{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T05:41:55Z","timestamp":1757310115438,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619136000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PD\/BD\/128121\/2016","UID\/ECO\/00124\/2013, UID\/ECO\/00124\/2019 and Social Sciences DataLab, Project 22209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/128121\/2016","UID\/ECO\/00124\/2013, UID\/ECO\/00124\/2019 and Social Sciences DataLab, Project 22209"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Public Choice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11127-021-00893-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T03:45:53Z","timestamp":1619322353000},"page":"405-426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Leave them kids alone! National exams as a political tool"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"189","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3291-554X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Pereira dos Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Mesquita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"893_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aaskoven, L., & Lassen, D. D. (2017). Political budget cycles, In Thompson, W. R. (ed.), Oxford research encyclopedia of politics. Oxford: Oxford Univeristy Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190228637.013.163"},{"key":"893_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abadie, A., Athey, S., Imbens, G., & Wooldridge, J. (2017). When should you adjust standard errors for clustering? NBER working paper 24003","DOI":"10.3386\/w24003"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"893_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s11127-010-9644-3","volume":"148","author":"TS Aidt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aidt, T. S., Veiga, F. J., & Veiga, L. G. (2011). Election results and opportunistic policies: a new test of the rational political business cycle model. Public Choice, 148(1\u20132), 21\u201344.","journal-title":"Public Choice"},{"issue":"4","key":"893_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1162\/0033553042476206","volume":"119","author":"A Akhmedov","year":"2004","unstructured":"Akhmedov, A., & Zhuravskaya, E. (2004). Opportunistic political cycles: test in a young democracy setting. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 119(4), 1301\u20131338.","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"3","key":"893_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5907.2006.00200.x","volume":"50","author":"JE Alt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Alt, J. E., & Lassen, D. D. (2006). Transparency, political polarization, and political budget cycles in OECD countries. American Journal of Political Science, 50(3), 530\u2013550.","journal-title":"American Journal of Political Science"},{"key":"893_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angelo, C., & Reis, A. B. (2018). Gender gaps in different grading systems. SSRN Electronic Journal.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3165030"},{"issue":"5","key":"893_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9221.2006.00530.x","volume":"27","author":"K Arceneaux","year":"2006","unstructured":"Arceneaux, K. (2006). The federal face of voting: are elected officials held accountable for the functions relevant to their office? Political Psychology, 27(5), 731\u2013754.","journal-title":"Political Psychology"},{"key":"893_CR8","unstructured":"Assun\u00e7\u00e3o, M., & Estevan, F. (2019). Do voters reward politicians for education expenditures?"},{"issue":"3","key":"893_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.90.3.414","volume":"90","author":"AC Cameron","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cameron, A. C., Gelbach, J. B., & Miller, D. L. (2008). Bootstrap-based improvements for inference with clustered errors. Review of Economics and Statistics, 90(3), 414\u2013427.","journal-title":"Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"issue":"1","key":"893_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1080\/13504851.2015.1047084","volume":"23","author":"V Castro","year":"2016","unstructured":"Castro, V., & Martins, R. (2016). Political cycles and government expenditures: evidence from Portugal. Applied Economics Letter, 23(1), 34\u201337.","journal-title":"Applied Economics Letter"},{"issue":"October 2017","key":"893_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpoleco.2017.11.003","volume":"55","author":"V Castro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Castro, V., & Martins, R. (2018). Politically driven cycles in fiscal policy: in depth analysis of the functional components of government expenditures. European Journal of Political Economy 55 (October 2017), 44\u201364.","journal-title":"European Journal of Political Economy"},{"issue":"4","key":"893_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/hequ.12158","volume":"72","author":"JM Cerdeira","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cerdeira, J. M., Nunes, L. C., Reis, A. B., & Seabra, C. (2018). Predictors of student success in higher education: secondary school internal scores versus national exams. Higher Education Quarterly, 72(4), 304\u2013313.","journal-title":"Higher Education Quarterly"},{"key":"893_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubois, Eric. (2016). Political business cycles 40\u00a0years after Nordhaus. Public choice 166 (1\u20132). Springer US: 235\u201359.