{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T02:37:26Z","timestamp":1777343846769,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]],"date-time":"2023-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685318400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]],"date-time":"2023-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005765","name":"Universidade de Lisboa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005765","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Clin Pharm"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Spontaneous reporting is the most used method to monitor post-marketing safety information. Although patient involvement in spontaneous reporting has increased overtime, little is known about factors associated with patients\u2019 adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To identify and assess the sociodemographic characteristics, attitudes and knowledge that influence spontaneous reporting and the reasons associated with ADR underreporting by patients.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. A search on the MEDLINE and EMBASE scientific databases was performed to retrieve studies published between 1 January 2006 and 1 November 2022. Studies were included if they addressed knowledge and attitudes associated with ADR underreporting.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 2512 citations were identified, of which 13 studies were included. Sociodemographic characteristics were frequently identified with ADR reporting in 6 studies, being age (3\/13) and level of education (3\/13) the most often reported. Older age groups (2\/13) and individuals with higher level of education (3\/13) were more likely to report ADRs. Underreporting was shown to be motivated by reasons related to knowledge, attitudes, and excuses. Ignorance (10\/13), complacency (6\/13), and lethargy (6\/13) were the most frequent reasons for not reporting.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study highlighted the scarcity of research conducted with the aim of assessing ADR underreporting by patients. Knowledge, attitudes, and excuses were commonly observed in the decision to report ADRs. These motives are characteristics that can be changed; hence strategies must be designed to raise awareness, continually educate, and empower this population to change the paradigm of underreporting.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-023-01592-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]],"date-time":"2023-05-29T15:01:40Z","timestamp":1685372500000},"page":"1349-1358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Factors associated with underreporting of adverse drug reactions by patients: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Catarina","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Abeijon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daniela A.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Adolfo","family":"Figueiras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Herdeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5542-9993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Torre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"1592_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2019.08.007","volume":"154","author":"E Montan\u00e9","year":"2020","unstructured":"Montan\u00e9 E, Santesmases J. Reacciones adversas a medicamentos. Med Clin. 2020;154(5):178\u201384.","journal-title":"Med Clin"},{"issue":"15","key":"1592_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.15.1200","volume":"279","author":"J Lazarou","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lazarou J, Pomeranz BH, Corey PN. Incidence of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients: a meta- analysis of prospective studies. J Am Med Assoc. 1998;279(15):1200\u20135.","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"1592_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-015-0281-0","volume":"38","author":"JC Bouvy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bouvy JC, de Bruin ML, Koopmanschap MA. Epidemiology of adverse drug reactions in Europe: a review of recent observational studies. Drug Saf. 2015;38(5):437\u201353.","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"issue":"6","key":"1592_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-017-2225-3","volume":"73","author":"TJ Oscanoa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Oscanoa TJ, Lizaraso F, Carvajal A. Hospital admissions due to adverse drug reactions in the elderly: a meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2017;73(6):759\u201370.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"1592_CR5","unstructured":"European Comission. Strengthening pharmacovigilance to reduce adverse effects of medicines. Memo\/08\/782. 2008. Availabe at: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/commission\/presscorner\/detail\/de\/MEMO_08_782. Accessed 04 Dec 2021."},{"issue":"2","key":"1592_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.3663","volume":"24","author":"F Meier","year":"2015","unstructured":"Meier F, Maas R, Sonst A, et al. Adverse drug events in patients admitted to an emergency department: an analysis of direct costs. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2015;24(2):176\u201386.","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"issue":"10","key":"1592_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.2165\/11536800-000000000-00000","volume":"33","author":"LHF Hoonhout","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hoonhout LHF, de Bruijne MC, Wagner C, et al. Nature, occurrence and consequences of medication-related adverse events during hospitalization: a retrospective chart review in the Netherlands. Drug Saf. 2010;33(10):853\u201364.","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"issue":"7456","key":"1592_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.329.7456.15","volume":"329","author":"M Pirmohamed","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pirmohamed M, James S, Meakin S, et al. Adverse drug reactions as cause of admission to hospital: authors\u2019 reply. BMJ. 2004;329(7456):15\u20139.