{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T08:26:32Z","timestamp":1764231992904,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), Portugal","award":["UIDB\/00690","UIDB\/00690"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690","UIDB\/00690"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["New Forests"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11056-025-10123-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T02:18:37Z","timestamp":1759198717000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Natural regeneration dynamics and diversity in Pinus sylvestris stands: recommendations for mediterranean forest management"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7773-8802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Sameiro","family":"Patr\u00edcio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8913-785X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"10123_CR1","unstructured":"Agroconsultores & Coba (1991) Carta de solos do Nordeste de Portugal, Lisboa"},{"key":"10123_CR2","unstructured":"ALFA (2004) Tipos de Habitat Naturais e Semi-Naturais do Anexo I da Directiva 92\/43\/CEE (Portugal Continental): Fichas de Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o Ecol\u00f3gica e de Gest\u00e3o para o Plano Sectorial da Rede Natura 2000. Relat\u00f3rio. Lisboa, Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Lusitana de Fitossociologia."},{"key":"10123_CR3","first-page":"506","volume-title":"The principles of forest yield study","author":"E Assman","year":"1970","unstructured":"Assman E (1970) The principles of forest yield study. Pergamon Press Ltd, Oxford, p 506"},{"key":"10123_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.2307\/3236110","volume":"4","author":"R Bacilieri","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bacilieri R, Bouchet MA, Bran D, Grandjanny M, Maistre M, Perret P, Romane F (1993) Germination and regeneration mechanisms in mediterranean degenerate forests. J Veg Sci 4:241\u2013246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/3236110","journal-title":"J Veg Sci"},{"key":"10123_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1139\/B04-004","volume":"82","author":"E Baraza","year":"2004","unstructured":"Baraza E, G\u00f3mez JM, H\u00f3dar JA, Zamora R (2004) Herbivory has a greater impact in shade than in sun: response of Quercus pyrenaica seedlings to multifactorial environmental variation. Can J Bot 82:357\u2013364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/B04-004","journal-title":"Can J Bot"},{"key":"10123_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1654-109X.2009.01043.x","volume":"12","author":"I Barbeito","year":"2009","unstructured":"Barbeito I, Fortin MJ, Montes F, Ca\u00f1ellas I (2009) Response of pine natural regeneration to small-scale spatial variation in a managed mediterranean mountain forest. Appl Veg Sci 12:488\u2013503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1654-109X.2009.01043.x","journal-title":"Appl Veg Sci"},{"key":"10123_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1139\/X10-214","volume":"41","author":"I Barbeito","year":"2011","unstructured":"Barbeito I, LeMay V, Calama R, Ca\u00f1ellas I (2011) Regeneration of mediterranean Pinus sylvestris under two alternative shelterwood systems within a multiscale framework. Can J Res 41:341\u2013351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/X10-214","journal-title":"Can J Res"},{"key":"10123_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00033414","volume":"103","author":"SK Barik","year":"1992","unstructured":"Barik SK, Pandey HN, Tripathi RS, Rao P (1992) Microenvironmental variability and species-diversity in treefall gaps in a subtropical broadleaved forest. Vegetatio 103:31\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00033414","journal-title":"Vegetatio"},{"key":"10123_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1093\/forestscience\/42.2.131","volume":"42","author":"JJ Battles","year":"1996","unstructured":"Battles JJ, Dushoff JG, Fahey TJ (1996) Line intersec sampling of forest canopy gaps. Sci 42:131\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/forestscience\/42.2.131","journal-title":"Sci"},{"key":"10123_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(00)00378-9","volume":"132","author":"J Bengtsson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bengtsson J, Nilsson SG, Franc A, Menozzi P (2000) Biodiversity, disturbance, ecosystem function and management of European forests. Ecol Manage 132:39\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0378-1127(00)00378-9","journal-title":"Ecol Manage"},{"key":"10123_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boncina A (2011) History, current status and future prospects of uneven-aged forest management in the Dinaric region: an overview. Forestry 84:467\u2013478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/forestry\/cpr023 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/forestry\/cpr023","DOI":"10.1093\/forestry\/cpr023"},{"key":"10123_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2024.121873","volume":"561","author":"AK Bose","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bose AK, Gessler A, B\u00fcntgen U, Rigling A (2024) Drought-induced Scots pine mortality \u2013 trends, contributing factors, and mechanisms. Ecol Manag 561:121873. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foreco.2024.121873","journal-title":"Ecol Manag"},{"issue":"4","key":"10123_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1093\/forestry\/cpu018","volume":"87","author":"P Brang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brang P, Spathelf P, Larsen JB, Bauhus J, Bon\u010dina A, Chauvin C, Dr\u00f6ssler L, Garc\u00eda-G\u00fcemes C, Heiri C, Kerr G, Lexer MJ, Mason B, Mohren F, M\u00fchlethaler U, Nocentini S, Svoboda M (2014) Suitability of close-to-nature silviculture for adapting temperate European forests to climate change. Forestry 87(4):492\u2013503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/forestry\/cpu018","journal-title":"Forestry"},{"key":"10123_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(97)00308-3","volume":"106","author":"DG Brockway","year":"1998","unstructured":"Brockway DG, Outcalt KW (1998) Gap-phase regeneration in longleaf pine wiregrass ecosystems. Ecol Manage 106:125\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0378-1127(97)00308-3","journal-title":"Ecol Manage"},{"issue":"2","key":"10123_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.15666\/aeer\/1302_387404","volume":"13","author":"R Calama","year":"2015","unstructured":"Calama R, Manso R, Barbeito I, Madrigal G, Garriga E, Gordo FJ, Montero G, Ca\u00f1ellas I, Pardos M (2015) Do inter-specific differences in seed size determine natural regeneration traits in Pinus Pinea and Pinus sylvestris? Appl Ecol Environ Res 13(2):387\u2013404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15666\/aeer\/1302_387404","journal-title":"Appl Ecol Environ Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10123_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eR02S","DOI":"10.5424\/fs\/2017262-11255","volume":"26","author":"R Calama","year":"2017","unstructured":"Calama R, Manso R, Lucas-Borja ME, Espelta JE, Piqu\u00e9 M, Bravo F, Peso C, Pardos M (2017) Natural regeneration in Iberian pines: A review of dynamic processes and proposals for management. Syst 26(2):eR02S. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5424\/fs\/2017262-11255","journal-title":"Syst"},{"key":"10123_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2015.01.023","volume":"343","author":"\u00c1 Camis\u00f3n","year":"2015","unstructured":"Camis\u00f3n \u00c1, Miguel R, Marcos JL, Revilla J, Tard\u00e1guila M\u00c1, Hern\u00e1ndez D, Lakicevic M, Jovellar LC, Silla F (2015) Regeneration dynamics of Quercus pyrenaica willd. in the central system (Spain). Ecol Manag 343:42\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foreco.2015.01.023","journal-title":"Ecol Manag"},{"issue":"2","key":"10123_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2004.212.218","volume":"7","author":"S Carus","year":"2004","unstructured":"Carus S (2004) Increment and growth in timberline scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands at Ilgaz mountain, Turkey. Pak J Biol Sci 7(2):212\u2013218","journal-title":"Pak J Biol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10123_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-0477.2004.00870.x","volume":"92","author":"J Castro","year":"2004","unstructured":"Castro J, Zamora R, H\u00f3dar JA, G\u00f3mez JM (2004a) Seedling establishment of a boreal tree species (Pinus sylvestris L.) at its southernmost distribution limit: consequences of being in a marginal mediterranean habitat. J Ecol 92(2):266\u2013277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.0022-0477.2004.00870.x","journal-title":"J Ecol"},{"key":"10123_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1061-2971.2004.0316.x","volume":"12","author":"J Castro","year":"2004","unstructured":"Castro J, Zamora R, H\u00f3dar JA, G\u00f3mez JM, G\u00f3mez-Aparicio L (2004b) Benefits of using shrubs as nurse plants for reforestation in mediterranean mountains: a 4-year study. Restor Ecol 12:352\u2013358","journal-title":"Restor Ecol"},{"key":"10123_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1127(94)90072-8","volume":"70","author":"UM Chandrashekara","year":"1994","unstructured":"Chandrashekara UM, Ramakrishnan PS (1994) Successional patterns and gap phase dynamics of a humid tropical forest of the Western Ghats of Kerala, India: ground vegetation, biomass, productivity and nutrient cycling. Ecol Manage 70:23\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0378-1127(94)90072-8","journal-title":"Ecol Manage"},{"key":"10123_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1155365","volume":"320","author":"RL Chazdon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chazdon RL (2008) Beyond deforestation: restoring forests and ecosystem services on degraded lands. Science 320:1458\u20131460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1155365","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10123_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.2307\/1940082","volume":"74","author":"BD Clinton","year":"1993","unstructured":"Clinton BD, Boring LR, Swank WT (1993) Canopy gap characteristics and drought influences in oak forests of the Coweeta basin. Ecology 