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The combination of diatom stratigraphy, sedimentology and high-resolution elemental geochemistry along with a robust chronological framework (established by <jats:sup>210<\/jats:sup>Pb, <jats:sup>137<\/jats:sup>Cs and <jats:sup>14<\/jats:sup>C dating) provides a detailed environmental reconstruction for the past\u2009~\u2009500\u00a0years. Abrupt changes in the fossil diatom assemblages indicate a high sensitivity of this small lake to past environmental change and allow identifying four major stages related to the main climate fluctuations of the Little Ice Age (LIA) and recent warming. High lake levels, enhanced runoff and higher productivity characterised the middle phase of the LIA (~\u20091550 to 1630\u00a0CE), indicating an overall wet climate. Conversely, shallow lake levels, decreased runoff and relatively low productivity prevailed during the last phase of the LIA and the onset of the Industrial Era (~\u20091630 to  1925\u00a0CE), likely due to colder and drier conditions. High lake levels and higher carbonate input occurred after\u2009~\u20091925\u00a0CE until the 1980s\u00a0CE, when our data show an abrupt drop in lake levels probably caused by a regional negative rainfall anomaly related to climate warming during the past decades. Finally, since\u2009~\u20091997\u00a0CE a remarkable and abrupt increase in the lake nutrient load and turbidity is detected, probably associated with the replacement of transhumant sheep flocks with staying cattle. The main environmental changes reconstructed at Lake Isoba mostly agree with other palaeoclimatic records from northern Spain. However, the hydrological patterns reconstructed are opposed to those observed on the northern slopes of the Cantabrian Mountains. The recent and strong impact of land-use changes on the lake, causing more ecological disruptions than previous climate changes, is noteworthy and demonstrates the high sensitivity of mountain lakes to human activities in a global change context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10933-022-00269-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]],"date-time":"2022-10-03T03:24:50Z","timestamp":1664767490000},"page":"213-230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Abrupt diatom responses to recent climate and land use changes in the Cantabrian Mountains (NW Spain)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9096-3633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jon","family":"Gardoki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2067-2202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Morell\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9024-9448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manel","family":"Leira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"Ezquerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Remondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Willy","family":"Tinner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Luisa","family":"Canales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anouk","family":"van der Horst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9464-862X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Morales-Molino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"50","key":"269_CR1","first-page":"000","volume":"1","author":"J \u00c1lvarez-Marr\u00f3n","year":"1988","unstructured":"\u00c1lvarez-Marr\u00f3n J, P\u00e9rez-Esta\u00fan A, Aller N, Heredia N (1988) Mapa geol\u00f3gico y Memoria de la Hoja n\u00ba 79\/14-06 (Puebla de Lillo). 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