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7","key":"1592_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2018.1491547","volume":"17","author":"D Formica","year":"2018","unstructured":"Formica D, Sultana J, Cutroneo PM, et al. The economic burden of preventable adverse drug reactions: a systematic review of observational studies. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2018;17(7):681\u201395.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"key":"1592_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204209862093859","DOI":"10.1177\/2042098620938595","volume":"11","author":"M Alomar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alomar M, Tawfiq AM, Hassan N, et al. Post marketing surveillance of suspected adverse drug reactions through spontaneous reporting: current status, challenges and the future. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2020;11:204209862093859.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Drug Saf"},{"issue":"8","key":"1592_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-008-0475-9","volume":"64","author":"L H\u00e4rmark","year":"2008","unstructured":"H\u00e4rmark L, van Grootheest AC. Pharmacovigilance: methods, recent developments and future perspectives. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;64(8):743\u201352.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"1592_CR12","unstructured":"Herxheimer A, Crombag R, Alves TL. Direct patient reporting of adverse drug reactions a fifteen-country survey & literature review. Health Action International (Europe). 2010. Availabe at: https:\/\/consumers.cochrane.org\/sites\/consumers.cochrane.org\/files\/uploads\/10%20May%202010%20Report%20Direct%20Patient%20Reporting%20of%20ADRs.pdf. Accessed 19 Nov 2021."},{"issue":"4","key":"1592_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041507","volume":"18","author":"A Valinciute-Jankauskiene","year":"2021","unstructured":"Valinciute-Jankauskiene A, Kubiliene L. Adverse drug reaction reporting by patients in 12 European countries. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(4):1507.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"1592_CR14","unstructured":"European Comission. Regulation (EU) no 1235\/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council. EU. 2010. Available at: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/LexUriServ\/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:348:0001:0016:EN:PDF. Accessed 08 Nov 2021."},{"issue":"3","key":"1592_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.2165\/11586620-000000000-00000","volume":"34","author":"JJ Borg","year":"2011","unstructured":"Borg JJ, Aislaitner G, Pirozynski M, et al. Strengthening and rationalizing pharmacovigilance in the EU: where is Europe heading to? A review of the new EU legislation on pharmacovigilance. Drug Saf. 2011;34(3):187\u201397.","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"issue":"10","key":"1592_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-017-0572-8","volume":"40","author":"A Santoro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Santoro A, Genov G, Spooner A, et al. Promoting and protecting public health: how the European Union pharmacovigilance system works. Drug Saf. 2017;40(10):855\u201369.","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"issue":"4","key":"1592_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.20344\/amp.67","volume":"25","author":"MT Herdeiro","year":"2012","unstructured":"Herdeiro MT, Ferreira M, Ribeiro-Vaz I, et al. O sistema Portugu\u00eas de farmacovigil\u00e2ncia. Acta Med Port. 2012;25(4):241\u20139.","journal-title":"Acta Med Port"},{"issue":"1","key":"1592_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19010413","volume":"19","author":"K Sienkiewicz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sienkiewicz K, Burzy\u0144ska M, Rydlewska-Liszkowska I, et al. The importance of direct patient reporting of adverse drug reactions in the safety monitoring process. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(1):413.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"1592_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13098","volume":"83","author":"P In\u00e1cio","year":"2017","unstructured":"In\u00e1cio P, Cavaco A, Airaksinen M. The value of patient reporting to the pharmacovigilance system: a systematic review. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2017;83(2):227\u201346.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1592_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.3687","volume":"24","author":"L Rolfes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rolfes L, van Hunsel F, Wilkes S, et al. Adverse drug reaction reports of patients and healthcare professionals-differences in reported information. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2015;24(2):152\u20138.","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"issue":"10","key":"1592_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03261977","volume":"35","author":"J Inch","year":"2012","unstructured":"Inch J, Watson MC, Anakwe-Umeh S. Patient versus healthcare professional spontaneous adverse drug reaction reporting: a systematic review. Drug Saf. 2012;35(10):807\u201318.","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"issue":"20","key":"1592_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta15200","volume":"15","author":"AJ Avery","year":"2011","unstructured":"Avery AJ, Anderson C, Bond CM, et al. Evaluation of patient reporting of adverse drug reactions to the UK \u201cYellow card scheme\u201d: literature review, descriptive and qualitative analyses, and questionnaire surveys. Health Technol Assess. 