74:1551\u20131558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1940082","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10123_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(99)00135-8","volume":"127","author":"KD Coates","year":"2000","unstructured":"Coates KD (2000) Conifer seedling response to Northern temperate forest gaps. Ecol Manage 127:249\u2013269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0378-1127(99)00135-8","journal-title":"Ecol Manage"},{"key":"10123_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-1619-4","volume-title":"Principles of seed science and technology","author":"LO Copeland","year":"2001","unstructured":"Copeland LO, McDonald MB (2001) Principles of seed science and technology, fourth. Kluwer Academic, Alphen aan den Rijn, p 467","edition":"fourth"},{"key":"10123_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fecs.2025.100317","volume":"13","author":"E Cudjoe","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cudjoe E, Ruiz-Peinado R, Pretzsch H, Ahmed S, Bravo F (2025) Neighborhood competition improves biomass estimation for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) but not pyrenean oak (Quercus pyrenaica Willd.) in young mixed forest stands. For Ecosys 13:100317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fecs.2025.100317","journal-title":"For Ecosys"},{"key":"10123_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"De Boeck HJ, Bloor JMG, Kreyling J, Ransijn JCG, Nijs I, Jentsch A, Zeiter M (2018) Patterns and drivers of biodiversity\u2013stability relationships under climate extremes. J Ecol 106:890\u2013902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1365-2745.12897","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.12897"},{"issue":"11","key":"10123_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15569","volume":"27","author":"P De Frenne","year":"2021","unstructured":"De Frenne P, Lenoir J, Luoto M, Scheffers BR, Zellweger F, Aalto J, Ashcroft MB, Christiansen DM, Decocq G, De Pauw K, Govaert S, Greiser C, Gril E, Hampe A, Jucker T, Klinges DH, Koelemeijer IA, Lembrechts JJ, Marrec R, Meeussen C, Og\u00e9e J, Tyystj\u00e4rvi V, Vangansbeke P, Hylander K (2021) Forest microclimates and climate change: importance, drivers and future research agenda. Glob Change Biol 27(11):2279\u20132297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gcb.15569","journal-title":"Glob Change Biol"},{"key":"10123_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/f8020035","volume":"8","author":"L Dr\u00f6ssler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dr\u00f6ssler L, Fahlvik N, Wysocka NK, Hjelm K, Kuehne C (2017) Natural regeneration in a Multi-Layered Pinus sylvestris-Picea abies forest after target diameter harvest and soil scarification. Forests 8:35: 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/f8020035","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"10123_CR31","unstructured":"ENF (2015) Estrat\u00e9gia Nacional para as Florestas [National forest strategy]. Resolu\u00e7\u00e3o do Conselho de Ministros n.\u00ba 6-B\/2015 [Portuguese Law - Resolution of the Council of Ministers n.\u00ba 6-B\/2015]. Di\u00e1rio da Rep\u00fablica, 1.\u00aa s\u00e9rie - N.\u00ba 24\u2009\u2013\u20094 de fevereiro de 2015. [in Portuguese]"},{"issue":"5","key":"10123_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1080\/02827581.2018.1444196","volume":"33","author":"\u0130 Ercanli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ercanli \u0130 (2018) Positive effect of forest structural diversity on aboveground stand carbon stocks for even-aged Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands in the Sar\u0131\u00e7i\u00e7ek Forest, Northern Turkey. Scand J For Res 33(5):455\u2013463","journal-title":"Scand J For Res"},{"key":"10123_CR33","volume-title":"Environmental Systems Research Institute","author":"ESRI","year":"2015","unstructured":"ESRI (2015) Environmental Systems Research Institute. Redlands, Calif\u00f3rnia"},{"key":"10123_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2018.11.003","volume":"433","author":"M Ezquerro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ezquerro M, Pardos M, Diaz-Balteiro L (2019) Integrating variable retention systems into strategic forest management to deal with conservation biodiversity objectives. Ecol Manage 433:585\u2013593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foreco.2018.11.003","journal-title":"Ecol Manage"},{"key":"10123_CR35","unstructured":"Ferreira C, Carvalho J, Baptista M (2005) Instru\u00e7\u00f5es para o trabalho de campo do invent\u00e1rio florestal nacional. IFN. Lisboa. http:\/\/www2.icnf.pt\/portal\/florestas\/ifn\/ifn5\/man-camp Accessed 29 March 2021"},{"key":"10123_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2003.07.002","volume":"187","author":"JL Gagnon","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gagnon JL, Jokela EJ, Moser WK, Dudley AH (2004) Characteristics of gaps and natural regeneration in mature longleaf pine flatwoods ecosystems. Ecol Manage 187:373\u2013380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foreco.2003.07.002","journal-title":"Ecol Manage"},{"key":"10123_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1093\/forestry\/cpr005","volume":"84","author":"N Gaudio","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gaudio N, Balandier P, Perret S, Ginisty C (2011) Growth