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We explore a rich matched employer-employee data set from Portugal over the 2010\u20132019 period that merges staff logs with firm-level financial statements. Our analysis accounts for a wide range of observed and time-invariant unobserved characteristics at the firm and worker level. We partially isolate the effects of overeducation and undereducation and estimate their impacts at the mean and across the productivity distribution. Results show that undereducation is consistently detrimental to firm productivity, while overeducation has a positive but limited effect. Firms could achieve greater productivity gains by aligning overeducated workers with occupations that better match their qualifications. Although part of the observed relationship reflects firm-level selection, where more productive firms attract more educated workers, we find that internal decisions on how firms manage and allocate workers\u2019 qualifications also play a crucial role. 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