{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T08:18:14Z","timestamp":1774685894066,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9-10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]],"date-time":"2019-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576195200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]],"date-time":"2019-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Regional Development Fund and Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028618"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028618"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Multimed Tools Appl"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-019-08323-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]],"date-time":"2019-12-13T18:03:34Z","timestamp":1576260214000},"page":"6227-6245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Virtual reality in training: an experimental study with firefighters"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9630-310X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Narciso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Vasconcelos","family":"Raposo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maximino","family":"Bessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"8323_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-015-0280-6","volume":"20","author":"A Ayala Garc\u00eda","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ayala Garc\u00eda A, Galv\u00e1n Bobadilla I, Arroyo Figueroa G, P\u00e9rez Ram\u00edrez M, Mu\u00f1oz Rom\u00e1n J (2016) Virtual reality training system for maintenance and operation of high-voltage overhead power lines. Virtual Reality 20(1):27\u201340","journal-title":"Virtual Reality"},{"key":"8323_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Backlund P, Engstrom H, Hammar C, Johannesson M, Lebram M (2007) Sidh-a game based firefighter training simulation. In: 2007 11th international Conference Information Visualization (IV\u201907), 2007, pp 899\u2013907","DOI":"10.1109\/IV.2007.100"},{"key":"8323_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.10.032","volume":"43","author":"J Bertram","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bertram J, Moskaliuk J, Cress U (2015) Virtual training: making reality work? Comput Human Behav 43:284\u2013292","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"8323_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-016-0284-x","volume":"20","author":"KK Bhagat","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bhagat KK, Liou W-K, Chang C-Y (2016) A cost-effective interactive 3D virtual reality system applied to military live firing training. Virtual Reality 20(2):127\u2013140","journal-title":"Virtual Reality"},{"key":"8323_CR5","unstructured":"Biodevices, \u201cBiodevices - Solu\u00e7\u00f5es de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica,\u201d (2019) [Online]. Available: http:\/\/www.vitaljacket.com. Accessed 6 June 2019."},{"issue":"1","key":"8323_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1997.6.1.73","volume":"6","author":"JP Bliss","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bliss JP, Tidwell PD, Guest MA (1997) The effectiveness of virtual reality for administering spatial navigation training to firefighters. Presence Teleop Virt Environ 6(1):73\u201386","journal-title":"Presence Teleop Virt Environ"},{"issue":"3","key":"8323_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1177\/135910457000100301","volume":"1","author":"RW Brislin","year":"1970","unstructured":"Brislin RW (1970) Back-translation for cross-cultural research. J Cross-Cult Psychol 1(3):185\u2013216","journal-title":"J Cross-Cult Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"8323_CR8","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"A Brogni","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brogni A, Vinayagamoorthy V, Steed A, Slater M (2007) Responses of participants during an immersive virtual environment experience. IJVR 6(2):1\u201310","journal-title":"IJVR"},{"key":"8323_CR9","unstructured":"Camm AJ et al. (1996) Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology"},{"key":"8323_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2015.02.012","volume":"18","author":"R Castaldo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Castaldo R, Melillo P, Bracale U, Caserta M, Triassi M, Pecchia L (2015) Acute mental stress assessment via short term HRV analysis in healthy adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Biomed Signal Process Control 18:370\u2013377","journal-title":"Biomed Signal Process Control"},{"key":"8323_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.firesaf.2012.01.004","volume":"50","author":"M Cha","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cha M, Han S, Lee J, Choi B (2012) A virtual reality based fire training simulator integrated with fire dynamics data. Fire Saf J 50:12\u201324","journal-title":"Fire Saf J"},{"key":"8323_CR12","unstructured":"Clifford GD, Azuaje F, McSharry P, Eds. (2006) Advanced methods and tools for ECG data analysis. Norwood, MA, USA: Artech house, Inc."