of understorey Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) saplings in response to light in mixed temperate forest. Forestry 84:187\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/forestry\/cpr005","journal-title":"Forestry"},{"key":"10123_CR38","first-page":"38","volume":"13","author":"SF Gingrich","year":"1967","unstructured":"Gingrich SF (1967) Measuring and evaluating stocking and stand density in upland hardwood forests in the central states. Sci 13:38\u201353","journal-title":"Sci"},{"key":"10123_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/26.7.947","volume":"26","author":"L G\u00f3mez-Aparicio","year":"2006","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Aparicio L, Valladares F, Zamora R (2006) Differential light responses of mediterranean tree saplings: linking ecophysiology with regeneration niche in four co-occurring species. Tree Physiol 26:947\u2013958. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/treephys\/26.7.947","journal-title":"Tree Physiol"},{"key":"10123_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0587.2003.03586.x","volume":"26","author":"JM G\u00f3mez","year":"2003","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez JM (2003) Spatial patterns in long-distance dispersal of Quercus ilex acorns by Jays in a heterogeneous landscape. Ecography 26:573\u2013584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1034\/j.1600-0587.2003.03586.x","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"issue":"1","key":"10123_CR39","first-page":"1","volume":"13","author":"P Godinho-Ferreira","year":"2005","unstructured":"Godinho-Ferreira P, Azevedo A (2005) Carta Da tipologia florestal de Portugal continental. Silva Lusit 13(1):1\u201334","journal-title":"Silva Lusit"},{"key":"10123_CR40","unstructured":"Godinho-Ferreira P, Azevedo A, Rego FC (2010) Altera\u00e7\u00e3o da Diversidade de Esp\u00e9cies Arb\u00f3reas nos Povoamentos Florestais entre 1995 e 2005 (Portugal Continental). Silva Lusitana, n\u00ba especial: 39\u201350"},{"key":"10123_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1051\/forest:2001126","volume":"58","author":"SC Gonz\u00e1lez-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Mart\u00ednez SC, Bravo F (2001) Density and population structure of the natural regeneration of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in the high Ebro basin (Northern Spain). Ann Sci 58:277\u2013288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/forest:2001126","journal-title":"Ann Sci"},{"key":"10123_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.13641","volume":"57","author":"A Guignabert","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guignabert A, Augusto L, Gonzalez M, Chipeaux C, Delerue F (2020) Complex biotic interactions mediated by shrubs: revisiting the stress-gradient hypothesis and consequences for tree seedling survival. J Appl Ecol 57:1341\u20131350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1365-2664.13641","journal-title":"J Appl Ecol"},{"key":"10123_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.2307\/1934352","volume":"54","author":"MO Hill","year":"1973","unstructured":"Hill MO (1973) Diversity and evenness: a unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology 54:427\u2013473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1934352","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10123_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baae.2025.05.001","volume":"86","author":"F Huth","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huth F, Tischer A, Nikolova P, Feldhaar H, Wehnert A et al (2025) Ecological assessment of forest management approaches to develop resilient forests in the face of global change in central Europe. Basic Appl Ecol 86:66\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.baae.2025.05.001","journal-title":"Basic Appl Ecol"},{"key":"10123_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-018-7129-x","volume":"190","author":"F Kara","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kara F, Topa\u00e7o\u011flu O (2018) Influence of stand density and canopy structure on the germination and growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings. Environ Monit Assess 190:749. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10661-018-7129-x","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"issue":"6","key":"10123_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.13834","volume":"33","author":"J Kemppinen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kemppinen J, Lembrechts JJ, Van Meerbeek K, Carnicer J, Chardon NI, Kardol P, Lenoir J, Liu D, Maclean I, Pergl J, Saccone P et al (2024) Microclimate, an important part of ecology and biogeography. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 33(6):e13834. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/geb.13834","journal-title":"Glob Ecol Biogeogr"},{"key":"10123_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0030-1299.2005.13735.x","volume":"109","author":"C Keylock","year":"2005","unstructured":"Keylock C (2005) Simpson diversity and Shannon-wiener index as special cases of a generalized entropy. Oikos 109:203\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.0030-1299.2005.13735.x","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"10123_CR52","volume-title":"Tree diversity analysis. A manual and software for common statistical methods for ecological and biodiversity studies","author":"R Kindt","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kindt R, Coe R (2005) Tree diversity analysis. A manual and software for common statistical methods for ecological and biodiversity studies. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi"},{"key":"10123_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s10342-007-0186-2","volume":"127","author":"T Knoke","year":"2008","unstructured":"Knoke T, Ammer C, Stimm B, Mosandl R (2008) Admixing broadleaved to coniferous tree species: a review on yield, ecological stability and economics. Eur J Res 127:89\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10342-007-0186-2","journal-title":"Eur J Res"},{"key":"10123_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511615146","volume-title":"Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data using CANOCO","author":"J Leps","year":"2003","unstructured":"Leps J, Smilauer P (2003) Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data using CANOCO. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 269"},{"key":"10123_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.2307\/2265594","volume":"77","author":"KP Lertzman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lertzman KP, Sutherland GD, Inselberg A, Saunders SC (1996) Canopy gaps and the landscape mosaic in a coastal temperate rain forest. Ecology 77:1254\u20131270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2265594","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10123_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/ffgc.2025.1525461","volume":"8","author":"J Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu J (2025) Progress in research on the effects of environmental factors on natural forest regeneration. Front Global Change 8:1525461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/ffgc.2025.1525461","journal-title":"Front Global Change"},{"key":"10123_CR58","first-page":"256","volume-title":"Measuring biological diversity","author":"AE Magurran","year":"2004","unstructured":"Magurran AE (2004) Measuring biological diversity. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, p 256"},{"issue":"1","key":"10123_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/forestry\/cpab038","volume":"95","author":"WL Mason","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mason WL, Diaci J, Carvalho J, Valkonen S (2022) Continuous cover forestry in Europe: usage and the knowledge gaps and challenges to wider adoption. Forestry 95(1):1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/forestry\/cpab038","journal-title":"Forestry"},{"key":"10123_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1093\/forestry\/cpad068","volume":"97","author":"WL Mason","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mason WL, Rao S, Agnew J, Stokes V, Painting A, Clarke T-K, Edwards C (2024) Comparing the effects of ground cultivation and protection against browsing upon the natural regeneration of Scots pine and birch in a Caledonian pinewood. Forestry 97:604\u2013614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/forestry\/cpad068","journal-title":"Forestry"},{"key":"10123_CR61","first-page":"1","volume":"148","author":"WH McWilliams","year":"2015","unstructured":"McWilliams WH, Westfall JA, Brose PH, Dey DC, Hatfield M, Johnson K, Laustsen KM, Lehman SL, Morin RS, Nelson MD, Ristau TE, Royo AA, Stout SL, Willard T, Woodall CW (2015) A regeneration indicator for forest inventory and analysis: history, sampling, estimation, analytics, and potential use in the midwest and northeast United States. Gen Tech Rep NRS 148:1\u201374.","journal-title":"Gen Tech Rep NRS"},{"key":"10123_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s40663-019-0166-2","volume":"6","author":"C Messier","year":"2019","unstructured":"Messier C, Bauhus J, Doyon F, Maure F, Sousa-Silva R, Nolet P, Mina M, Aquilu\u00e9 N, Fortin M-J, Puettmann K (2019) The functional complex network approach to foster forest resilience to global changes. Ecosyst 6:21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40663-019-0166-2","journal-title":"Ecosyst"},{"key":"10123_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13595-017-0685-3","volume":"75","author":"D Moreno-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moreno-Fern\u00e1ndez D, Augustin NH, Montes F, Ca\u00f1ellas I, S\u00e1nchez-Gonz\u00e1lez M (2018a) Modeling sapling distribution over time using a functional predictor in a generalized additive model. Ann For Sci 75:9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13595-017-0685-3","journal-title":"Ann For Sci"},{"key":"10123_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s10342-017-1086-8","volume":"137","author":"D Moreno-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moreno-Fern\u00e1ndez D, Montes F, S\u00e1nchez-Gonz\u00e1lez M, Gordo FJ, Ca\u00f1ellas I (2018b) Regeneration dynamics of mixed stands of Pinus pinaster ait. and Pinus pinea L. in central Spain. Eur J Forest Res 137:17\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10342-017-1086-8","journal-title":"Eur J