{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T06:52:09Z","timestamp":1778309529723,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]],"date-time":"2023-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674518400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]],"date-time":"2023-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021538","name":"Universidade Lus\u00f3fona de Humanidades e Tecnologias","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021538","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Prevention"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Screen time shows higher health risks compared to other types of sedentary behaviors. A lockdown may simultaneously increase screen time, reduce physical activity (PA), and change time perception. Our goal was to compare self-reported against objectively measured smartphone screen time (SST) in a sample of active and inactive Portuguese adults before and during a social lockdown. This study was a cross-sectional analysis with 211 Portuguese adults (57.8% males), aged 25.2\u2009\u00b1\u20098.5\u00a0years, from two cohorts, one before the social lockdown and the other during the lockdown. SST was self-reported (SR-SST) and objectively measured using a smartphone (OM-SST). PA was self-reported. Linear regressions were performed to determine the association between SR-SST and OM-SST. A Bland and Altman analysis was used to assess agreement. Independent T-tests were performed for comparisons between cohorts and paired sample T-tests for comparisons within each cohort. The cohort assessed during the lockdown showed a higher SST than the cohort assessed before the lockdown (OM-SST; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001 and SR-SST; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.009). Before the lockdown, there was no difference between SR-SST and OM-SST (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.100). However, during the social lockdown, although the agreement between SR-SST and OM-SST was good (ICC\u2009=\u20090.72), participants systematically underestimated their SST by\u2009~\u200971\u00a0min\/day (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and this underestimation was higher in inactive participants (~\u200985\u00a0min\/day) than in active individuals (~\u200949\u00a0min\/day). The general population needs to be aware of the benefits of limiting screen time, especially during periods of societal modifications, such as a generalized lockdown. There was a tendency to underestimate SST, meaning a lack of awareness of the actual time spent in this potentially deleterious behavior. This underestimation was more pronounced during the lockdown period and for the inactive participants, thus posing a greater health risk. The findings from this investigation entail relevant information for policy makers to delineate strategies for reducing population screen time from a preventive health perspective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10935-023-00724-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]],"date-time":"2023-01-24T16:49:26Z","timestamp":1674578966000},"page":"291-307","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Discrepancies Between Self-reported and Objectively Measured Smartphone Screen Time: Before and During Lockdown"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2791-258X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro B.","family":"J\u00fadice","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8753-6817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduarda","family":"Sousa-S\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6508-0599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio L.","family":"Palmeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"724_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2013.09.010","volume":"17","author":"CM Arango","year":"2014","unstructured":"Arango, C. M., Parra, D. C., Gomez, L. F., Lema, L., Lobelo, F., & Ekelund, U. (2014). Screen time, cardiorespiratory fitness and adiposity among school-age children from Monteria, Colombia. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 17(5), 491\u2013495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsams.2013.09.010","journal-title":"Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport"},{"issue":"2","key":"724_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-017-0256-9","volume":"6","author":"SJH Biddle","year":"2017","unstructured":"Biddle, S. J. H., Garcia Bengoechea, E., Pedisic, Z., Bennie, J., Vergeer, I., & Wiesner, G. (2017). Screen time, other sedentary behaviours, and obesity risk in adults: A review of reviews. Current Obesity Reports, 6(2), 134\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13679-017-0256-9","journal-title":"Current Obesity Reports"},{"issue":"8476","key":"724_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90837-8","volume":"1","author":"JM Bland","year":"1986","unstructured":"Bland, J. M., & Altman, D. G. (1986). Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet, 1(8476), 307\u2013310.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"24","key":"724_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102955","volume":"54","author":"FC Bull","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bull, F. C., Al-Ansari, S. S., Biddle, S., Borodulin, K., Buman, M. P., Cardon, G., Carty, C., Chaput, J. P., Chastin, S., Chou, R., Dempsey, P. C., DiPietro, L., Ekelund, U., Firth, J., Friedenreich, C. M., Garcia, L., Gichu, M., Jago, R., Katzmarzyk, P. T., \u2026 Willumsen, J. F. (2020). World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(24), 1451\u20131462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102955","journal-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"724_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-020-01093-8","volume":"21","author":"O Castro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Castro, O., Bennie, J., Vergeer, I., Bosselut, G., & Biddle, S. J. (2020). How sedentary are university students? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prevention Science, 21(3), 332\u2013343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11121-020-01093-8","journal-title":"Prevention Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"724_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1063-1","volume":"16","author":"CA Celis-Morales","year":"2018","unstructured":"Celis-Morales, C. A., Lyall, D. M., Steell, L., Gray, S. R., Iliodromiti, S., Anderson, J., Mackay, D. F., Welsh, P., Yates, T., & Pell, J. P. (2018). Associations of discretionary screen time with mortality, cardiovascular disease and cancer are attenuated by strength, fitness and physical activity: Findings from the UK Biobank study. BMC Medicine, 16(1), 1\u201314.","journal-title":"BMC Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"724_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13074","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13074","volume":"29","author":"N Cellini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cellini, N., Canale, N., Mioni, G., & Costa, S. (2020). Changes in sleep pattern, sense of time and digital media use during COVID-19 lockdown in Italy. Journal of Sleep Research, 29(4), e13074. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsr.13074","journal-title":"Journal of Sleep Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"724_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-018-0652-x","volume":"15","author":"SFM Chastin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chastin, S. F. M., Dontje, M. L., Skelton, D. A., Cukic, I., Shaw, R. J., Gill, J. M. R., Greig, C. A., Gale, C. R., Deary, I. J., Der, G., & Dall, P. M. (2018). Systematic comparative validation of self-report measures of sedentary time against an objective measure of postural sitting (activPAL). International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 15(1), 21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12966-018-0652-x","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity"},{"issue":"11","key":"724_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e80000","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080000","volume":"8","author":"JY Chau","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chau, J. Y., Grunseit, A. C., Chey, T., Stamatakis, E., Brown, W. J., Matthews, C. E., Bauman, A. E., & van der Ploeg, H. P. (2013). Daily sitting time and all-cause mortality: A meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 8(11), e80000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0080000","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"724_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2020.02.001","volume":"9","author":"P Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, P., Mao, L., Nassis, G., Harmer, P., & AinsworthBE, L. F. (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): The need to maintain regular physical activity while taking precautions. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 9, 103\u2013104.","journal-title":"Journal of Sport and Health Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"724_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0165331","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165331","volume":"11","author":"MA Christensen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Christensen, M. A., Bettencourt, L., Kaye, L., Moturu, S. T., Nguyen, K. T., Olgin, J. E., Pletcher, M. J., & Marcus, G. M. (2016). Direct measurements of smartphone screen-time: Relationships with demographics and sleep. PLoS ONE, 11(11), e0165331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0165331","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"724_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182837f57","volume":"45","author":"BK Clark","year":"2013","unstructured":"Clark, B. K., Winkler, E., Healy, G. N., Gardiner, P. G., Dunstan, D. W., Owen, N., & Reeves, M. M. (2013). Adults\u2019 past-day recall of sedentary time: Reliability, validity, and responsiveness. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 45(6), 1198\u20131207.","journal-title":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise"},{"key":"724_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bs11120177","author":"A Cocca","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cocca, A., Greier, K., Drenowatz, C., & Ruedl, G. (2021). Relationship between objectively and subjectively measured physical activity in adolescents during and after COVID-19 restrictions. Behavioral Sciences. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs11120177","journal-title":"Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"724_CR14","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. New York: Routledge Academic."},{"key":"724_CR47","unstructured":"DGS. (2020). REACT-COVID: Inqu\u00e9rito sobre alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o e atividade f\u00edsica em contexto de conten\u00e7\u00e3o social. https:\/\/www.dgs.pt\/documentos-e-publicacoes\/inquerito-sobre-alimentacao-e-atividade-fisica-em-contexto-de-contencao-social.aspx"},{"issue":"4","key":"724_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjem.2018.09.001","volume":"18","author":"N\u00d6 Do\u011fan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Do\u011fan, N. \u00d6. (2018). Bland-Altman analysis: A paradigm to understand correlation and agreement. Turkish Journal of Emergency Medicine, 18(4), 139\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tjem.2018.09.001","journal-title":"Turkish Journal of Emergency Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"724_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.894824","volume":"121","author":"D Dunstan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dunstan, D., Barr, E., Healy, G., Salmon, J., Shaw, J., Balkau, B., & Owen, N. (2010). Television viewing time and mortality: The Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab). Circulation, 121(3), 384\u2013391.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"724_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.04.028","volume":"63","author":"TC Erren","year":"2004","unstructured":"Erren, T. C., Reiter, R. J., Pinger, A., Piekarski, C., & Erren, M. (2004). The chronosense: What light tells man about biological time. Medical Hypotheses, 63(6), 1074\u20131080. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.04.028","journal-title":"Medical Hypotheses"},{"issue":"1","key":"724_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.11.026","volume":"25","author":"AD Gindrat","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gindrat, A. D., Chytiris, M., Balerna, M., Rouiller, E. M., & Ghosh, A. (2015). Use-dependent cortical processing from fingertips in touchscreen phone users. Current Biology, 25(1), 109\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2014.11.026","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"issue":"11","key":"724_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4356","DOI":"10.3390\/su12114356","volume":"12","author":"V Giustino","year":"2020","unstructured":"Giustino, V., Parroco, A. M., Gennaro, A., Musumeci, G., Palma, A., & Battaglia, G. (2020). Physical activity levels and related energy expenditure during COVID-19 quarantine among the Sicilian active population: A cross-sectional online survey study. Sustainability, 12(11), 4356.","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"724_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17103499","author":"M Grimaldi-Puyana","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grimaldi-Puyana, M., Fern\u00e1ndez-Batanero, J. M., Fennell, C., & Sa\u00f1udo, B. (2020). Associations of objectively-assessed smartphone use with physical activity, sedentary behavior, mood, and sleep quality in young adults: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17103499","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"724_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2021.07.001","volume":"167","author":"L He","year":"2021","unstructured":"He, L., Zhao, W., Gao, Y., Gao, X., & Lei, X. (2021). The effect of COVID-19 lockdowns on sleep time perception: Comparing actigraphy and sleep diary measures. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 167, 86\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2021.07.001","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"14","key":"724_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.14.1785","volume":"289","author":"FB Hu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hu, F. B., Li, T. Y., Colditz, G. A., Willett, W. C., & Manson, J. E. (2003). Television watching and other sedentary behaviors in relation to risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. JAMA, 289(14), 1785\u20131791. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.289.14.1785","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"724_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20170002","volume":"28","author":"K Ishii","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ishii, K., Shibata, A., Kurita, S., Yano, S., Inoue, S., Sugiyama, T., Owen, N., & Oka, K. (2018). Validity and reliability of Japanese-Language self-reported measures for assessing adults domain-specific sedentary time. Journal of Epidemiology, 28(3), 149\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2188\/jea.JE20170002","journal-title":"Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"724_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08922-z","volume":"20","author":"YW Jeong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jeong, Y. W., Han, Y. R., Kim, S. K., & Jeong, H. S. (2020). The frequency of impairments in everyday activities due to the overuse of the internet, gaming, or smartphone, and its relationship to health-related quality of life in Korea. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 954. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-020-08922-z","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"724_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2016.1161218","volume":"35","author":"Y Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim, Y., & Welk, G. J. (2017). The accuracy of the 24-h activity recall method for assessing sedentary behaviour: The physical activity measurement survey (PAMS) project. Journal of Sports Sciences, 35(3), 255\u2013261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640414.2016.1161218","journal-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"724_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28892","DOI":"10.2196\/28892","volume":"23","author":"DL Mack","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mack, D. L., DaSilva, A. W., Rogers, C., Hedlund, E., Murphy, E. I., Vojdanovski, V., Plomp, J., Wang, W., Nepal, S. K., Holtzheimer, P. E., Wagner, D. D., Jacobson, N. C., Meyer, M. L., Campbell, A. T., & Huckins, J. F. (2021). Mental Health and Behavior of College Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Longitudinal Mobile Smartphone and Ecological Momentary Assessment Study Part II. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(6), e28892. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/28892","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"724_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061549","volume":"12","author":"M Martinez-Ferran","year":"2020","unstructured":"Martinez-Ferran, M., de la Gu\u00eda-Galipienso, F., Sanchis-Gomar, F., & Pareja-Galeano, H. (2020). Metabolic impacts of confinement during the COVID-19 pandemic due to modified diet and physical activity habits. Nutrients, 12(6), 1549.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"8","key":"724_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182897690","volume":"45","author":"CE Matthews","year":"2013","unstructured":"Matthews, C. E., Keadle, S. K., Sampson, J., Lyden, K., Bowles, H. R., Moore, S. C., Libertine, A., Freedson, P. S., & Fowke, J. H. (2013). Validation of a previous-day recall measure of active and sedentary behaviors. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 45(8), 1629.","journal-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise"},{"issue":"3","key":"724_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1017\/s1464793103006353","volume":"79","author":"RE Mistlberger","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mistlberger, R. E., & Skene, D. J. (2004). Social influences on mammalian circadian rhythms: Animal and human studies. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 79(3), 533\u2013556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1464793103006353","journal-title":"Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society"},{"key":"724_CR48","unstructured":"OECD. (2020). Tackling Coronavirus (COVID-19): Contributing to a Global Effort. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. http:\/\/oecd.org\/coronavirus\/en\/"},{"issue":"9","key":"724_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-018-0380-1","volume":"33","author":"R Patterson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Patterson, R., McNamara, E., Tainio, M., de Sa, T. H., Smith, A. D., Sharp, S. J., Edwards, P., Woodcock, J., Brage, S., & Wijndaele, K. (2018). Sedentary behaviour and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality, and incident type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and dose response meta-analysis. European Journal of Epidemiology, 33(9), 811\u2013829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10654-018-0380-1","journal-title":"European Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"724_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-101392","author":"M Pratt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pratt, M., Varela, A. R., Salvo, D., Kohl, H. W., III., & Ding, D. (2020). Attacking the pandemic of physical inactivity: what is holding us back? BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Association of Sport and Exercise Medicine. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2019-101392","journal-title":"BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Association of Sport and Exercise Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"724_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-020-00938-3","volume":"17","author":"SA Prince","year":"2020","unstructured":"Prince, S. A., Cardilli, L., Reed, J. L., Saunders, T. J., Kite, C., Douillette, K., Fournier, K., & Buckley, J. P. (2020). A comparison of self-reported and device measured sedentary behaviour in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 17(1), 31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12966-020-00938-3","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity"},{"issue":"9","key":"724_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2018.01.018","volume":"21","author":"SA Prince","year":"2018","unstructured":"Prince, S. A., Reid, R. D., Bernick, J., Clarke, A. E., & Reed, J. L. (2018). Single versus multi-item self-assessment of sedentary behaviour: A comparison with objectively measured sedentary time in nurses. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 21(9), 925\u2013929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsams.2018.01.018","journal-title":"Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport"},{"key":"724_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3566176","author":"F Qin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qin, F., Song, Y., Nassis, G. P., Zhao, L., Cui, S., Lai, L., Wu, Z., Xu, M., Qu, C., & Dong, Y. (2020). Prevalence of insufficient physical activity, sedentary screen time and emotional well-being during the early days of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak in China: A national cross-sectional study. SSRN Electronic Journal. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3566176","journal-title":"SSRN Electronic Journal"},{"key":"724_CR35","volume-title":"Coronavirus outbreak in Italy: physiological benefits of home-based exercise during pandemic","author":"S Ravalli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ravalli, S., & Musumeci, G. (2020). Coronavirus outbreak in Italy: physiological benefits of home-based exercise during pandemic. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute."},{"issue":"12","key":"724_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1382","volume":"323","author":"PF Saint-Maurice","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saint-Maurice, P. F., Troiano, R. P., Bassett, D. R., Graubard, B. I., Carlson, S. A., Shiroma, E. J., Fulton, J. E., & Matthews, C. E. (2020). Association of daily step count and step intensity with mortality among US adults. JAMA, 323(12), 1151\u20131160.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"724_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2022.101383","volume":"25","author":"P Sarangi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sarangi, P., Manoj, M., & Bhosley, M. (2022). Impacts of COVID-19 lockdown on time allocation for sedentary and physical activities: The context of Indian university students. Journal of Transport & Health, 25, 101383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jth.2022.101383","journal-title":"Journal of Transport & Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"724_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-020-01048-w","volume":"17","author":"ML Segar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Segar, M. L., Marques, M. M., Palmeira, A. L., & Okely, A. D. (2020). Everything counts in sending the right message: Science-based messaging implications from the 2020 WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 17(1), 1\u20135.","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity"},{"issue":"7","key":"724_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2017.10.030","volume":"21","author":"B Sudholz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sudholz, B., Ridgers, N. D., Mussap, A., Bennie, J., Timperio, A., & Salmon, J. (2018). Reliability and validity of self-reported sitting and breaks from sitting in the workplace. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 21(7), 697\u2013701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsams.2017.10.030","journal-title":"Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport"},{"key":"724_CR49","unstructured":"Sun, S., De Crespigny Park, D. H. L., & Sun, S. (2020). Using smartphones and wearable devices to monitor behavioural changes during COVID-19 Using smartphones and wearable devices to monitor behavioural changes during COVID-19."