},{"key":"8323_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cruz-Neira C et al (1993) Scientists in wonderland: A report on visualization applications in the CAVE virtual reality environment. In Proceedings of 1993 IEEE research properties in virtual reality symposium, 1993, pp 59\u201366","DOI":"10.1109\/VRAIS.1993.378262"},{"key":"8323_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cunha JPS, Cunha B, Pereira AS, Xavier W, Ferreira N, Meireles L (2010) Vital-Jacket\u00ae: a wearable wireless vital signs monitor for patients\u2019 mobility in cardiology and sports. In : 2010 4th International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare, 2010, pp 1\u20132","DOI":"10.4108\/ICST.PERVASIVEHEALTH2010.899"},{"issue":"4","key":"8323_CR15","first-page":"S38","volume":"194","author":"H de Visser","year":"2011","unstructured":"de Visser H, Watson MO, Salvado O, Passenger JD (2011) Progress in virtual reality simulators for surgical training and certification. Med J Aust 194(4):S38\u2013S40","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"8323_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deniaud C, Honnet V, Jeanne B, Mestre D (2015) An investigation into physiological responses in driving simulators: An objective measurement of presence. In: Science and Information Conference (SAI), 2015, pp 739\u2013748","DOI":"10.1109\/SAI.2015.7237225"},{"key":"8323_CR17","first-page":"27","volume-title":"Proceedings of 3rd international workshop on presence","author":"C Dillon","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dillon C, Keogh E, Freeman J, Davidoff J (2000) Aroused and immersed: the psychophysiology of presence. In: Proceedings of 3rd international workshop on presence. Delft University of Technology, Delft, pp 27\u201328"},{"key":"8323_CR18","unstructured":"Dillon C, Keogh E, Freeman J, Davidoff J (2001) Presence: is your heart in it. Proceedings of the 4th Annual international workshop on presence, 2001"},{"key":"8323_CR19","unstructured":"FLAIMTrainer (2019) FLAIM Trainer. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.flaimsystems.com\/flaim-trainer\/. Accessed 4 June 2019"},{"key":"8323_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2014.09.017","volume":"72","author":"A Grabowski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Grabowski A, Jankowski J (2015) Virtual reality-based pilot training for underground coal miners. Saf Sci 72:310\u2013314","journal-title":"Saf Sci"},{"key":"8323_CR21","unstructured":"Hambleton RK, Zenisky AL (2011) Translating and adapting tests for cross-cultural assessments. In\u00a0Matsumoto D and van de Vijver FJR (Eds.),\u00a0Culture and psychology. Cross-cultural research methods in psychology, pp 46\u201374"},{"key":"8323_CR22","unstructured":"Hamilton PS (2002) Open source ECG analysis software documentation. Comput Cardiol 2002;29:101\u2013104"},{"key":"8323_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harter D, Lu S, Kotturu P, Pierce D (2011) An immersive virtual environment for varying risk and immersion for effective training. In: ASME 2011 World Conference on Innovative virtual reality, 2011, pp 301\u2013307","DOI":"10.1115\/WINVR2011-5522"},{"issue":"3","key":"8323_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1996.5.3.274","volume":"5","author":"C Hendrix","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hendrix C, Barfield W (1996) Presence within virtual environments as a function of visual display parameters. Presence Teleop Virt Environ 5(3):274\u2013289","journal-title":"Presence Teleop Virt Environ"},{"key":"8323_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1117\/12.387188","volume":"3959","author":"WA IJsselsteijn","year":"2000","unstructured":"IJsselsteijn WA, De Ridder H, Freeman J, Avons SE (2000) Presence: concept, determinants, and measurement. Hum Vis Electron Imaging V 3959:520\u2013530","journal-title":"Hum Vis Electron Imaging V"},{"issue":"1","key":"8323_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1089\/109493102753685845","volume":"5","author":"DP Jang","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jang DP, Kim IY, Nam SW, Wiederhold BK, Wiederhold MD, Kim SI (2002) Analysis of physiological response to two virtual environments: driving and flying simulation. CyberPsychol Behav 5(1):11\u201318","journal-title":"CyberPsychol Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"8323_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0303_3","volume":"3","author":"RS Kennedy","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kennedy RS, Lane NE, Berbaum KS, Lilienthal MG (1993) Simulator sickness questionnaire: an enhanced method for quantifying simulator sickness. Int J Aviat Psychol 3(3):203\u2013220","journal-title":"Int J Aviat Psychol"},{"key":"8323_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kinateder M et al (2014) Virtual reality for fire evacuation research. In 2014 Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems, 