Forest Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10123_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-817881","volume":"6","author":"\u00dc Niinemets","year":"2004","unstructured":"Niinemets \u00dc, Valladares F (2004) Photosynthetic acclimation to simultaneous and interacting environmental stresses along natural light gradients: optimality and constraints. Plant Biol 6(3):254\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2004-817881","journal-title":"Plant Biol"},{"key":"10123_CR66","first-page":"1","volume":"163","author":"B Nyman","year":"1963","unstructured":"Nyman B (1963) Studies on the germination in seeds of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) with special reference to the light factor (2). Stud Suec 163:1\u2013163","journal-title":"Stud Suec"},{"issue":"4","key":"10123_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1093\/forestry\/cpt012","volume":"86","author":"KL O\u2019Hara","year":"2013","unstructured":"O\u2019Hara KL, Ramage BS (2013) Silviculture in an uncertain world: utilizing multi-aged management systems to integrate disturbance. Forestry 86(4):401\u2013410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/forestry\/cpt012","journal-title":"Forestry"},{"key":"10123_CR107","unstructured":"Oksanen, J., Blanchet, F. G., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., Minchin, P. R., O\u2019hara, R. B., Simpson, G. L., Solymos, P., Stevens, M. H. H., Wagner, H., & others. (2019). vegan: Community Ecology Package. R Package Version 2.5-6. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/vegan\/index.html"},{"key":"10123_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1139\/x26-229","volume":"26","author":"BJ Palik","year":"1996","unstructured":"Palik BJ, Pederson N (1996) Overstory mortality and canopy disturbances in longleaf pine ecosystems. Can J Res 26:2035\u20132047. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/x26-229","journal-title":"Can J Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10123_CR70","first-page":"434","volume":"14","author":"M Pardos","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pardos M, Castillo JR, Ca\u00f1ellas I, Montero G (2005) Ecophysiology of natural regeneration of forest stands in Spain. Sist Recur for 14(3):434\u2013445.","journal-title":"Sist Recur for"},{"key":"10123_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2020.118687","volume":"481","author":"M Pardos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pardos M, del R\u00edo M, Pretzsch H, Jactel H, Bielak K, Bravo F, Brazaitis G, Defossez E, Engel M, Godvod K, Jacobs K, Jansone L, Jansons A, Morin X, Nothdurft A, Oreti L, Ponette Q, Pach M, Riofr\u00edo J, Riofr\u00edo J, Ru\u00edz-Peinado R, Tomao A, Uhl E, Calama R (2021) The greater resilience of mixed forests to drought mainly depends on their composition: analysis along a climate gradient across Europe. Ecol Manag 481:118687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foreco.2020.118687","journal-title":"Ecol Manag"},{"issue":"1","key":"10123_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s10342-005-0090-6","volume":"126","author":"M Pardos","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pardos M, Montes F, Aranda I, Ca\u00f1ellas I (2007) Influence of environmental conditions on germinant survival and diversity of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in central Spain. Eur J Res 126(1):37\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10342-005-0090-6","journal-title":"Eur J Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10123_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1093\/forestscience\/54.3.260","volume":"54","author":"M Pardos","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pardos M, Montes F, Ca\u00f1ellas I (2008) Spatial dynamics of natural regeneration in two differently managed Pinus sylvestris stands before and after silvicultural intervention using replicated spatial point patterns. Sci 54(3):260\u2013272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/forestscience\/54.3.260","journal-title":"Sci"},{"key":"10123_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tfp.2024.100597","volume":"17","author":"A Pommerening","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pommerening A, Szmyt J, Duchiron MS (2023) Revisiting silvicultural systems: towards a systematic and generic design of tree regeneration methods. Trees Forests People 17:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tfp.2024.100597","journal-title":"Trees Forests People"},{"key":"10123_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-007-0788-x","volume":"153","author":"J Pons","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pons J, Pausas JG (2007) Acorn dispersal estimated by radio-tracking. Oecologia 153:903\u2013911. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00442-007-0788-x","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"10123_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2023.121291","volume":"545","author":"L P\u00e9rez-Camacho","year":"2023","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Camacho L, Villar-Salvador P, Cuevas JA, Gonz\u00e1lez-Sousa T, Mart\u00ednez-Baroja L (2023) Spatial decision-making in acorn dispersal by Eurasian Jays around the forest edge: insights into oak forest regeneration mechanisms. Ecol Manag 545:121291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foreco.2023.121291","journal-title":"Ecol Manag"},{"key":"10123_CR78","unstructured":"PSRN2000 (2008) Plano Setorial da Rede Natura 2000 [Sectorial Plan of the Natura 2000 network]. [Law] resolu\u00e7\u00e3o do conselho de ministros n.