2011;15(20):1\u2013234.","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"issue":"5","key":"1592_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200629050-00003","volume":"29","author":"L Hazell","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hazell L, Shakir SAW. Under-reporting of adverse drug reactions: a systematic review. Drug Saf. 2006;29(5):385\u201396.","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"issue":"Suppl C","key":"1592_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C40","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(98)80007-6","volume":"20","author":"SA Goldman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Goldman SA. Limitations and strengths of spontaneous reports data. Clin Ther. 1998;20(Suppl C):C40\u20134.","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"1592_CR25","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency. EMA Annual Report 2017: The European Medicines Agency\u2019s contribution to science, medicines and health in 2017. Available at: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/annual-report\/2017-annual-report-european-medicines-agency_en.pdf. Accessed 28 Nov 2021."},{"key":"1592_CR26","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency. 2020 Annual Report on EudraVigilance for the European Parliament, the Council and the Commission. European Medicines Agency. Available at: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/report\/2020-annual-report-eudravigilance-european-parliament-council-commission_en.pdf. Accessed 28 Nov 2021."},{"issue":"7","key":"1592_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-017-0534-1","volume":"40","author":"M Banovac","year":"2017","unstructured":"Banovac M, Candore G, Slattery J, et al. Patient reporting in the EU: analysis of EudraVigilance data. Drug Saf. 2017;40(7):629\u201345.","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"issue":"6","key":"1592_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-014-0162-y","volume":"37","author":"F Margraff","year":"2014","unstructured":"Margraff F, Bertram D. Adverse drug reaction reporting by patients: an overview of fifty countries. Drug Saf. 2014;37(6):409\u201319.","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"issue":"2","key":"1592_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2006.02746.x","volume":"63","author":"A Blenkinsopp","year":"2007","unstructured":"Blenkinsopp A, Wilkie P, Wang M, et al. Patient reporting of suspected adverse drug reactions: a review of published literature and international experience. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;63(2):148\u201356.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1592_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13159","volume":"83","author":"R Al Dweik","year":"2017","unstructured":"Al Dweik R, Stacey D, Kohen D, et al. Factors affecting patient reporting of adverse drug reactions: a systematic review. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2017;83(4):875\u201383.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1592_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1996.tb00040.x","volume":"41","author":"WHW Inman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Inman WHW. Attitudes to adverse drug reaction reporting. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1996;41(5):434\u20135.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"1592_CR32","unstructured":"Inman WHW, Weber JCT. The United Kingdom. In: Inman WHW, editor. Monitoring for drug safety. 2nd ed. Lancaster: MTP Press Ltd; 1986. pp. 13\u201347."},{"key":"1592_CR33","unstructured":"Inman WHW. Assessment of drug safety problems. In: Gent M, ShigmatsuI, editors. Epidemiological issues in reported drug-induced illnesses. Honolulu(ON): McMaster University Library Press; 1976. pp. 17\u201324"},{"key":"1592_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71.","journal-title":"The BMJ"},{"issue":"12","key":"1592_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e011458","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011458","volume":"6","author":"MJ Downes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Downes MJ, Brennan ML, Williams HC, et al. Development of a critical appraisal tool to assess the quality of cross-sectional studies (AXIS). BMJ Open. 2016;6(12):e011458.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"1592_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200932010-00002","volume":"32","author":"E Lopez-Gonzalez","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lopez-Gonzalez E, Herdeiro MT, Figueiras A. Determinants of under-reporting of adverse drug reactions: a systematic review. Drug Saf. 2009;32(1):19\u201331.","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"issue":"1","key":"1592_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-07720-0","volume":"22","author":"N Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang N, Chen Y, Ren B, et al. A cross-sectional study: comparison of public perceptions of adverse drug reaction reporting and monitoring in eastern and western China. BMC Health Serv Res. 2022;22(1):318.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1592_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.5162","volume":"30","author":"J Januskiene","year":"2021","unstructured":"Januskiene J, Segec A, Slattery J, et al. What are the patients\u2019 and health care professionals\u2019 understanding and behaviors towards adverse drug reaction reporting and additional monitoring? Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2021;30(3):334\u201341.","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"issue":"1","key":"1592_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.4102\/phcfm.v13i1.2880","volume":"13","author":"S Pillay","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pillay S, Mulubwa M, Viljoen M. Parental reporting of adverse drug reactions in South Africa: an online survey. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med. 2021;13(1):e1\u20138.","journal-title":"Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"1592_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-020-02958-1","volume":"76","author":"R Al Dweik","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al Dweik R, Yaya S, Stacey D, et al. Patients\u2019 experiences on adverse drug reactions reporting: a qualitative study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2020;76(12):1723\u201330.