},{"issue":"1","key":"724_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-017-0525-8","volume":"14","author":"MS Tremblay","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tremblay, M. S., Aubert, S., Barnes, J. D., Saunders, T. J., Carson, V., Latimer-Cheung, A. E., Chastin, S. F. M., Altenburg, T. M., & Chinapaw, M. J. M. (2017). Sedentary Behavior Research Network (SBRN): Terminology Consensus Project process and outcome. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 14(1), 75. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12966-017-0525-8","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity"},{"issue":"1","key":"724_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09410-0","volume":"20","author":"M Vizcaino","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vizcaino, M., Buman, M., DesRoches, T., & Wharton, C. (2020). From TVs to tablets: The relation between device-specific screen time and health-related behaviors and characteristics. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-020-09410-0","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"724_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7904-9","volume":"19","author":"X Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, X., Li, Y., & Fan, H. (2019). The associations between screen time-based sedentary behavior and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1\u20139.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"724_CR50","unstructured":"WHO. (2020). Stay physically active during self-quarantine. World Health Organisation. https:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/en\/health-topics\/health-emergencies\/coronavirus-covid-19\/publications-and-technical-guidance\/noncommunicable-diseases\/stay-physically-active-during-self-quarantine."},{"issue":"6","key":"724_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0000000000000214","volume":"46","author":"K Wijndaele","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wijndaele, K., Bourdeaudhuij, I. D. E., Godino, J. G., Lynch, B. M., Griffin, S. J., Westgate, K., & Brage, S. (2014). Reliability and validity of a domain-specific last 7-d sedentary time questionnaire. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 46(6), 1248\u20131260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/mss.0000000000000214","journal-title":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise"},{"issue":"5","key":"724_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20058","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020058","volume":"6","author":"K Wijndaele","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wijndaele, K., Brage, S., Besson, H., Khaw, K. T., Sharp, S. J., Luben, R., Bhaniani, A., Wareham, N. J., & Ekelund, U. (2011). Television viewing and incident cardiovascular disease: prospective associations and mediation analysis in the EPIC Norfolk Study. PLoS ONE, 6(5), e20058. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0020058","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"11","key":"724_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-012-2677-z","volume":"55","author":"EG Wilmot","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wilmot, E. G., Edwardson, C. L., Achana, F. A., Davies, M. J., Gorely, T., Gray, L. J., Khunti, K., Yates, T., & Biddle, S. J. (2012). Sedentary time in adults and the association with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and death: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia, 55(11), 2895\u20132905. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-012-2677-z","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"724_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00917","volume":"5","author":"D Zakay","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zakay, D. (2014). Psychological time as information: The case of boredom. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00917","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10935-023-00724-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10935-023-00724-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10935-023-00724-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T18:05:37Z","timestamp":1684519537000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10935-023-00724-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["724"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10935-023-00724-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-5533","2731-5541"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-5533","type":"print"},{"value":"2731-5541","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 January 2023","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 January 2023","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"The authors consulted the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports of Lus\u00f3fona University back in 2019 regarding the study entitled \u201cDiscrepancies between self-reported and objectively measured smartphone screen time: Before and during lockdown.\u201d\u00a0The Ethics\u00a0Committee's verdict was that Ethical Approval was not compulsory, given the nature of the study.\u00a0The study is observational,\u00a0including two cross-sectional\u00a0cohorts. The participants voluntarily responded to an online questionnaire autonomously and anonymously, knowing that the data would be used for scientific purposes. Furthermore, responses were only considered if the participants gave their informed consent after\u00a0a detailed description of the study procedures was made available in the first section of the questionnaire. Therefore, the authors were informed that they\u00a0could conduct the study without formal ethical approval. The investigation was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki and a detailed description of the study procedures was provided to each participant and informed consent was obtained prior to the participation in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate"}}]}}