\u00ba 115-A\/2008, Di\u00e1rio Da rep\u00fablica, 1.\u00aa s\u00e9rie - N.\u00ba 139\u2009\u2013\u200921 de julho de 2008."},{"key":"10123_CR79","first-page":"189","volume-title":"A critique of silviculture: managing for complexity","author":"KJ Puettmann","year":"2009","unstructured":"Puettmann KJ, Coates DK, Messier C (2009) A critique of silviculture: managing for complexity. Island, Washington, p 189"},{"key":"10123_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40663-015-0031-x","volume":"2","author":"KJ Puettmann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Puettmann KJ, Wilson SM, Baker SC et al (2015) Silvicultural alternatives to conventional even-aged forest management - what limits global adoption? Forest Ecosyst 2:8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40663-015-0031-x","journal-title":"Forest Ecosyst"},{"key":"10123_CR81","volume-title":"R: A Language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2020","unstructured":"R Core Team (2020) R: A Language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria"},{"issue":"2","key":"10123_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2011.03.029","volume":"262","author":"E Rodr\u00edguez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Garc\u00eda E, Bravo F, Spies TA (2011) Effects of overstorey canopy, plant\u2013plant interactions and soil properties on mediterranean maritime pine seedling dynamics. Ecol Manag 262(2):244\u2013251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foreco.2011.03.029","journal-title":"Ecol Manag"},{"key":"10123_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1139\/CJFR-2015-0257","volume":"45","author":"I Ruano","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ruano I, Manso R, Fortin M, Bravo F (2015) Extreme climate conditions limit seed availability to successfully attain natural regeneration of Pinus pinaster in sandy areas of central Spain. Can J Res 45:1795\u20131802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/CJFR-2015-0257","journal-title":"Can J Res"},{"key":"10123_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.2307\/1937003","volume":"62","author":"JR Runkle","year":"1981","unstructured":"Runkle JR (1981) Gap regeneration in some old-growth forests of the Eastern United States. Ecology 62:1041\u20131051. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1937003","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10123_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Runkle JR (1992) Guidelines and sample protocol for sampling forest gaps. US Forest Service General Technical Report PNWGTR-283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2737\/PNW-GTR-283","DOI":"10.2737\/PNW-GTR-283"},{"issue":"1","key":"10123_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1093\/jpe\/rtp004","volume":"2","author":"IP Sapkota","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sapkota IP, Od\u00e9n PC (2009) Gap characteristics and their effects on regeneration, dominance and early growth of woody species. J Plant Ecol 2(1):21\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jpe\/rtp004","journal-title":"J Plant Ecol"},{"key":"10123_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-2202-6_1","volume-title":"Continuous cover forestry, managing forest ecosystems","author":"JP Sch\u00fctz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sch\u00fctz JP, Pukkala T, Donoso PJ, von Gadow K (2012) Historical emergence and current application of CCF. In: Pukkala T, von Gadow K (eds) Continuous cover forestry, managing forest ecosystems, vol 23. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 1\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-007-2202-6_1"},{"key":"10123_CR90","volume-title":"Una Teor\u00eda ecol\u00f3gica Para Los bosques Ib\u00e9ricos","author":"F Sevilla","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sevilla F (2008) Una Teor\u00eda ecol\u00f3gica Para Los bosques Ib\u00e9ricos. Junta de Castilla y Le\u00f3n, Le\u00f3n"},{"key":"10123_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s13595-011-0181-0","volume":"69","author":"E Sheffer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sheffer E (2012) A review of the development of mediterranean pine\u2013oak ecosystems after land abandonment and afforestation: are they novel ecosystems? Ann Sci 69:429\u2013443","journal-title":"Ann Sci"},{"key":"10123_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s13595-018-0724-8","volume":"75","author":"C Shen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shen C, Nelson AS (2018) Natural conifer regeneration patterns in temperate forests across the inland northwest, USA. Ann Sci 75:54. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13595-018-0724-8","journal-title":"Ann Sci"},{"key":"10123_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13595-018-0772-0","volume":"75","author":"F Silla","year":"2018","unstructured":"Silla F, Camis\u00f3n \u00c1, Solana A, Hern\u00e1ndez H, R\u00edos G, Cabrera M, L\u00f3pez D, Morera-Beita A (2018) Does the persistence of sweet chestnut depend on cultural inputs? Regeneration, recruitment, and mortality in Quercus and Castanea-dominated forests. Ann For Sci 75:95. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13595-018-0772-0","journal-title":"Ann For Sci"},{"key":"10123_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-006-6249-1","volume":"282","author":"F Silla","year":"2006","unstructured":"Silla F, Escudero A (2006) Coupling N cycling and N productivity in relation to seasonal stress in Quercus pyrenaica willd saplings. Plant Soil 282:301\u2013311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11104-006-6249-1","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"issue":"11","key":"10123_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/26.11.1425","volume":"26","author":"D S\u00e1nchez-G\u00f3mez","year":"2006","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-G\u00f3mez D, Valladares F, Zavala MA (2006) Functional traits and plasticity in response to light in seedlings of four Iberian forest tree species. Tree Physiol 26(11):1425\u20131433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/treephys\/26.11.1425","journal-title":"Tree Physiol"},{"key":"10123_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.2307\/1938075","volume":"65","author":"VL Sork","year":"1984","unstructured":"Sork VL (1984) Examination of seed dispersal and survival in red oak, Quercus rubra (Fagaceae), using metal-tagged acorns. Ecology 65:1020\u20131022","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10123_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.4432\/0300-4112-86-59","volume":"86","author":"P Spathelf","year":"2015","unstructured":"Spathelf P, Ammer C (2015) Forest management of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Northern Germany - a brief review of the history and current trends. Forstarchiv 86(3):59\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4432\/0300-4112-86-59","journal-title":"Forstarchiv"},{"key":"10123_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5902\/1980509890715","author":"P Spathelf","year":"2025","unstructured":"Spathelf P, Bolte A (2025) Continuous-cover forestry \u2013 the appropriate concept for climate change adaptation of forests in Germany? Ci\u00eancia. Florestal. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5902\/1980509890715","journal-title":"Florestal"},{"key":"10123_CR99","unstructured":"Spiecker H (2006) Minority tree species \u2013 a challenge for multi-purpose forestry. In: Diaci J, Kotar M, Shutz J-P, Piussi P, Matic hc S, Mlinsek hc D (eds.) Nature-based forestry in central Europe, Alternatives to industrial forestry and strict preservation. Studia Forestalia Slovenica 126. Slovenia"},{"key":"10123_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2018.11.051","volume":"433","author":"F Tinya","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tinya F, M\u00e1rialigeti S, Bidl\u00f3 B, \u00d3dor P (2019) Environmental drivers of the forest regeneration in temperate mixed forests. Ecol Manag 433:720\u2013728. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foreco.2018.11.051","journal-title":"Ecol Manag"},{"issue":"3","key":"10123_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1080\/17550874.2016.1210262","volume":"9","author":"F Valladares","year":"2016","unstructured":"Valladares F, Laanisto L, Niinemets \u00dc, Zavala MA (2016) Shedding light on shade: ecological perspectives of understorey plant life. Plant Ecol Divers 9(3):237\u2013251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17550874.2016.1210262","journal-title":"Plant Ecol Divers"},{"key":"10123_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/11263500212331351149","volume":"136","author":"RG Zang","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zang RG, Wang BS (2002) Study on canopy disturbance regime and mechanism of tree species diversity maintenance in the lower subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, South China. Plant Biosyst 136:241\u2013250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/11263500212331351149","journal-title":"Plant Biosyst"},{"issue":"6492","key":"10123_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba6880","volume":"368","author":"F Zellweger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zellweger F, De Frenne P, Lenoir J, Vangansbeke P, et.al (2020) Forest microclimate dynamics drive plant responses to warming. Science 368(6492):772\u2013775. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aba6880","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["New Forests"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11056-025-10123-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11056-025-10123-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11056-025-10123-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T08:22:59Z","timestamp":1764231779000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11056-025-10123-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11056-025-10123-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0169-4286","1573-5095"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0169-4286"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1573-5095"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"57"}}