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11127-016-0313-z"},{"key":"893_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Firpo, S., Pieri, R., & Souza, A. P. (2016). Electoral impacts of uncovering public school quality: evidence from Brazilian municipalities. EconomiA 18 (1). National association of postgraduate centers in economics, ANPEC: 1\u201317.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econ.2016.07.003"},{"issue":"1","key":"893_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/ajps.12053","volume":"58","author":"A Healy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Healy, A., & Lenz, G. S. (2014). Substituting the end for the whole: why voters respond primarily to the election-year economy. American Journal of Political Science, 58(1), 31\u201347.","journal-title":"American Journal of Political Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"893_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055412000391","volume":"106","author":"GA Huber","year":"2012","unstructured":"Huber, G. A., Hill, S. J., & Lenz, G. S. (2012). Sources of bias in retrospective decision making: experimental evidence on voters\u2019 limitations in controlling incumbents. American Political Science Review, 106(4), 720\u2013741.","journal-title":"American Political Science Review"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"893_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s11127-012-9943-y","volume":"157","author":"J Klomp","year":"2013","unstructured":"Klomp, J., & Haan, J. D. (2013). Political budget cycles and election outcomes. Public Choice, 157(1\u20132), 245\u2013267.","journal-title":"Public Choice"},{"key":"893_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis-Beck, M. S., & Stegmaier, M. (2019). Economic voting. The oxford handbook of public choice, Volume 1 1 (October): 246\u201365.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780190469733.013.12"},{"issue":"1","key":"893_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00131881.2014.983720","volume":"57","author":"O Marcenaro-Gutierrez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marcenaro-Gutierrez, O., & Vignoles, A. (2015). A comparison of teacher and test-based assessment for Spanish primary and secondary students. Educational Research, 57(1), 1\u201321.","journal-title":"Educational Research"},{"key":"893_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2015.07.008","volume":"49","author":"L Nunes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nunes, L., Reis, A. B., & Seabra, C. (2015). The publication of school rankings: a step toward increased accountability? Economics of Education Review, 49, 15\u201323.","journal-title":"Economics of Education Review"},{"key":"893_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Philips, Andrew Q. (2016). Seeing the forest through the trees: a meta-analysis of political budget cycles. Public choice 168 (3\u20134). Springer US: 313\u201341.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11127-016-0364-1"},{"key":"893_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Repetto, L. (2017). Political budget cycles with informed voters: evidence from Italy. Economic Journal, forthcoming.","DOI":"10.1111\/ecoj.12570"},{"issue":"1","key":"893_CR25","first-page":"21","volume":"80","author":"K Rogoff","year":"1990","unstructured":"Rogoff, K. (1990). Equilibrium political budget cycles. American Economic Review, 80(1), 21\u201336.","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"893_CR26","unstructured":"Shi, M., & Svensson, J. (2002). Conditional political budget cycles. CEPR Discussion Paper 3352"},{"key":"893_CR27","first-page":"183","volume-title":"The wage premium on tertiary education: new estimates for 21 OECD countries","author":"H Strauss","year":"2009","unstructured":"Strauss, H., & Maisonneuve, C. (2009). The wage premium on tertiary education: new estimates for 21 OECD countries (pp. 183\u2013210). Economic Studies."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"893_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s11127-006-9104-2","volume":"131","author":"L Veiga","year":"2007","unstructured":"Veiga, L., & Veiga, F. J. (2007a). Political business cycles at the municipal level. Public Choice, 131(1\u20132), 45\u201364.","journal-title":"Public Choice"},{"issue":"2","key":"893_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2006.12.026","volume":"96","author":"L Veiga","year":"2007","unstructured":"Veiga, L., & Veiga, F. J. (2007b). Does opportunism pay off? Economics Letters, 96(2), 177\u2013182.","journal-title":"Economics Letters"}],"container-title":["Public Choice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11127-021-00893-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11127-021-00893-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11127-021-00893-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,7]],"date-time":"2021-11-07T16:04:34Z","timestamp":1636301074000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11127-021-00893-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3-4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["893"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11127-021-00893-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0048-5829","1573-7101"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0048-5829"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1573-7101"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 June 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 February 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 April 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}