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1592_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09635-z","volume":"20","author":"S Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim S, Yu YM, You M, et al. A cross-sectional survey of knowledge, attitude, and willingness to engage in spontaneous reporting of adverse drug reactions by Korean consumers. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1527.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1592_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-4775-9","volume":"19","author":"R Adisa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Adisa R, Omitogun TI. Awareness, knowledge, attitude and practice of adverse drug reaction reporting among health workers and patients in selected primary healthcare centres in Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria. BMC Health Serv Res. 2019;19(1):926.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"1592_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-019-00849-9","volume":"41","author":"R Adisa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Adisa R, Adeniyi OR, Fakeye TO. Knowledge, awareness, perception and reporting of experienced adverse drug reactions among outpatients in Nigeria. Int J Clin Pharm. 2019;41(4):1062\u201373.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharm"},{"issue":"1","key":"1592_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6285-9","volume":"18","author":"TG Jacobs","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jacobs TG, Hilda Ampadu H, Hoekman J, et al. The contribution of Ghanaian patients to the reporting of adverse drug reactions: a quantitative and qualitative study. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):1384.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"1592_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-017-0563-9","volume":"40","author":"GT Sabblah","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sabblah GT, Darko DM, Mogtari H, et al. Patients\u2019 perspectives on adverse drug reaction reporting in a developing country: a case study from Ghana. Drug Saf. 2017;40(10):911\u201321.","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"issue":"3","key":"1592_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.2016.1135127","volume":"15","author":"A Patsuree","year":"2016","unstructured":"Patsuree A, Krska J, Jarernsiripornkul N. Experiences relating to adverse drug reactions in the community: a cross-sectional survey among patients and the general public in Thailand. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2016;15(3):287\u201395.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"issue":"7","key":"1592_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-015-1867-2","volume":"71","author":"C Matos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Matos C, van Hunsel F, Joaquim J. Are consumers ready to take part in the Pharmacovigilance System? A Portuguese preliminary study concerning ADR reporting. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;71(7):883\u201390.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1592_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.5694\/mja13.10069","volume":"199","author":"J Robertson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Robertson J, Newby DA. Low awareness of adverse drug reaction reporting systems: a consumer survey. Med J Aust. 2013;199(10):684\u20136.","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"2","key":"1592_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2710.2011.01273.x","volume":"37","author":"H Fortnum","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fortnum H, Lee AJ, Rupnik B, et al. Survey to assess public awareness of patient reporting of adverse drug reactions in Great Britain. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2012;37(2):161\u20135.","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"1592_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.4314\/gmj.v48i4.4","volume":"48","author":"GT Sabblah","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sabblah GT, Akweongo P, Darko D, et al. Adverse drug reaction reporting by doctors in a developing country: a case study from Ghana. Ghana Med J. 2014;48(4):189\u201393.","journal-title":"Ghana Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1592_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1177\/2042098611425695","volume":"3","author":"AO Isah","year":"2012","unstructured":"Isah AO, Pal SN, Olsson S, et al. Specific features of medicines safety and pharmacovigilance in Africa. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2012;3(1):25\u201334.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Drug Saf"},{"issue":"4","key":"1592_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-015-0387-4","volume":"39","author":"HH Ampadu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ampadu HH, Hoekman J, de Bruin ML, et al. Adverse drug reaction reporting in Africa and a comparison of individual case safety report characteristics between Africa and the rest of the world: analyses of spontaneous reports in VigiBase\u00ae. Drug Saf. 2016;39(4):335\u201345.","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"1592_CR53","unstructured":"Pharmacy and Poisons Board Kenya. Suspected adverse drug reaction reporting form. Available at: https:\/\/pv.pharmacyboardkenya.org\/. Accessed 18 Sep 2022."},{"issue":"4","key":"1592_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12717","volume":"80","author":"R Sloane","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sloane R, Osanlou O, Lewis D, et al. Social media and pharmacovigilance: a review of the opportunities and challenges. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;80(4):910\u201320.