2014, pp 313\u2013321","DOI":"10.15439\/2014F94"},{"issue":"1","key":"8323_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1145\/333329.333344","volume":"32","author":"JJ LaViola Jr","year":"2000","unstructured":"LaViola JJ Jr (2000) A discussion of cybersickness in virtual environments. ACM SIGCHI Bull 32(1):47\u201356","journal-title":"ACM SIGCHI Bull"},{"issue":"3","key":"8323_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1162\/105474601300343612","volume":"10","author":"J Lessiter","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lessiter J, Freeman J, Keogh E, Davidoff J (2001) A cross-media presence questionnaire: the ITC-sense of presence inventory. Presence Teleop Virt Environ 10(3):282\u2013297","journal-title":"Presence Teleop Virt Environ"},{"issue":"2","key":"8323_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00648343","volume":"39","author":"NR Lomb","year":"1976","unstructured":"Lomb NR (1976) Least-squares frequency analysis of unequally spaced data. Astrophys Space Sci 39(2):447\u2013462","journal-title":"Astrophys Space Sci"},{"key":"8323_CR32","unstructured":"LUDUS-VR (2019) Firefighter training simulator. [Online]. Available: http:\/\/www.ludus-vr.com\/en\/portfolio\/firefighter-services\/. Accessed 4 June 2019"},{"key":"8323_CR33","unstructured":"Mazuryk T, Gervautz M (1996) Virtual reality-history, applications, technology and future.\u00a0Institute of Computer Graphics, Vienna University of Technology, Austria."},{"issue":"3","key":"8323_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1145\/566654.566630","volume":"21","author":"M Meehan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Meehan M, Insko B, Whitton M, Brooks FP Jr (2002) Physiological measures of presence in stressful virtual environments. ACM Trans Graph (tog) 21(3):645\u2013652","journal-title":"ACM Trans Graph (tog)"},{"key":"8323_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2013.07.033","volume":"70","author":"Z Merchant","year":"2014","unstructured":"Merchant Z, Goetz ET, Cifuentes L, Keeney-Kennicutt W, Davis TJ (2014) Effectiveness of virtual reality-based instruction on students\u2019 learning outcomes in K-12 and higher education: a meta-analysis. Comput Educ 70:29\u201340","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"key":"8323_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mossel A, Froeschl M, Schoenauer C, Peer A, Goellner J, Kaufmann H (2017) VROnSite: towards immersive training of first responder squad leaders in untethered virtual reality. In: 2017 IEEE Virtual Reality (VR), 2017, pp 357\u2013358","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2017.7892324"},{"issue":"3","key":"8323_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1999.0343","volume":"52","author":"S Nichols","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nichols S, Haldane C, Wilson JR (2000) Measurement of presence and its consequences in virtual environments. Int J Hum Comput Stud 52(3):471\u2013491","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Stud"},{"issue":"5","key":"8323_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/S1007-0214(08)70110-X","volume":"13","author":"A Ren","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ren A, Chi C, Luo Y (2008) Simulation of emergency evacuation in virtual reality. Tsinghua Sci Technol 13(5):674\u2013680","journal-title":"Tsinghua Sci Technol"},{"issue":"4","key":"8323_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2011.08.001","volume":"25","author":"U R\u00fcppel","year":"2011","unstructured":"R\u00fcppel U, Schatz K (2011) Designing a BIM-based serious game for fire safety evacuation simulations. Adv Eng Inform 25(4):600\u2013611","journal-title":"Adv Eng Inform"},{"key":"8323_CR40","unstructured":"Salln\u00e4s E-L (1999) Presence in multimodal interfaces. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Presence, 1999, pp 6\u20137"},{"issue":"3","key":"8323_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1162\/105474601300343603","volume":"10","author":"T Schubert","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schubert T, Friedmann F, Regenbrecht H (2001) The experience of presence: factor analytic insights. Presence Teleop Virt Environ 10(3):266\u2013281","journal-title":"Presence Teleop Virt Environ"},{"issue":"4","key":"8323_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-200210000-00008","volume":"236","author":"NE Seymour","year":"2002","unstructured":"Seymour NE et al (2002) Virtual reality training improves operating room performance: results of a randomized, double-blinded study. Ann Surg 236(4):458","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"8323_CR43","unstructured":"SimulationTrainingSystems (2019) \u201cADMS-FIRE.