{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T11:41:59Z","timestamp":1775562119683,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,17]],"date-time":"2018-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531785600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/29574\/2006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/29574\/2006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Rat-Emo Cognitive-Behav Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10942-018-0296-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,17]],"date-time":"2018-07-17T07:16:15Z","timestamp":1531811775000},"page":"133-148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Towards a Cognitive-Behavioral Understanding of Assertiveness: Effects of Cognition and Distress on Different Expressions of Assertive Behavior"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4372-3930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Vagos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3897-2732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anabela","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"296_CR1","volume-title":"Your perfect right\u2014Assertiveness and equality in your life and relationships guide to assertive living","author":"R Alberti","year":"2008","unstructured":"Alberti, R., & Emmons, M. (2008). Your perfect right\u2014Assertiveness and equality in your life and relationships guide to assertive living (9a ed.). California: Impact Publishers.","edition":"9a"},{"issue":"4","key":"296_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01172652","volume":"2","author":"LE Alden","year":"1978","unstructured":"Alden, L. E., & Safran, J. (1978). Irrational beliefs and nonassertive behavior. Cognitive Therapy and Research,\n                           2(4), 357\u2013364. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01172652\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"key":"296_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2004.06.019","volume":"38","author":"WA Arrindell","year":"2005","unstructured":"Arrindell, W. A., Akkerman, A., van der Ende, J., Schreurs, P. J. G., Brugman, A., & Sanderman, R. (2005). Normative studies with the Scale for Interpersonal behaviour (SIB): III. Psychiatric inpatients. Personality and Individual Differences,\n                           38, 941\u2013952.","journal-title":"Psychiatric inpatients. Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"4","key":"296_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-6402(90)90004-A","volume":"12","author":"WA Arrindell","year":"1990","unstructured":"Arrindell, W. A., Sanderman, R., Hageman, W., Pickersgill, M. J., Kwee, M. G. T., Vandermolen, H. T., et al. (1990). Correlates of assertiveness in normal and clinical-samples\u2014A multidimensional approach. Advances in Behavior Research and Therapy,\n                           12(4), 153\u2013282. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0146-6402(90)90004-A\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Advances in Behavior Research and Therapy"},{"key":"296_CR5","volume-title":"Develop your assertiveness","author":"S Bishop","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bishop, S. (2010). Develop your assertiveness (2nd ed.). London: Kogan Page.","edition":"2"},{"issue":"4","key":"296_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-6566(88)90002-5","volume":"22","author":"MA Bruch","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bruch, M. A., Kaflowitz, N. G., & Berger, P. (1988). Self-schema for assertiveness\u2014Extending the validity of the self-schema construct. Journal of Research in Personality,\n                           22(4), 424\u2013444. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0092-6566(88)90002-5\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Personality"},{"issue":"1","key":"296_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6171.2002.tb00320.x","volume":"15","author":"E Erwin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Erwin, E. (2002). Adolescent perceptions of relevant social problems. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nurse,\n                           15(1), 24\u201334. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1744-6171.2002.tb00320.x\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nurse"},{"issue":"4","key":"296_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2014.03.009","volume":"37","author":"JP Farley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Farley, J. P., & Kim-Spoon, J. (2014). The development of adolescent self-regulation: Reviewing the role of parent, peer, friend and romantic relationships. Journal of Adolescence,\n                           37(4), 433\u2013440. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.adolescence.2014.03.009\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescence"},{"issue":"4","key":"296_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1080\/14616734.2013.782650","volume":"15","author":"R Feldman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Feldman, R., Bamberger, E., & Kanat-Maymon, Y. (2013). Parent-specific reciprocity from infancy to adolescence shapes children\u2019s social competence and dialogical skills. Attachment & Human Development,\n                           15(4), 407\u2013423. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14616734.2013.782650\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Attachment & Human Development"},{"key":"296_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/yd.90","volume":"103","author":"K Fredriksen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fredriksen, K., & Rhodes, J. (2004). The role of teacher relationships in the lives of students. New Directions for Youth Development,\n                           103, 45\u201354.","journal-title":"New Directions for Youth Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"296_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/01463370500089896","volume":"53","author":"AB Frymier","year":"2005","unstructured":"Frymier, A. B. (2005). Students\u2019 classroom communication effectiveness. Communication Quarterly,\n                           53(2), 197\u2013212.","journal-title":"Communication Quarterly"},{"key":"296_CR12","first-page":"309","volume-title":"The compassionate mind: A new approach to life\u2019s challenges","author":"P Gilbert","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gilbert, P. (2010). From self-criticism to self-compassion. In P. Gilbert (Ed.), The compassionate mind: A new approach to life\u2019s challenges (pp. 309\u2013359). Okland, CA: New Harbinger Publications."},{"issue":"3","key":"296_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1994.tb01125.x","volume":"33","author":"P Gilbert","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gilbert, P., & Allan, S. (1994). Assertiveness, submissive behavior and social comparison. British Journal of Clinical Psychology,\n                           33(3), 295\u2013306. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1994.tb01125.x\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"British Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"296_CR14","volume-title":"Multivariate data analysis","author":"JF Hair Jr","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hair, J. F., Jr., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2005). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.","edition":"7"},{"issue":"3","key":"296_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7358(81)90011-8","volume":"1","author":"R Heimberg","year":"1981","unstructured":"Heimberg, R., & Becker, R. (1981). Cognitive and behavioral models of assertive behavior: Review, analysis and integration. Clinical Psychology Review,\n                           1(3), 353\u2013373. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0272-7358(81)90011-8\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"issue":"5","key":"296_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01187173","volume":"7","author":"R Heimberg","year":"1983","unstructured":"Heimberg, R., Chianzzi, E., Becker, R., & Madrazo-Peterson, R. (1983). Cognitive mediation of assertive behavior: An analysis of the self-statement patterns of college students, psychiatric patients and normal adults. Cognitive Therapy and Research,\n                           7(5), 455\u2013463. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01187173\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"296_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1111\/pere.12055\/abstract","volume":"21","author":"LJ Holt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Holt, L. J. (2014). Help seeking and social competence mediate the parental attachment-college student adjustment relation. Personal Relationships,\n                           21(4), 640\u2013654. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pere.12055\/abstract\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Personal Relationships"},{"key":"296_CR18","volume-title":"Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o Portuguesa das profiss\u00f5es 2010 [2010 Portuguese classification of professions]","author":"Instituto Nacional de Estat\u00edstica","year":"2011","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Estat\u00edstica. (2011). Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o Portuguesa das profiss\u00f5es 2010 [2010 Portuguese classification of professions]. Lisboa: Instituto Nacional de Estat\u00edstica."},{"issue":"1","key":"296_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01185727","volume":"6","author":"MK Jacobs","year":"1982","unstructured":"Jacobs, M. K., & Cochran, S. D. (1982). The effects of cognitive restructuring on assertive behavior. Cognitive Therapy and Research,\n                           6(1), 67\u201373.","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"key":"296_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2014-031","volume":"6","author":"S Korkmaz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Korkmaz, S., Goksuluk, D., & Zararsiz, G. (2014). An R package for assessing multivariate normality. The R Journal,\n                           6, 151\u2013162.","journal-title":"The R Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"296_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/1532-7795.00024","volume":"12","author":"R Larson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Larson, R., Wilson, S., Brown, B. B., Furstenberg, F., & Verma, S. (2002). Changes in adolescents interpersonal experiences: Are they being prepared for adult relationships in the twenty-first century? Journal of Research on Adolescence,\n                           12(1), 31\u201368. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1532-7795.00024\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Adolescence"},{"issue":"1","key":"296_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1037\/0002-9432.78.1.47","volume":"78","author":"B Laursen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Laursen, B., & Mooney, K. S. (2008). Relationship network quality: Adolescent adjustment and perceptions of relationships with parents and friends. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry,\n                           78(1), 47\u201353. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0002-9432.78.1.47\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthopsychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"296_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033266","volume":"18","author":"TD Little","year":"2013","unstructured":"Little, T. D., Rhemtulla, M., Gibson, K., & Schoemann, A. M. (2013). Why the items versus parcels controversy needn\u2019t be one. Psychological Methods,\n                           18(3), 285\u2013300. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0033266\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"296_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.51.1.201","volume":"51","author":"RC MacCallum","year":"2000","unstructured":"MacCallum, R. C., & Austin, J. T. (2000). Applications of structural equation modelling in psychological research. Annual Review of Psychology,\n                           51, 201\u2013226.","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"296_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-37722010000200011","volume":"26","author":"V Marchezini-Cunha","year":"2010","unstructured":"Marchezini-Cunha, V., & Tourinho, E. (2010). Assertiveness and self-control: A behavior-analytic interpretation. Psicologia E Teoria Pesquisa,\n                           26, 295\u2013303. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S0102-37722010000200011\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Psicologia E Teoria Pesquisa"},{"key":"296_CR26","volume-title":"Mplus user\u2019s guide","author":"LK Muth\u00e9n","year":"2012","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n, L. K., & Muth\u00e9n, B. O. (2012). Mplus user\u2019s guide (7th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muth\u00e9n & Muth\u00e9n.","edition":"7"},{"issue":"2","key":"296_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1080\/15298868.2011.649546","volume":"12","author":"KD Neff","year":"2013","unstructured":"Neff, K. D., & Pommier, E. (2013). The relationship between self-compassion and other-focused concern among college undergraduates, community adults, and practicing meditators. Self and Identity,\n                           12(2), 160\u2013176.","journal-title":"Self and Identity"},{"issue":"1","key":"296_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1177\/0272431699019001002","volume":"19","author":"DA Nelson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nelson, D. A., & Crick, N. R. (1999). Rose-colored glasses: Examining the social information-processing of prosocial young adolescents. The Journal of Early Adolescence,\n                           19(1), 17\u201338. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0272431699019001002\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"The Journal of Early Adolescence"},{"issue":"4","key":"296_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2014.03.008","volume":"37","author":"S Plenty","year":"2014","unstructured":"Plenty, S., \u00d6stberg, V., Almquist, Y. U., Augustine, L., & Modin, B. (2014). Psychosocial working conditions: An analysis of emotional symptoms and conduct problems amongst adolescent students. Journal of Adolescence,\n                           37(4), 407\u2013417. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.adolescence.2014.03.008\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescence"},{"key":"296_CR30","volume-title":"Assertive behavior\u2014Theory, research and training","author":"R Rakus","year":"1991","unstructured":"Rakus, R. (1991). Assertive behavior\u2014Theory, research and training. London: Routledge."},{"key":"296_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1037\/h0078049","volume":"83","author":"AR Rich","year":"1976","unstructured":"Rich, A. R., & Schroeder, H. E. (1976). Research issues in assertiveness training. Psychological Bulletin,\n                           83, 1081\u20131096. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0078049\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"296_CR32","volume-title":"Conditioned reflex therapy: The classic book on assertiveness that began behavior therapy","author":"A Salter","year":"2002","unstructured":"Salter, A. (2002). Conditioned reflex therapy: The classic book on assertiveness that began behavior therapy. Gretna, LA: Wellness Institute."},{"issue":"1","key":"296_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2012.00988.x","volume":"43","author":"M Sarkova","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sarkova, M., Bacikova-Sleskova, M., Orosova, O., Geckova, A. M., Katreniakova, Z., Klein, D., et al. (2013). Associations between assertiveness, psychological well-being, and self-esteem in adolescents. Journal of Applied Social Psychology,\n                           43(1), 147\u2013154. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2012.00988.x\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Social Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"296_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-3588.00051","volume":"8","author":"SH Spence","year":"2003","unstructured":"Spence, S. H. (2003). Social skills training with children and young people: Theory, evidence and practice. Child and Adolescent Mental Health,\n                           8(2), 84\u201396. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1475-3588.00051\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Child and Adolescent Mental Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"296_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/1532-7795.1303003","volume":"13","author":"L Trudeau","year":"2003","unstructured":"Trudeau, L., Lillehoj, C., Spoth, R., & Redmond, C. (2003). The role of assertiveness and decision making in early adolescent substance initiation: Mediating processes. Journal of Research on Adolescence,\n                           13(3), 301\u2013328. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1532-7795.1303003\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Adolescence"},{"key":"296_CR36","first-page":"99","volume-title":"Applying psychological research to understand and promote the well-being of clinical and non-clinical populations","author":"P Vagos","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vagos, P., & Pereira, A. (2009). Qualitative analysis on the concept of assertiveness. In K. A. Fanti (Ed.), Applying psychological research to understand and promote the well-being of clinical and non-clinical populations (pp. 99\u2013112). Athens: Atiner."},{"issue":"3","key":"296_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019782","volume":"22","author":"P Vagos","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vagos, P., & Pereira, A. (2010). A proposal for evaluating cognition in assertiveness. Psychological Assessment,\n                           22(3), 657\u2013665. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0019782\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"296_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1027\/1016-9040\/a000250","volume":"21","author":"P Vagos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vagos, P., & Pereira, A. (2016). A cognitive perspective on understanding and training assertiveness. European Psychologist,\n                           21, 109\u2013121. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1016-9040\/a000250\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"European Psychologist"},{"issue":"3","key":"296_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-7153.201427305","volume":"27","author":"P Vagos","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vagos, P., Pereira, A., & Arrindell, W. (2014). Valida\u00e7\u00e3o da vers\u00e3o reduzida da Escala de Comportamento Interpessoal para adolescentes Portugueses Validation of the short version of the Scale for Interpersonal Behavior for Portuguese adolescents. Psicologia: Reflex\u00e3o E Cr\u00edtica,\n                           27(3), 452\u2013461. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1678-7153.201427305\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Psicologia: Reflex\u00e3o E Cr\u00edtica"},{"key":"296_CR40","volume-title":"The guide to compassionate assertiveness. How to express your needs and deal with conflict while keeping a kind heart","author":"SM Vavrichek","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vavrichek, S. M. (2010). The guide to compassionate assertiveness. How to express your needs and deal with conflict while keeping a kind heart. Okland, CA: New Harbinger Publications Inc."},{"key":"296_CR41","first-page":"80","volume-title":"The practice of behavior therapy","author":"J Wolpe","year":"1973","unstructured":"Wolpe, J. (1973). Assertive training. In J. Wolpe (Ed.), The practice of behavior therapy (2nd ed., pp. 80\u201394). E.U.A: Pergamon Press.","edition":"2"}],"container-title":["Journal of Rational-Emotive &amp; Cognitive-Behavior Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10942-018-0296-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10942-018-0296-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10942-018-0296-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,22]],"date-time":"2019-09-22T14:39:53Z","timestamp":1569163193000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10942-018-0296-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,17]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["296"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10942-018-0296-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0894-9085","1573-6563"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0894-9085","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6563","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 July 2018","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"This manuscript is based on data also used on the doctoral dissertation of the first author. All named authors have read and approved the manuscript and there are no other persons who satisfied the criteria for authorship but are not listed. The order of authors listed in the manuscript has been approved by all authors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in this study that involved human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Portuguese Directorate-General for Education and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was further obtained from all individual participants included in the study and, for underage participants, from their parents and\/or legal guardians.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}}]}}