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1592_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2013.02.003","volume":"22","author":"MJ Alomar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alomar MJ. Factors affecting the development of adverse drug reactions (review article). Saudi Pharm J. 2014;22(2):83\u201394.","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm J"},{"issue":"6","key":"1592_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1177\/2168479017745025","volume":"52","author":"V Hariraj","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hariraj V, Aziz Z. Patient reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADRs): survey of public awareness and predictors of confidence to report. Ther Innov Regul Sci. 2018;52(6):757\u201363.","journal-title":"Ther Innov Regul Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1592_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-016-2155-5","volume":"73","author":"N Jarernsiripornkul","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jarernsiripornkul N, Patsuree A, Krska J. Public confidence in ADR identification and their views on ADRreporting: mixed methods study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2017;73(2):223\u201331.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1592_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-020-0974-3","volume":"15","author":"E Chapman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chapman E, Haby MM, Toma TS, et al. Knowledge translation strategies for dissemination with a focus on healthcare recipients: an overview of systematic reviews. Implement Sci. 2020;15(1):14.","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"1592_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1590\/S0080-623420140000400023","volume":"48","author":"FR Varallo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Varallo FR, de Guimar\u00e3es SOP, Abjaude SAR, et al. Causes for the underreporting of adverse drug events by health professionals: a systematic review. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2014;48(4):739\u201347.","journal-title":"Rev Esc Enferm USP"},{"key":"1592_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8569314","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8569314","volume":"2020","author":"AD Hailu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hailu AD, Mohammed SA. Adverse drug reaction reporting in Ethiopia: systematic review. Biomed Res Int. 2020;2020:8569314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/8569314.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"1592_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0227712","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227712","volume":"15","author":"SS Nadew","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nadew SS, Michael Beyene KG, Beza SW. Adverse drug reaction reporting practice and associated factors among medical doctors in government hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(1):e0227712.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"1592_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihy073","volume":"11","author":"Y Erg\u00fcn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Erg\u00fcn Y, Erg\u00fcn TB, Toker E, et al. Knowledge attitude and practice of Turkish health professionals towards pharmacovigilance in a university hospital. Int Health. 2019;11(3):177\u201384.","journal-title":"Int Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"1592_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-018-0682-0","volume":"40","author":"MA Seid","year":"2018","unstructured":"Seid MA, Kasahun AE, Mante BM, et al. Healthcare professionals\u2019 knowledge, attitude and practice towards adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting at the health center level in Ethiopia. Int J Clin Pharm. 2018;40(4):895\u2013902.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharm"},{"issue":"2","key":"1592_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e034553","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-034553","volume":"10","author":"K Gidey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gidey K, Seifu M, Hailu BY, et al. Healthcare professionals knowledge, attitude and practice of adverse drug reactions reporting in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2020;10(2):e034553.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"1592_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.7324\/JAPS.2014.401021","volume":"4","author":"AR Abubakar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Abubakar AR, Bin Nimbak N, Haque M. A systematic review of knowledge, attitude and practice on adverse drug reactions and pharmacovigilance among doctors. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2014;4:117\u201327.","journal-title":"J Appl Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"1592_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2011.03990.x","volume":"72","author":"C Anderson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Anderson C, Krska J, Murphy E, et al. The importance of direct patient reporting of suspected adverse drug reactions: a patient perspective. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;72(5):806\u201322.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1592_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200730080-00003","volume":"30","author":"BA Golomb","year":"2007","unstructured":"Golomb BA, McGraw JJ, Evans MA, et al. Physician response to patient reports of adverse drug effects: implications for patient-targeted adverse effect surveillance. Drug Saf. 2007;30(8):669\u201375.","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"issue":"11","key":"1592_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-010-0865-7","volume":"66","author":"F van Hunsel","year":"2010","unstructured":"van Hunsel F, van der Welle C, Passier A, et al. Motives for reporting adverse drug reactions by patient-reporters in the Netherlands. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2010;66(11):1143\u201350.