\u201d [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.trainingfordisastermanagement.com\/products\/adms-fire\/. Accessed 4 June 2019"},{"issue":"5","key":"8323_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1162\/105474699566477","volume":"8","author":"M Slater","year":"1999","unstructured":"Slater M (1999) Measuring presence: a response to the Witmer and Singer presence questionnaire. Presence 8(5):560\u2013565","journal-title":"Presence"},{"issue":"2","key":"8323_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1994.3.2.130","volume":"3","author":"M Slater","year":"1994","unstructured":"Slater M, Usoh M, Steed A (1994) Depth of presence in virtual environments. Presence Teleop Virt Environ 3(2):130\u2013144","journal-title":"Presence Teleop Virt Environ"},{"key":"8323_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slater M, Linakis V, Usoh M, Kooper R (1996) Immersion, presence and performance in virtual environments: An experiment with tri-dimensional chess. In: Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, 1996, pp 163\u2013172","DOI":"10.1145\/3304181.3304216"},{"issue":"3","key":"8323_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2009.55","volume":"29","author":"M Slater","year":"2009","unstructured":"Slater M, Khanna P, Mortensen J, Yu I (2009) Visual realism enhances realistic response in an immersive virtual environment. IEEE Comput Graph Appl 29(3):76\u201384","journal-title":"IEEE Comput Graph Appl"},{"key":"8323_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tate DL, Sibert L, King T (1997) Virtual environments for shipboard firefighting training. In: Proceedings of IEEE 1997 Annual International Symposium on Virtual Reality, 1997, pp 61\u201368","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA606249"},{"issue":"5","key":"8323_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1162\/105474600566989","volume":"9","author":"M Usoh","year":"2000","unstructured":"Usoh M, Catena E, Arman S, Slater M (2000) Using presence questionnaires in reality. Presence Teleop Virt Environ 9(5):497\u2013503","journal-title":"Presence Teleop Virt Environ"},{"key":"8323_CR50","unstructured":"van Baren J, IJsselsteijn W (2004) Measuring presence : a guide to current measurement approaches"},{"issue":"3","key":"8323_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1162\/PRES_a_00261","volume":"25","author":"J Vasconcelos-Raposo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vasconcelos-Raposo J et al (2016) Adaptation and validation of the Igroup Presence Questionnaire (IPQ) in a Portuguese sample. Presence Teleoperators virtual Environ 25(3):191\u2013203","journal-title":"Presence Teleoperators virtual Environ"},{"key":"8323_CR52","unstructured":"Wiederhold BK et al (2001) An investigation into physiological responses in virtual environments: an objective measurement of presence. In: Towar. cyberpsychology mind, cognition and society in the internet age, vol 2, 2001"},{"issue":"3","key":"8323_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1162\/105474698565686","volume":"7","author":"BG Witmer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Witmer BG, Singer MJ (1998) Measuring presence in virtual environments: a presence questionnaire. Presence Teleop Virt Environ 7(3):225\u2013240","journal-title":"Presence Teleop Virt Environ"},{"key":"8323_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advengsoft.2013.10.004","volume":"68","author":"Z Xu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xu Z, Lu XZ, Guan H, Chen C, Ren AZ (2014) A virtual reality based fire training simulator with smoke hazard assessment capacity. Adv Eng Softw 68:1\u20138","journal-title":"Adv Eng Softw"},{"issue":"6","key":"8323_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2012.121","volume":"32","author":"I Yu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yu I, Mortensen J, Khanna P, Spanlang B, Slater M (2012) Visual realism enhances realistic response in an immersive virtual environment-part 2. IEEE Comput Graph Appl 32(6):36\u201345","journal-title":"IEEE Comput Graph Appl"},{"key":"8323_CR56","unstructured":"Zimmons P, Panter A (2003) The influence of rendering quality on presence and task performance in a virtual environment. In IEEE Virtual Reality, 2003. Proceedings, 2003, pp 293\u2013294"}],"container-title":["Multimedia Tools and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11042-019-08323-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11042-019-08323-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11042-019-08323-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,12]],"date-time":"2020-12-12T01:26:19Z","timestamp":1607736379000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11042-019-08323-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9-10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["8323"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-019-08323-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1380-7501","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7721","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 December 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 August 2019","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 October 2019","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 December 2019","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}