimation: Expanding the range of working models. Prevention Science, 23(3), 425\u2013438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11121-021-01246-3","journal-title":"Prevention Science"},{"key":"10383_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S118818","volume":"13","author":"G Quintero","year":"2016","unstructured":"Quintero, G. (2016). A biopsychological review of gambling disorder. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 13, 51\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/NDT.S118818","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment"},{"key":"10383_CR84","unstructured":"R core team. (2024). R: A language and environment for statistical computing (Vers\u00e3o 4.3.3) [Software]. https:\/\/www.r-project.org"},{"key":"10383_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.11.027","volume":"120","author":"S Raimo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Raimo, S., Cropano, M., Trojano, L., & Santangelo, G. (2021). The neural basis of gambling disorder: An activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 120, 279\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.11.027","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"9","key":"10383_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.3109\/00207454.2012.673516","volume":"122","author":"RC Reid","year":"2012","unstructured":"Reid, R. C., McKittrick, H. L., Davtian, M., & Fong, T. W. (2012). Self-reported differences on measures of executive function in a patient sample of pathological gamblers. International Journal of Neuroscience, 122(9), 500\u2013505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00207454.2012.673516","journal-title":"International Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10383_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.12.061","volume":"139","author":"G Repov\u0160","year":"2006","unstructured":"Repov\u0160, G., & Baddeley, A. (2006). The multi-component model of working memory: Explorations in experimental cognitive psychology. Neuroscience, 139(1), 5\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.12.061","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"10383_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000510","volume":"33","author":"BW Reynolds","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reynolds, B. W., Basso, M. R., Miller, A. K., Whiteside, D. M., & Combs, D. (2019). Executive function, impulsivity, and risky behaviors in young adults. Neuropsychology, 33(2), 212\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/neu0000510","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10383_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617709090626","volume":"15","author":"I S\u00e1nchez-Cubillo","year":"2009","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Cubillo, I., Peri\u00e1\u00f1ez, J. A., Adrover-Roig, D., Rodr\u00edguez-S\u00e1nchez, J. M., R\u00edos-Lago, M., Tirapu, J., & Barcel\u00f3, F. (2009). Construct validity of the Trail Making Test: Role of task-switching, working memory, inhibition\/interference control, and visuomotor abilities. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 15(3), 438\u2013450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1355617709090626","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"},{"issue":"3","key":"10383_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-017-9741-z","volume":"34","author":"M Schiavella","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schiavella, M., Pelagatti, M., Westin, J., Lepore, G., & Cherubini, P. (2018). Profiling online poker players: Are executive functions correlated with poker ability and problem gambling? Journal of Gambling Studies, 34(3), 823\u2013851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-017-9741-z","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"10383_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.23.100901.140532","volume":"23","author":"HJ Shaffer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shaffer, H. J., & Korn, D. A. (2002). Gambling and related mental Disorders: A public health analysis. Annual Review of Public Health, 23(1), 171\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.23.100901.140532","journal-title":"Annual Review of Public Health"},{"key":"10383_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00772","volume":"5","author":"Z Shao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shao, Z., Janse, E., Visser, K., & Meyer, A. S. (2014). What do verbal fluency tasks measure? Predictors of verbal fluency performance in older adults. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 772. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00772","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10383_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.049","volume":"272","author":"M Sharif-Razi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sharif-Razi, M., Hodgins, D. C., & Goghari, V. M. (2019). Reactive and proactive control mechanisms of response inhibition in gambling disorder. Psychiatry Research, 272, 114\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.049","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"issue":"23","key":"10383_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15987","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000015987","volume":"98","author":"L Shi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shi, L., & Lin, L. (2019). The trim-and-fill method for publication bias: Practical guidelines and recommendations based on a large database of meta-analyses. Medicine, 98(23), e15987. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000015987","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10383_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702614534210","volume":"3","author":"HR Snyder","year":"2015","unstructured":"Snyder, H. R., Kaiser, R. H., Warren, S. L., & Heller, W. (2015). Obsessive-compulsive disorder is associated with broad impairments in executive function: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychological Science, 3(2), 301\u2013330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2167702614534210","journal-title":"Clinical Psychological Science"},{"key":"10383_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-015-9591-5","volume":"32","author":"CE Temcheff","year":"2016","unstructured":"Temcheff, C. E., Paskus, T. S., Potenza, M. N., & Derevensky, J. L. (2016). Which diagnostic criteria are most useful in discriminating between social gamblers and individuals with gambling problems? An examination of DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria. Journal of Gambling Studies, 32, 957\u2013968. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-015-9591-5","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"key":"10383_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2020.10.002","volume":"38","author":"AC Trutti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Trutti, A. C., Verschooren, S., Forstmann, B. U., & Boag, R. J. (2021). Understanding subprocesses of working memory through the lens of model-based cognitive neuroscience. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 38, 57\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cobeha.2020.10.002","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"10383_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717002562","volume":"48","author":"JM Unterrainer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Unterrainer, J. M., Domschke, K., Rahm, B., Wiltink, J., Schulz, A., Pfeiffer, N., Lackner, K. J., M\u00fcnzel, T., Wild, P. S., & Beutel, M. (2018). Subclinical levels of anxiety but not depression are associated with planning performance in a large population-based sample. Psychological Medicine, 48(1), 168\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291717002562","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10383_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.07.007","volume":"34","author":"RJ Van Holst","year":"2010","unstructured":"Van Holst, R. J., Van Den Brink, W., Veltman, D. J., & Goudriaan, A. E. (2010). Why gamblers fail to win: A review of cognitive and neuroimaging findings in pathological gambling. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 34(1), 87\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.07.007","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"3","key":"10383_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e30909","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030909","volume":"7","author":"RJ Van Holst","year":"2012","unstructured":"Van Holst, R. J., Van Holstein, M., Van Den Brink, W., Veltman, D. J., & Goudriaan, A. E. (2012). Response inhibition during cue reactivity in problem gamblers: An fMRI study. PLoS ONE, 7(3), e30909. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0030909","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10383_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.11.022","volume":"84","author":"T Van Timmeren","year":"2018","unstructured":"Van Timmeren, T., Daams, J. G., Van Holst, R. J., & Goudriaan, A. E. (2018). Compulsivity-related neurocognitive performance deficits in gambling disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 84, 204\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.11.022","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"6","key":"10383_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12447","volume":"22","author":"T Van Timmeren","year":"2017","unstructured":"Van Timmeren, T., Jansen, J. M., Caan, M. W. A., Goudriaan, A. E., & Van Holst, R. J. (2017). White matter integrity between left basal ganglia and left prefrontal cortex is compromised in gambling disorder. Addiction Biology, 22(6), 1590\u20131600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/adb.12447","journal-title":"Addiction Biology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10383_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.114.152223","volume":"207","author":"A Verdejo-Garcia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Verdejo-Garcia, A., Clark, L., Verdejo-Rom\u00e1n, J., Albein-Urios, N., Martinez-Gonzalez, J. M., Gutierrez, B., & Soriano-Mas, C. (2015). Neural substrates of cognitive flexibility in cocaine and gambling addictions. British Journal of Psychiatry, 207(2), 158\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.bp.114.152223","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10383_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03","author":"W Viechtbauer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Viechtbauer, W. (2010). Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. Journal of Statistical Software. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v036.i03","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"2","key":"10383_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.11","volume":"1","author":"W Viechtbauer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Viechtbauer, W., & Cheung, M.W.-L. (2010). Outlier and influence diagnostics for meta-analysis. Research Synthesis Methods, 1(2), 112\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jrsm.11","journal-title":"Research Synthesis Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"10383_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2013.839731","volume":"14","author":"RJ Williams","year":"2014","unstructured":"Williams, R. J., & Volberg, R. A. (2014). The classification accuracy of four problem gambling assessment instruments in population research. International Gambling Studies, 14(1), 15\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14459795.2013.839731","journal-title":"International Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"10383_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036295","volume":"123","author":"L Wright","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wright, L., Lipszyc, J., Dupuis, A., Thayapararajah, S. W., & Schachar, R. (2014). Response inhibition and psychopathology: A meta-analysis of go\/no-go task performance. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 123(2), 429\u2013439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0036295","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"10383_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.09.027","volume":"134","author":"W-S Yan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yan, W.-S., Li, Y.-H., Xiao, L., Zhu, N., Bechara, A., & Sui, N. (2014). Working memory and affective decision-making in addiction: A neurocognitive comparison between heroin addicts, pathological gamblers and healthy controls. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 134, 194\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.09.027","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"2","key":"10383_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2015.54","volume":"28","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhou, Z., Zhou, H., & Zhu, H. (2016). Working memory, executive function and impulsivity in Internet-addictive disorders: A comparison with pathological gambling. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 28(2), 92\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/neu.2015.54","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatrica"}],"container-title":["Journal of Gambling Studies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10899-025-10383-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10899-025-10383-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10899-025-10383-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T08:57:10Z","timestamp":1748336230000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10899-025-10383-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10383"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-025-10383-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-3602"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-3602","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 March 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 April 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}}]}}