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1592_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2017.1361916","volume":"34","author":"A Hajj","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hajj A, Hallit S, Ramia E, et al. Medication safety knowledge, attitudes and practices among community pharmacists in Lebanon. Curr Med Res Opin. 2018;34(1):149\u201356.","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"issue":"11","key":"1592_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-016-0455-4","volume":"39","author":"S Stergiopoulos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stergiopoulos S, Brown CA, Felix T, et al. A Survey of adverse event reporting practices among us healthcare professionals. Drug Saf. 2016;39(11):1117\u201327.","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"issue":"6","key":"1592_CR71","first-page":"324","volume":"35","author":"AA Elnour","year":"2009","unstructured":"Elnour AA, Ahmed AD, Yousif MAE, et al. Awareness and reporting of adverse drug reactions among health care professionals in Sudan. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2009;35(6):324\u20139.","journal-title":"Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf"},{"issue":"2","key":"1592_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-008-9276-6","volume":"31","author":"G Vessal","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vessal G, Mardani Z, Mollai M. Knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of pharmacists to adverse drug reaction reporting in Iran. Pharm World and Sci. 2009;31(2):183\u20137.","journal-title":"Pharm World and Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"1592_CR73","first-page":"187","volume":"6","author":"M Gossell-Williams","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gossell-Williams M, Adebayo SA. The pharmwatch programme: challenges to engaging the community pharmacists in Jamaica. Pharm Pract. 2008;6(4):187\u201390.","journal-title":"Pharm Pract"},{"issue":"12","key":"1592_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4800","volume":"28","author":"ML Hughes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hughes ML, Weiss M. Adverse drug reaction reporting by community pharmacists: the barriers and facilitators. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2019;28(12):1552\u20139.","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"issue":"3","key":"1592_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1177\/0018578719883796","volume":"56","author":"K Danekhu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Danekhu K, Shrestha S, Aryal S, et al. Health-care professionals\u2019 knowledge and perception of adverse drug reaction reporting and pharmacovigilance in a tertiary care teaching hospital of Nepal. Hosp Pharm. 2021;56(3):178\u201386.","journal-title":"Hosp Pharm"},{"issue":"1","key":"1592_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.12756","volume":"44","author":"A Thompson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thompson A, Randall C, Howard J, et al. Nonmedical prescriber experiences of training and competence to report adverse drug reactions in the UK. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2019;44(1):78\u201383.","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"1592_CR77","first-page":"931","volume":"15","author":"E Cheema","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cheema E, Haseeb A, Khan TM, et al. Barriers to reporting of adverse drugs reactions: a cross sectional study among community pharmacists in United Kingdom. Pharm Pract. 2017;15(3):931.","journal-title":"Pharm Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"1592_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1111\/jep.12683","volume":"23","author":"K Abu Hammour","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abu Hammour K, El-Dahiyat F, Abu FR. Health care professionals knowledge and perception of pharmacovigilance in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Amman, Jordan. J Eval Clin Pract. 2017;23(3):608\u201313.","journal-title":"J Eval Clin Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"1592_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-010-9420-y","volume":"32","author":"P Gavaza","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gavaza P, Brown CM, Khoza S. Texas pharmacists\u2019 opinions on reporting serious adverse drug events to the Food and Drug Administration: a qualitative study. Pharm World Sci. 2010;32(5):651\u20137.","journal-title":"Pharm World Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"1592_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02119.x","volume":"13","author":"H Bukirwa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bukirwa H, Nayiga S, Lubanga R, et al. Pharmacovigilance of antimalarial treatment in Uganda: community perceptions and suggestions for reporting adverse events. Trop Med Int Health. 2008;13(9):1143\u201352.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"1592_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2020.1807003","volume":"19","author":"V Paudyal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Paudyal V, Al-Hamid A, Bowen M, et al. Interventions to improve spontaneous adverse drug reaction reporting by healthcare professionals and patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2020;19(9):1173\u201391.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11096-023-01592-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11096-023-01592-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11096-023-01592-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T05:10:01Z","timestamp":1701148201000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11096-023-01592-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1592"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11096-023-01592-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["2210-7703","2210-7711"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2210-7703","type":"print"},{"value":"2210-7711","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 November 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 April 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 May 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interests to declare.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}}]}}